Gastrointestinal disease

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Gastrointestinal disturbance
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Digestive disease
gastrointestinal tract
SpecialtyGastroenterology Edit this on Wikidata

Gastrointestinal diseases (abbrev. GI diseases or GI illnesses) refer to diseases involving the

accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
.

Deaths due to digestive diseases per million persons in 2012
  36-131
  132-205
  206-232
  233-274
  275-313
  314-352
  353-390
  391-460
  461-546
  547-1109

Oral disease

Main article: Oral and maxillofacial pathology
See also: Tongue disease and Salivary gland disease

The oral cavity is part of the gastrointestinal system and as such the presence of alterations in this district can be the first sign of both systemic and gastrointestinal diseases.

dental caries). Oral symptoms can be similar to lesions occurring elsewhere in the digestive tract, with a pattern of swelling, inflammation, ulcers, and fissures. If these signs are present, then patients are more likely to also have anal and esophageal lesions and experience other extra-intestinal disease manifestations.[2]
Some diseases which involve other parts of the GI tract can manifest in the mouth, alone or in combination, including:

Oesophageal disease

Main article:
Oesophageal disease

Oesophageal diseases include a spectrum of disorders affecting the

Barrett's oesophagus.[5]
: 863–865 

oesophageal stricture.[5]
: 853, 863–868 

Oesophageal disease may result in a

symptoms and a medical history alone.[5]
: 863–867 

Gastric disease

Main article: Stomach disease

Gastric diseases refer to diseases affecting the

infection.[5] Epstein–Barr virus infection is another factor to induce gastric cancer.[6][7]

As well as peptic ulcers,

dyspepsia, vomiting, and in chronic disease, digestive problems leading to forms of malnutrition.[5] : 850–853  In addition to routine tests, an endoscopy might be used to examine or take a biopsy from the stomach.[5]
: 848 

Intestinal disease

The

large intestines may be affected by infectious, autoimmune, and physiological states. Inflammation of the intestines is called enterocolitis, which may lead to diarrhea
.

Acute conditions affecting the bowels include

intestinal pseudoobstruction, and necrotizing enterocolitis.[5]
: 850–862, 895–903 

Diseases of the intestine may cause

stool, such as with blood in stool. Colonoscopy may be used to examine the large intestine, and a person's stool may be sent for culture and microscopy. Infectious disease may be treated with targeted antibiotics, and inflammatory bowel disease with immunosuppression. Surgery may also be used to treat some causes of bowel obstruction.[5]
: 850–862 

The normal thickness of the small

ACE inhibitors can cause angioedema and small bowel thickening.[10]

Small intestine

The small intestine consists of the

Peptic ulcers are also common in the duodenum.[5]
: 879–884 

Chronic diseases of

gastrointestinal stromal tumours, lipomas, hamartomas and carcinoid syndromes.[5]
: 879–887 

Diseases of the small intestine may present with symptoms such as

barium swallow. Treatments may include renutrition, and antibiotics for infections.[5]
: 879–887 

Large intestine

Abdominal X-rays may be used to visualise the large intestine
.

Diseases that affect the

Hirschprung's disease.[5]
: 913–915 

Diseases affecting the large intestine may cause blood to be passed with stool, may cause constipation, or may result in abdominal pain or a fever. Tests that specifically examine the function of the large intestine include barium swallows, abdominal x-rays, and colonoscopy.[5]: 913–915 

Rectum and anus

Diseases affecting the

anal abscesses, small inflamed nodules, anal fissures, and anal fistulas.[5]
: 915–916 

Rectal and anal disease may be asymptomatic, or may present with pain when passing stools,

digital rectal exam and proctoscopy.[citation needed
]

Accessory digestive gland disease

Hepatic

Main article: Liver disease

Hepatic diseases refers to those affecting the

hepatic fibrosis in a chronically inflamed liver, such as one affected by alcohol or viral hepatitis.[5]
: 947–958 

primary biliary cirrhosis.[5]
: 959–963, 971 

Acute liver disease rarely results in pain, but may result in

haemorrhoids.[5]
: 959–963, 971–973 

In order to investigate liver disease, a medical history, including regarding a person's

medical examination may be conducted to investigate for symptoms of liver disease. Blood tests may be used, particularly liver function tests, and other blood tests may be used to investigate the presence of the Hepatitis viruses in the blood, and ultrasound used. If ascites is present, abdominal fluid may be tested for protein levels.[5]
: 921, 926–927 

Pancreatic

Main article: Pancreatic disease

Pancreatic diseases that affect digestion refers to disorders affecting the

exocrine pancreas, which is a part of the pancreas involved in digestion.[citation needed
]

One of the most common conditions of the exocrine pancreas is

hazardous alcohol use or as a side-effect of ERCP. Other forms of pancreatitis include chronic and hereditary forms. Chronic pancreatitis may predispose to pancreatic cancer and is strongly linked to alcohol use. Other rarer diseases affecting the pancreas may include pancreatic pseudocysts, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and pancreatic fistulas.[5]
: 888–891 

Pancreatic disease may present with or without symptoms. When symptoms occur, such as in acute pancreatitis, a person may experience acute-onset, severe mid-abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, pancreatitis may lead to rapid blood loss and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. When the pancreas is unable to secrete digestive enzymes, such as with a pancreatic cancer occluding the pancreatic duct, result in jaundice. Pancreatic disease might be investigated using abdominal x-rays, MRCP or ERCP, CT scans, and through blood tests such as measurement of the amylase and lipase enzymes.[5]: 888–894 

Gallbladder and biliary tract

Diseases of the

choledocholithiasis).[5]
: 977–978 

Gallstones are a common cause of inflammation of the gallbladder, called

autoimmune disease, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, or a result of bacterial infection, such as ascending cholangitis.[5]
: 977–978, 963–968 

Disease of the biliary tree may cause pain in the upper right abdomen,

antibiotics or UDCA, or by the surgical removal of the gallbladder.[5]
: 977–979 

Cancer

The Wikipedia article "Gastrointestinal cancer" describes the specific malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. In general, a significant factor in the etiology of gastrointestinal cancers appears to be excessive exposure of the digestive organs to bile acids.[12][13]

See also

References

  1. ^ "An overview on oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases". Italian Journal of Dental Medicine. 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  2. ^ GIS. "Oral Manifestations of GI Diseases". Gastrointestinal Society. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  3. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0
    .
  4. ^ "Esophagus Disorders". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7
    .
  6. PMID 24914366
    .
  7. PMID 25173755
    .
  8. ^ Ali Nawaz Khan. "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape. Retrieved 2017-03-07. Updated: Sep 22, 2016
  9. ^
    PMID 24407923
    .
  10. S2CID 245177279
    .
  11. PMID 29494026
    . Retrieved 22 Sep 2020.
  12. PMID 19610133
    .
  13. PMID 36408538
    .

External links

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