Dciriku language
(Redirected from
Gciriku language
)| Dciriku | |
|---|---|
| Gciriku | |
| Rumanyo | |
| Region | Kavango East |
| Ethnicity | Vagciriku, Vamanyo, Vashambyu |
Native speakers | 82,000 (2004–2018)[1] |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | diu |
| Glottolog | diri1252 |
K.331,334 (K.332)[2] | |
 | |
Gciriku, or Dciriku (Also Diriku, Dirico, Manyo or Rumanyo), is a
Kavango River in Namibia, Botswana and Angola. 24,000 people speak Gciriku in Angola, according to Ethnologue.[3] It was first known in the west via the Vagciriku, who had migrated from the main Vamanyo area and spoke Rugciriku, a dialect of Rumanyo. The name Gciriku (Dciriku, Diriku) remains common in the literature, but within Namibia the name Rumanyo has been revived.[4]
The Mbogedu dialect is extinct; Maho (2009) lists it as a distinct language, and notes that the names 'Manyo' and 'Rumanyo' are inappropriate for it.
It is one of several Bantu languages of the Okavango which have
Khoisan languages. Many of the words with clicks in Gciriku, including those in native Bantu vocabulary, are shared with Kwangali, Mbukushu, and Fwe.[5]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | ɑ |
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Click | voiceless | ᵏǀ | ||||||
| voiced | ᶢǀ | |||||||
vl.
|
ᵑǀᵏ | |||||||
vd.
|
ᵑǀᶢ | |||||||
| prenasal asp. | ᵑǀʰ | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n
|
ɲ | ŋ | ||||
Affricate
|
voiceless | p | t̪
|
t
|
t͡ʃ | k | ||
| voiced | b | d
|
d͡ʒ | g | ||||
vl.
|
ᵐpʰ | ⁿt̪ | ⁿtʰ | ᶮt͡ʃ | ᵑkʰ | |||
vd.
|
ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮd͡ʒ | ᵑɡ | ||||
Fricative
|
voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | |||
| voiced | β | v | z | ɣ | ||||
vl.
|
ᶬf | |||||||
vd.
|
ᶬv | |||||||
| Trill | r
|
|||||||
Approximant
|
l
|
j | w | |||||
- Click sounds are mainly dental [ǀ], but may also have various articulation points [ǁ], [ǃ].
- Most consonant sounds are also palatalized [ʲ] or labialized [ʷ], when before glide sounds /j, w/.
- /ɡ/ may be heard as a fricative [χ] in Afrikaans loanwords.[6]
References
- ^ Dciriku at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ "Angola". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
- ^ Nordic journal of African studies, Volume 12, 2003
- hdl:1854/LU-7005944.
- ^ Möhlig, Wilhelm Johann Georg (2005). A Grammatical Sketch of Rugciriku (Rumanyo). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
External links
| National | |
|---|---|
| Other | |
