Gaviiformes
| Gaviiformes Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
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| Common loon (Gavia immer) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Phaethoquornithes |
| Clade: | Aequornithes |
| Order: | Gaviiformes Wetmore & Miller, 1926 |
| Genera | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Colymbiformes Sharpe, 1891 | |
Gaviiformes (aquatic birds containing the loons or divers and their closest extinct relatives. Modern gaviiformes are found in many parts of North America and northern Eurasia (Europe, Asia and debatably Africa), though prehistoric species were more widespread.
Classification and evolution
There are five living species, and all are placed in the genus plesiomorphic member of that order, was sometimes used to support claims of Albian (Early Cretaceous) Gaviiformes.[2][3]
More recently, it has become clear that the
The
flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes). It is perhaps notable that some early penguins had skulls and beaks that were in many aspects similar to those of the known living and fossil Gaviiformes.[4][6]
Fossil record
In prehistoric times, the loons had a more southerly distribution than today, and their fossils have been found in places such as California, Florida and Italy. The conflicting molecular data regarding their relationships is not much resolved by the fossil record; though they seem to have originated at the end of the Late Cretaceous like their presumed relatives, modern loons are only known with certainty since the Eocene. By that time almost all modern bird orders are at least strongly suspected to have existed – if not known from unequivocally identified specimens – anyway.[5]
The oldest known stem-gaviiform is Nasidytes from the Early Eocene aged London Clay of England, dating to around 55 million years ago.[7]
Cope's Rule.[9]
Some older fossils are sometimes assigned to the Gaviiformes. From the
See also
References
- ^ Boertmann, D. (1990). "Phylogeny of the divers, family Gaviidae (Aves)". Steenstrupia. 16: 21–36.
- ^ S2CID 11147804.
- ^ Brodkorb (1963: pp. 220–221)
- ^
- ^ a b Mayr (2009)
- ^ Olson (1985: pp. 212–213), Mayr (2004, 2009)
- ISSN 0024-4082.
- ^ Some (notably Robert W. Storer) have disagreed, usually because they separated Gaviella in the basalmost subfamily of the Gaviidae and considered Colymboides the ancestor of Gavia. More recent authors generally disagree at least regarding the latter: Storer (1956), Olson (1985), Mayr (2009: pp. 75–76)
- ^ Brodkorb (1953), 1963: pp. 223–225, Olson (1985: pp. 212–213), Mlíkovský (2002: pp. 63–64), Mayr (2009: pp. 75–76)
- ^ Not to be used without quotation marks, as it is not a valid taxon.
- ^ Brodkorb (1963: pp. 220–223), Olson (1985), Mlíkovský (2002: pp. 64, 259–261), Mayr (2009: p. 20)
Bibliography
- JSTOR 1364769.
- Brodkorb, Pierce (1963). "Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes)". Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences. 7 (4): 179–293.
- Mayr, Gerald (2004). "A partial skeleton of a new fossil loon (Aves, Gaviiformes) from the early Oligocene of Germany with preserved stomach content" (PDF). S2CID 1070943. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
- Mayr, Gerald (2009). Paleogene Fossil Birds. Heidelberg & New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-89627-2.
- Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002). Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe (PDF). Ninox Press, Prague.
- Olson, Storrs L. (1985). "Section X.I. Gaviiformes"(PDF). In Farner, D.S.; King, J.R.; Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.). Avian Biology. Vol. 8. pp. 212–214.
- Storer, Robert W. (1956). "The Fossil Loon, Colymboides minutus" (PDF). JSTOR 1365096.
Further reading
- Appleby, R.H.; Madge, Steve C.; Mullarney, Killian (1986). "Identification of divers in immature and winter plumages". British Birds. 79 (8): 365–391.
- Arnott, W.G. (1964). "Notes on Gavia and Mergvs in Latin Authors". Classical Quarterly. New Series. 14 (2): 249–262. S2CID 170648873.
- Heinrichs, Ann (2003): Minnesota. Compass Point Books. ISBN 0-7565-0315-9
- International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) (1957–58). "The family-group names "Gaviidae" Coues, 1903 and "Urinatoridae" (correction of "Urinatores)" [sic] Vieillot, 1818 (Class Aves) – "Opinion" 401 and "Direction" 75". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 15A: 147–148.
- Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (10th ed., vol. 1): 190 [Latin book]. Lars Salvius, Stockholm ("Holmius"). Digitized version Archived 2017-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
- Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (2007): Let's Get the Lead Out! Non-lead alternatives for fishing tackle. Version of June, 2007. Retrieved 2007-July-23.
- Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks (Montana FW&P) (2007): Animal Field Guide: Common Loon. Retrieved 2007-May-12.
- Moran, Mark; Sceurman, Mark; Godfrey, Linda S. & Hendricks, Richard D. (2005): Weird Wisconsin: Your Travel Guide to Wisconsin's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 0-7607-5944-8
- Piper, W.H.; Evers, D.C.; Meyer, M.W.; Tischler, K.B. & Klich, M. (2000a): Do common loons mate for life?: scientific investigation of a widespread myth. In: McIntyre, J. & Evers, D.C. (eds.): Loons: old history and new findings – proceedings of a symposium from the 1997 meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union: 43–49. North American Loon Fund, Meredith, New Hampshire.
- Piper, W.H.; Tischler, K. B.; Klich, M. (2000b). "Territory acquisition in loons: the importance of take-over". Animal Behaviour. 59 (2): 385–394. S2CID 23085958.
- Piper, W.H.; Walcott, C.; Mager, J.N.; Perala, M.; Tischler, K. B.; Harrington, Erin; Turcotte, A. J.; Schwabenlander M.; Banfield, N. (2006). "Prospecting in a Solitary Breeder: Chick Production Elicits Territorial Intrusions in Common Loons". Behavioral Ecology. 17 (6): 881–888. .
- Piper, W.H.; Walcott, C.; Mager, J.N.; Spilker, F. (2008a). "Nestsite selection by male loons leads to sex-biased site familiarity". Journal of Animal Ecology. 77 (2): 205–210. PMID 17976165.
- Piper, W.H.; Walcott, C.; Mager, J.N.; Spilker, F. (2008b). "Fatal Battles in Common Loons: A Preliminary Analysis". Animal Behaviour. 75 (3): 1109–1115. S2CID 53178013.
- Rasmussen, Pamela C. (1998). "Early Miocene Avifauna from the Pollack Farm Site, Delaware". Delaware Geological Survey Special Publication. 21: 149–151.
- Stewart, Barry D. (2004): Across The Land: A Canadian Journey Of Discovery. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4120-2276-2
- Wetmore, Alexander (1941). "An Unknown Loon from the Miocene Fossil Beds of Maryland" (PDF). JSTOR 4078641.
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) (2005): Common Loons at Seney NWR Archived 2008-04-10 at the Wayback Machine, June 2005.
- Wings, Oliver (2007). "A review of gastrolith function with implications for fossil vertebrates and a revised classification" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52: 1–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-03-07.
External links
Media related to Gaviiformes at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Gaviiformes at Wikispecies
