Geastrum triplex
Geastrum triplex | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Geastrales |
Family: | Geastraceae |
Genus: | Geastrum |
Species: | G. triplex
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Binomial name | |
Geastrum triplex | |
Synonyms | |
Geastrum indicum (Klotzsch) Rauschert |
Geastrum triplex saprotrophic | |
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Edibility is inedible |
Geastrum triplex is a
Immature
The species is widespread and can be found in Asia, Australasia, Europe, and both North and South America. The fungus has a history of use in the traditional medicines of native North America and China. Fruit bodies have been analyzed chemically to determine their lipid content, and various chemical derivatives of the fungal sterol ergosterol have been identified.
Taxonomy
The species was first described scientifically by German botanist Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, as Geaster triplex in 1840. The earlier genus name Geaster, introduced by Italian botanist Pier Antonio Micheli in 1727 in Nova Plantarum Genera, is considered an orthographical variant of Geastrum.[1] Junghuhn, who was living in Indonesia and extensively surveyed its fungal flora, discovered the type specimen on Mount Panggerangi on the island Java, at an elevation between 3,000 to 5,000 feet (910 to 1,520 m). Today, the type specimen is kept at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands in Leiden.[2] The morphological feature used by Junghuhn to differentiate G. triplex from other similar earthstars was the collar-like structure of the inner layer of the exoperidium.[3] American mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd would later erroneously suggest that the species was a "giant form" of G. saccatum.[4]
Several authors have regarded Geastrum indicum as the correct name for G. triplex.
Stellan Sunhede's 1989 monograph of European species of Geastrum follows V. J. Staněk's concept[12] for the infrageneric (below the level of genus) placement of Geastrum, and places G. triplex with species that do not incorporate and encrust forest debris (section Basimyceliata). G. triplex is further categorized in subsection Laevistomata, which includes species with a fibrillose peristome—that is, made of parallel, thin, thread-like filaments. Within subsection Laevistomata it is in stirps Triplex, due to its delimited (with a distinct restricting edge) or irregularly torn peristome.[2]
The
Description
Like all mushrooms, the fruit body of Geastrum triplex is the visible part of a larger organism. Hidden from sight are masses of nearly invisible fungal threads called mycelium, which form the active feeding and growing structures of the fungus. The fruit body—created when environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, and nutrient availability are optimal—is designed to produce and disseminate spores. Geastrum triplex has the largest fruit body of the earthstar mushrooms.[14] The immature fruit body is typically 1 to 5 cm (1⁄2 to 2 in) in diameter, and up to 8 to 9 cm (3+1⁄4 to 3+1⁄2 in) broad (Roody gives a larger value here, up to 11.5 cm)[13] after the rays have spread out. It is composed of a roughly spherical to egg-shaped structure, the endoperidium, topped by an opening, the ostiole, covered by fragments of tissue that form a small pointed beak (a peristome). The endoperidium is typically lacking any sort of stem (it is sessile) grayish brown to "wood brown" when young but light yellow-brown in dried, unopened specimens. The outer tissue layer, the exoperidium, develops splits which radiate from the apex and form between four and eight rays that separate from the endoperidium. The latter's thin and papery envelope surrounds a mass of spores and fertile tissue known as the gleba. The central part of the gleba contains a pseudocolumella (a columella not attached to the stalk), that is typically cylindrical or club-shaped, and extends up from the base. Because of the variability in columella persistence, size, structure and shape within the genus, its value for identification is limited.[18]
The exoperidium's rays are 2 to 4 cm (3⁄4 to 1+1⁄2 in) long and up to 4 mm (3⁄16 in) thick.[19] The outer surface of the rays (the lower surface, after expansion) and unopened specimens have a rough texture. In several Geastrum species, dirt and debris adhere to the underside, this is not the case in G. triplex. The inner fleshy layers (upper surface) of these rays are near "wood brown" in color when dried, and have a layer of surface tissue that cracks into patches. There is a great deal of variation, however, to the extent in which the upper surface tissue of the rays crack: this tissue layer may also remain closely attached as a sheet over the unsegmented part of the outer wall with the part adhering to the rays variously cracked and sometimes finally peeling off in places.[20]
In G. triplex, the bases of the rays usually break around the perimeter of the endoperidium to form a saucerlike platform or receptacle in which the endoperidium rests. However, not all specimens form this receptacle, leading to possible confusion with other Geastrum species.
The endoperidium is 1 to 3 cm (3⁄8 to 1+1⁄8 in) in diameter by 0.9 to 2 cm (3⁄8 to 3⁄4 in) high,[21] sessile, and a dull grayish brown. The peristome is made of radially arranged fibrils that clump together at the apex in groups of unequal length to form an opening that appears jagged or torn.[20] The circular area bordering the peristome is a paler color. Spores are thought to be dispersed by the wind sucking them out when it blows over the hole, or when falling raindrops hit the flexible endoperidium, creating a puff of air that forces the spores through the ostiole.[22]
Microscopic characteristics
The spore sac contains the
all of these microscopic elements have certain characteristic features that help distinguish G. triplex from other superficially similar earthstars.The spores are spherical, and 3.5–4.5
Similar species
Geastrum triplex may be confused with G. saccatum or
Habitat and distribution
Geastrum triplex is a
Geastrum triplex has a widespread distribution, and has been collected in Asia (China,
Uses
Edibility
Although the fruit bodies of Geastrum triplex are nonpoisonous,[21] they are tough and fibrous, and considered of "no alimentary interest".[16][47] Mycologist David Arora says that they are reputed to be edible when immature—when the gleba is still white and firm—but adds that they are rarely found in this form.[16]
In traditional medicine
Earthstars were used medicinally by the
Chemistry
The fruit bodies of Geastrum triplex have been
References
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- ^ ISBN 82-90724-05-5.
- ^ Junghung F. (1840). "Nova genera et species plantarum florae Javanicae". Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie (in Latin). 7: 5–6.
- ^ a b Lloyd CG. (1907). "New notes on the Geasters". Mycological Notes. 25: 309–17.
- ^ JSTOR 3792856.
- ^ Klotsch JF. (1832). "Mycologische Berichtigungen" [Mycological Corrections]. Linnaea (in German). 7: 193–204.
- ^ Rauschert S. (1959). "Beitrag zur Nomenklatur mitteleuropaischer Gasteromyceten" [Contribution to the Nomenclature of Central European Gasteromycetes]. Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde (in German). 25 (2): 50–55.
- ^ "Geastrum indicum". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. 2005. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
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- Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France(in French). 109 (3): 149–63.
- ^ Published in: Pilát A. (1958). Gasteromycetes, Houby-Břichatky. Flora ČSR B1 [Gasteromycetes-Puffballs] (in Czech). Prague, Czechoslovakia: Nakladatelstvi Československé Akademie Vĕd.
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- ^ Bates ST. (2004). Arizona Members of the Geastraceae and Lycoperdaceae (Basidiomycota, Fungi) (PDF) (MSc thesis). Arizona State University. p. 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-07.
- ^ ISBN 0-316-70613-2.
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- ^ ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7.
- ^ Kuo M (2008). "Geastrum triplex". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
- ^ a b Esqueda M, Herrera T, Perez-Siva E, Sanchez A (2003). "Distribution of Geastrum species from some priority regions for conservation of biodiversity of Sonora, Mexico". Mycotaxon. 87: 445–56. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
- ^ Brouwer E, Braat M, van Hoek B, Noteboom R, Oplaat C, de Peijper R, Smits M, Klok P (2009). "WAD'N GEZWAM! De invloed van schelpenpaden op de paddenstoelendiversiteit van Terschelling" [The influence of shell-covered paths on the fungus diversity of Terschelling]. Coolia (in Dutch). 52 (1): 7–17.
- ^ Liu B. (1984). "The Gasteromycetes of China". Nova Hedwigia. 74: 1–235.
- ^ Jung HS. (1995). "Fungal flora of Ullung Island: (VI). On ascomycetous, auriculariaceous, and gasteromycetous fungi". Korean Journal of Mycology. 23 (1): 1–9.
- ^ Saber M. (1989). "New records of Aphyllophorales and Gasteromycetes for Iran". Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology. 25 (1–4): 21–26.
- ^ Kose S, Gezer K, Gokler I, Tukoglu A (2006). "Macrofungi of Bekilli (Denizli) district". Turkish Journal of Botany. 30 (4): 267–72.
- ^ Cunningham GH (1926). "The Gasteromycetes of Australasia. IV. Species of the genus Geaster". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 51 (206, part 2): 72–93.
- ^ Cunningham GH. (1944). The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. Dunedin, New Zealand: McIndoe. p. 201.
- JSTOR 3667475.
- ^ Kupka J. (1966). "Geastrum triplex found in Bilina". Mykologicky Sbornik. 43 (5–6): 83–84.
- ^ Larsson BMP. (1958). "Gasteromycetstudier. I. Geaster triplex Jungh. funnen på Kinnekulle" [Studies on Gasteromycetes. I. Geastrum triplex Jungh. found on Kinnekulle]. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift (in Swedish). 52 (2): 284–90.
- ^ Eckblad F-E. (1975). "Additions and corrections to the Gasteromycetes of the Canary Islands". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 22 (4): 243–48.
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- ^ Spegazzini C. (1927). "Gasteromicetas Argentinas" [Argentinian Gasteromycetes]. Physis. 8: 421–35.
- ^ Soto MK, Wright JE (2000). "Taxonomía del género Geastrum (Basidiomycetes, Lycoperdales) en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina" [Taxonomy of the genus Geaster in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentine]. Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica (in Spanish). 34: 185–201.
- ^ Baseia IG, Cavalcanti MA, Milanez AI (2003). "Additions to our knowledge of the Genus Geastrum (Phallales: Geastraceae) in Brazil". Mycotaxon. 85: 409–15.
- ^ a b Torpoco V, Garbarino JA (1998). "Studies on Chilean fungi. I. Metabolites from Geastrum triplex Jungh". Boletin de la Sociedad Chilena de Quimica. 43 (2): 227–29.
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External links
- Index Fungorum
- biolib.cz
- botany.cz
- mykologie.net (in Czech)
- myko.cz (in Czech)
- houbareni.cz (in Czech)
- funghiitaliani.it (in Italian)
- first-nature.com