Gay men
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Gay men are male
Gay men continue to face significant discrimination in large parts of the world, particularly in most of Asia and Africa. In the United States, many gay men still experience discrimination in their daily lives,[1] though some openly gay men have reached national success and prominence, including Apple CEO Tim Cook and heads of state or government such as Xavier Bettel (Luxembourg), Edgars Rinkēvičs (Latvia), and Leo Varadkar (Ireland).
The word gay is recommended by LGBT groups and style guides to describe all people exclusively attracted to members of the same sex,[2] while lesbian refers specifically to female homosexuals, and gay men to male homosexuals.[3]
Male homosexuality in world history
Some scholars argue that the terms "homosexual" and "gay" are problematic when applied to men in ancient cultures since, for example, neither Greeks or Romans possessed any one word covering the same semantic range as the modern concept of "homosexuality".[4][5] Furthermore, there were diverse sexual practices that varied in acceptance depending on time and place.[4] Other scholars argue that there are significant similarities between ancient and modern male homosexuals.[6][7]
In cultures influenced by
Africa
The first record of a possible homosexual male couple in history is commonly regarded as
Americas
As is true of many other non-Western cultures, it is difficult to determine the extent to which Western notions of sexual orientation apply to Pre-Columbian cultures. Evidence of homoerotic sexual acts between men has been found in many pre-
The Spanish conquistadors expressed horror at discovering sodomy openly practiced among native men and used it as evidence of their supposed inferiority.[26] The conquistadors talked extensively of sodomy among the natives to depict them as savages and hence justify their conquest and forced conversion to Christianity. As a result of the growing influence and power of the conquistadors, many Native leaders started condemning homosexual acts themselves. During the period following European colonization, homosexuality was prosecuted by the Inquisition, sometimes leading to death sentences on the charges of sodomy, and the practices became clandestine. Many homosexual men went into heterosexual marriages to keep appearances, and some turned to the clergy to escape public scrutiny.[27]
During the
East Asia
In
Europe
Classical period
The earliest Western documents (in the form of literary works, art objects, and mythographic materials) concerning same-sex male relationships are derived from ancient Greece. These relationships were constrained between "normal" men and their young male lovers. Relationships between adult men, however, were still largely considered taboo in Ancient Greek culture. Given the importance in Greek society of cultivating the masculinity of the adult male and the perceived feminizing effect of being the passive partner, relations between adult men of comparable social status were considered highly problematic, and usually associated with social stigma.[33]
This stigma, however, was reserved for only the passive partner in the relationship. According to contemporary opinion, Greek men who took on a passive sexual role after reaching adulthood – at which point they were expected to take the reverse role in pederastic relationships and become the active and dominant member – thereby were feminized or "made a woman" of themselves. There is ample evidence in the theater of Aristophanes that derides these passive men and gives a glimpse of the type of biting social opprobrium and shame ("atimia") heaped upon them by their society.[34]
Some scholars argue that there are examples of male homosexual love in ancient literature, such as
Renaissance
During the
From the second half of the 13th century, death was the punishment for male homosexuality in most of Europe.[40] The relationships of socially prominent figures, such as King James I and the Duke of Buckingham, served to highlight the issue,[41] including in anonymously authored street pamphlets: "The world is chang'd I know not how, For men Kiss Men, not Women now; ... Of J. the First and Buckingham: He, true it is, his Wives Embraces fled, To slabber his lov'd Ganimede" (Mundus Foppensis, or The Fop Display'd, 1691).
Middle East
In ancient
Gay men in modern Western history
The use of gay to mean a "homosexual" man was first used as an extension of its application to prostitution: a gay boy was a young man or adolescent serving male clients.
Bringing Up Baby (1938) was the first film to use the word gay in an apparent reference to homosexuality. In a scene in which Cary Grant's character's clothes have been sent to the cleaners, he is forced to wear a woman's feather-trimmed robe. When another character asks about his robe, he responds, "Because I just went gay all of a sudden!" Since this was a mainstream film at a time, when the use of the word to refer to cross-dressing (and, by extension, homosexuality) would still be unfamiliar to most film-goers, the line can also be interpreted to mean, "I just decided to do something frivolous."[49]
In 1950, the earliest reference found to date for the word gay as a self-described name for male homosexuals came from Alfred A. Gross, executive secretary for the George W. Henry Foundation, who said in the June 1950 issue of Sir magazine: "I have yet to meet a happy homosexual. They have a way of describing themselves as gay but the term is a misnomer. Those who are habitues of the bars frequented by others of the kind, are about the saddest people I've ever seen."[50]
Gay men in the Holocaust
Gay men were one of the primary victims of the Nazi
Franz Gürtner, the Reich Justice Minister amended Paragraph 175 to address "loopholes" in the law after the Night of the Long Knives. The 1935 version of Paragraph 175 declared "expressions" of homosexuality as prosecutable crimes. The most important change to the law was the definitional shift of male homosexuality from "An unnatural sex act committed between persons of male sex" to instead "A male who commits a sex offense with another male." This expanded the reach of the law to persecute gay men as a people group, rather than male homosexuality as a sexual act. Kissing, mutual masturbation and love-letters between men were now seen as legitimate reasons for the police to make arrests. The law never defined a "sex offence", leaving it to interpretation.[52]
Between 1933 and 1945, an estimated 100,000 men were arrested as homosexuals under the Nazi regime, of whom some 50,000 were officially sentenced. Most of these men served time in prison, while an estimated 5,000 to 15,000 were incarcerated in
AIDS crisis in the United States
The
During the early years of the epidemic, there was significant misinformation surrounding the illness. Rumors swirled that being in the same room or being touched by a gay man could lead one to contract HIV. It was not until April 1984 that the U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary
Legal status of gay men in modern society
Africa
There are 54 nations in Africa recognized by the
Caribbean
In the Americas (both North and South), male homosexuality is legal in every country (except Guyana). In the Caribbean, however, nine nations have criminal punishment for "buggery" on their statute books.[67] These countries include Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda, Guyana, and Jamaica. In Jamaica, sexual intercourse between men is legally punishable by imprisonment, though the law's repeal is pending. Sexual intercourse between women is already legal,[78] though lesbians in Jamaica still experience a high level of social stigma.[79]
In Jamaica, reports of vigilante violence and torture against gay men have been reported by the
In the Caribbean, like in other developing countries around the world, homosexual identity is often associated with Westernization,[84] and as a result, homophobia is believed to be an anti-colonial tool. Wayne Marshall wrote that gay men are believed to be "decadent products of the West" and "are thus to be resisted alongside other forms of colonization, cultural or political".[85] Wayne cites the example of the Jamaican dancehall hit "Dem Bow" by Shabba Ranks, which calls for the violent murder of gay men alongside a call for the "freedom for Black people". Marshall notes the irony of this ideological position, considering the historical evidence that homophobia was introduced to colonies by European colonists.[86] Nevertheless, Caribbean scholars have noted the importance of opposition to gay men for Jamaican male gender construction. Kingsley Ragashanti Stewart, a professor of anthropology at the University of the West Indies, writes, "A lot of Jamaican men, if you call them a homosexual, ... will immediately get violent. It's the worst insult you could give to a Jamaican man."[87] Stewart writes that homophobia influences Caribbean society even at the micro level of language. He writes of urban youth vernacular, "It's like if you say, 'Come back here,' they will say, 'No, no, no don't say "come back".' You have to say 'come forward,' because come back is implying that you're 'coming in the back,' which is how gay men have sex."[87]
Eastern Europe
In Eastern Europe, there has been a steady erosion of rights for gay men over the course of the last decade. In the
A 2017 Pew Research Center poll found that the majority of Orthodox Christians in the Eastern European and former USSR states surveyed believe that homosexuality "should not be accepted by society"; 45% of Orthodox Christians in Greece and 31% in the United States answered the same way.[96]
Southwest Asia and North Africa
In
Male same-sex activity is also punishable by death in the
Gay men's contemporary art and culture
High fashion
Since the early 20th century, gay men, both out and closeted, have worked as some of the world's most influential fashion designers and started some of the most important fashion houses.
A younger generation of gay men gained prominence in the fashion world during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Art
In the 20th century, gay men were amongst the Western world's most influential and prolific artists, writers, and dancers. In the United States by mid-century, James Baldwin (b. 1924) was considered one of the best writers of his generation.[121] His work, including Giovanni's Room (1956) dealt openly with homosexuality and bisexuality at a time when sex between men was still illegal throughout much of the Western world.[122][123] Other major artists of Baldwin's generation, including Robert Rauschenberg (b. 1925) and Jasper Johns (b. 1930), were less open about their sexuality,[124] and even made fun of other young gay artists of their generation, such as Andy Warhol, for being too feminine.[125] In the world of New York dance, Alvin Ailey (b. 1931) fused theater, modern dance, ballet, and jazz with black vernacular, and his choreographic magnum opus Revelations is recognized as one of the most popular and most performed ballets in the world.[126][127][128] Ailey remained closeted for much of his life, and he passed from an AIDS related illness at the age of 58.[129] David Hockney (b. 1937), another major artist of the Silent Generation, was an important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960s and is considered one of the most influential British artists of the 20th century.[130][131] He has been openly gay for much of his life.[132]
Many of the most influential gay and bisexual artists of the
Outside of the West, art containing themes of gay male sexuality is still considered subversive and taboo. In
Film and media art
In the United States, Andy Warhol made underground films with queer themes and actors. His work had an international influence in queer film art.[144] The avant-garde director Rosa von Praunheim has made more than 100 films on queer topics since the late 1960s, some of them have been evaluated internationally. Some films are considered milestones in queer cinema. Von Praunheim is internationally recognized as an icon of queer cinema.[145] The director Rainer Werner Fassbinder had an early influence on queer cinema with films like Querelle (1982).[146] These filmmakers and others pioneered queer Hollywood productions like Brokeback Mountain (2005), which reached an audience of millions.[147]
Drag
Drag queens are a significant part of the popular culture of gay men and are regularly featured in
Drag balls themselves have a long history for gay men in the United States.[148] In 1869 at the Hamilton Lodge in Harlem, the first drag balls were held. These balls were held in secret, but news grew of their existence as a safe place for gay men to congregate.[148] The balls were deemed immoral and illegal, and a moral reform organization known as the Committee of Fourteen investigated alleged "immoral" activities.[148] In 1916, the committee released a report describing "'phenomenal ... male perverts' in expensive frocks and wigs, looking like women".[148] By the 1920s, the balls grew in public visibility. In New York, the events, once called Masquerade and Civic Balls, were called "Faggots Balls" by the general public.[148] The balls, however, also attracted some of the city's top artists and writers, including Charles Henri Ford and Parker Tyler.[148] The men, who co-authored The Young and Evil, described the drag ball as "a scene whose celestial flavor and cerulean coloring no angelic painter or nectarish poet has ever conceived ... lit up like high mass."[149] This flourishing of gay life in the 1920s and 30s was part of a period known as the Pansy Craze.[150]
More recently, the film
In the 2020s, a wave of anti-LGBT backlash in the United States resulted in what is known as the
Camp
Camp is a visual
Representations of gay men in Western media
In many forms of popular entertainment, gay men are portrayed stereotypically as
Historical Western media representations
Historically, many films have included negative sub-texts regarding male homosexuality, such as in Alfred Hitchcock's films, whose villains used implied homosexuality to heighten senses of evil and alienation.[163][164] In news programming, male homosexuality was rarely directly mentioned, but it was often portrayed as a sickness, perversion, or crime. In 1967, CBC released a news segment on homosexuality; however, the segment was simply a compilation of negative stereotypes of gay men.[165] The 1970s showed an increase in gay men's visibility in Western media with the 1972 ABC show That Certain Summer. The show was about a gay man raising a family, and although it did not show any explicit relations between the men, it contained no negative stereotypes.[165]
With the emergence of the
Contemporary Western media representations
In recent years, positive representations of gay men entered mainstream television programming, however, critiques also emerged about the lack of diverse representations of gay men onscreen. Alfred Martin writes, "Popular television shows including
Health
Abuse
From a very early age, sexual and gender minority identified men are at an increased risk of being physically and sexually abused.[169] Among boys of all sexual orientations, about one in six is sexually abused before they turn sixteen (however, the range of available estimates is far broader).[170] In the United States, it has been estimated that the number of gay men who were sexually abused or molested when they were children is about 20%.[171] Around the world, the sexual abuse of effeminate male children by heterosexual men continues to be a major concern.[172][173] Writing about his own experience as a feminine boy, the openly-gay Moroccan writer, Abdellah Taïa, wrote in a New York Times op-ed: "I knew what happened to boys like me in our impoverished society; they were designated victims, to be used, with everyone's blessing, as easy sexual objects by frustrated men."[97]
Over the course of their adult lives, gay and bisexual men are also at acute risk of experiencing physical and sexual trauma.
Sexual health
Around the world, gay, bisexual, and other
In countries with diverse racial populations, such as the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, new HIV infections among gay and bisexual men are found disproportionately in working-class and communities of color.
In addition to HIV, young gay, bisexual, and other MSM are also at significantly higher risk for other
Mental health
There are significant issues affecting the overall
Incarceration
United States
In 2017, a survey conducted by the
Additionally, gay men are at increased risk of
Homelessness
For many young gay men and LGBT+ youth around the world,
Community and identity
Subcultures
In North America and Europe, gay men have several subcultures, including
Youth
Gay adolescents, boys, and young men are a uniquely vulnerable segment of the gay male population. In many countries, identity-issues, bullying, and lack of family acceptance are some of the major concerns facing gay-identified youth.[211][212][213] Additionally, gay boys and adolescents around the world are regularly subjected to more extreme forms of violence, including conversion therapy,[214] familial violence,[215][216] and other forms of physical abuse.[217] These issues have been shown to have detrimental effects on the well-being of gay and bisexual male youth. In the United States, a 2019 report by the CDC found that suicidal ideation amongst gay and bisexual boys and adolescents is as high as 40.4%.[218] According to the CDC, however, parental support can play an important role in bettering health outcomes for gay and bisexual youth, decreasing the likelihood a gay teen will: "Experience depression; attempt suicide; use drugs and alcohol; [or] become infected with sexually transmitted diseases."[219] For educators, the inclusion of diverse curriculum and the development of peer support venues (such as Queer–Straight Alliances in North America) have been suggested as ways to reduce the frequency and effects of bullying and cyberbullying.[220] Such measures are particularly important for gay and bisexual male students, who, in 2019, were the second most likely group (behind trans students) to have experienced bullying at school (73.9%) and online (30%) in the most recent 30 days, according to research by Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin.[221] Despite these calls for inclusive and diverse curriculums, Scotland is currently the only country in the world with a mandated LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum in its public school system.[222] While many nations offer a piecemeal approach to LGBT education, others (including several U.S. states)[223] have explicit bans on the inclusion of gay-friendly education. Despite the challenges gay teenagers face, studies have found that gay male youth also develop skillsets which enable them to more successfully cope with stress and other developmental challenges than their straight peers.[224] In comparing gay boys and adolescents to their heterosexual peers, gay-identified youth show higher levels of resilience, positive self-esteem, and internal self-control.[224]
Fatherhood
In the majority of countries today,
Age
Older gay men are one of the least studied groups within gay men's communities. In
Gender identity
For
Disability
Disabled gay men represent a significant but under-represented portion of the community. According to the
Education
In the United States, gay men are 50% more likely than straight men to have a university degree.[243]
See also
- Bara (genre)
- Gay characters in fiction
- Gay literature
- Gay male literature
- Gay male speech
- Gay men's flags
- Gay Men of African Descent
- Gay pornography
- Gay sexual practices
- History of gay men
- History of gay men in the United States
- Homoeroticism
- Homosexual behavior in animals
- List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people
- Yaoi
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External links
- Gay men at Curlie
- Portraits of Gay Men in Love – Smithsonian Institution portrait photographs of gay men in the United States.
- Reported Effects of Masculine Ideals on Gay Men – National Institutes of Health report on masculine idealization
- Gay Bears at UC Berkeley Archived 21 April 2021 at the UC Berkeley history of the Gay Liberation Movement
- Interactive AIDS Memorial Quilt – National AIDS Memorial digital AIDS Memorial Quilt
- Gay Men's Health Crisis – GMHC website
- Gale Archive of Sexuality and Gender – archive related to the history of sexuality