Gediminas' Cap

Gediminas' Cap (Lithuanian: Gedimino kepurė) was the most important regalia of the Lithuanian monarchs who ruled the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the Union of Lublin in 1569.[1][2] During the inaugurations of Lithuanian monarchs, Gediminas' Cap was placed on the monarch's heads by the Bishop of Vilnius in Vilnius Cathedral.[1][2][3]
Its name comes from Grand Duke Gediminas (c. 1275–1341), the founder of the Gediminids dynasty and patrilineal ancestor of Lithuanian rulers from the Kęstutaičiai and Jagiellonian dynasties,[1][4][5][6] and symbolized the dynasty's continuity.[7] The cap is mentioned in 16th-century sources and was kept in the Vilnius Castle treasury.[1] It is depicted as a round unsegmented headdress in an armorial compiled for Paweł Holszański.[1] Since 1547 Gediminas' Cap was minted on Lithuanian coins above the coat of arms of Lithuania.[8] Gediminas' Cap lost its significance following the Union of Lublin in 1569 which abolished a separate inauguration of the Lithuanian monarchs in Vilnius Cathedral.[1][2]
In the 20th century, following the Act of Independence of Lithuania, Lithuanian litas banknotes were issued with a portrait of Vytautas the Great wearing Gediminas' Cap to commemorate his 500th death anniversary in 1930.[9] In 1936, new design 10 litas coins were minted also with a portrait of Vytautas the Great wearing Gediminas' Cap.[10][11]
Titles of Lithuanian monarchs

Following the recognition by Pope Innocent IV, Mindaugas was crowned as King of Lithuania in July 1253 with a crown manufactured in Riga and provided by Andreas von Stirland, the master of the Livonian Order.[12][13] Moreover, Pope Alexander IV granted a right to crown Mindaugas' son.[14] In the fall of 1263, Mindaugas and his sons Ruklys and Rupeikis were killed and the fate of his royal crown remains unknown.[15]
Subsequent Lithuanian monarchs initially were titled as
Since 1377,
Jogaila's brother Švitrigaila also sought to be crowned as King of Lithuania and Emperor Sigismund planned to arrive at Švitrigaila's crowning in Prussia, but the Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) broke out in which Švitrigaila and his supporters were defeated.[24][2][25]
Jogaila's son Władysław III also titled himself as the Supreme Duke of Lithuania.[21] John I Albert unilaterally declared himself as the Supreme Duke of Lithuania in 1492, but this title was rejected by the Lithuanian Council of Lords.[21]
In 1544–1548 Sigismund I the Old expressed his supreme monarchical authority in Lithuania by again using the Supreme Duke of Lithuania title when his son Sigismund II Augustus was his vicegerent in Lithuania.[21][26]
Inaugurations of Lithuanian monarchs

The inaugurations of the Lithuanian monarchs were held in
The first inauguration ceremony of a Lithuanian Grand Duke about which there is reliable information is that of

Another documented inauguration is the enthronement of
Stryjkowski also relayed the election and inauguration of Sigismund I as Grand Duke of Lithuania on October 20, 1509. The ceremony was again attended by Bishop Wojciech Tabor, who this time not only blessed but also placed a cap on the ruler's head. In turn, Grand Marshal Michael Glinski presented him with a sword. Sigismund received the oath of the Lithuanian lords while sitting on the throne.[37] According to Stryjkowski, the cap was: "of red velvet with gold spheres set with precious stones".[38]
The last ceremony to elevate a grand duke took place on October 18, 1529, when Sigismund Augustus was elevated to this dignity during his father's lifetime. The ceremony occurred in the great hall of the newly built lower castle, as the cathedral burned down that same year.[39][40] The young Sigismund Augustus sat on the throne between his parents, surrounded by members of the council of lords. The cap was placed on the ruler's head by the Bishop of Vilnius, while the Grand Marshal presented him with a sword.[41]

Following the Union of Lublin, which formed the federative Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, and the death of the last Gediminid ruler Sigismund II Augustus in 1572, separate inaugurations in Vilnius Cathedral were abolished, therefore Gediminas' Cap lost its ceremonial significance.[1][2][42] The insignias of the Lithuanian rulers were not preserved and following the Union of Lublin only the seal (kept by the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania) and the flag (carried near the ruler by the Grand Flag Bearer of Lithuania) remained.[2]
The demand of a separate inauguration ceremony of the
Gallery
-
Vytenis with Gediminas' Cap, painted in 1709
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Algirdas with Gediminas' Cap, painted in 1578
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Sigismund Kęstutaitis with Gediminas' Cap, painted in the 19th century
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Vytautas the Great with Gediminas' Cap, painted in circa 1555[1]
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Vytautas the Great with Gediminas' Cap, painted in the 18th century
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Saint Casimir with Gediminas' Cap, painted in circa 1594
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Dome of the Church of St. Casimir in Vilnius
-
Tapestry with the coat of arms of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus, crowned with Gediminas' Cap, circa 1548
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A 1568 Lithuanian coin of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus with the coat of arms of Lithuania, Gediminas' Cap and Columns of Gediminas
-
Ennoblement Act granted by Sigismund III Vasa (1588)
-
A fragment from the early 17th-century Radziwiłł map with Gediminas' Cap depicted above Vilnius
-
Administrative map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania featuring Gediminas' Cap above the coat of arms of Lithuania in 1695
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Title page of Kurier Litewski featuring Gediminas' Cap above the coat of arms of Lithuania, published in 1760 in Vilnius
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Front view of the reconstructed Gediminas' Cap, exhibited in the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius
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Coat of arms of Lithuania crowned with Gediminas' Cap in one of the rooms of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius
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Stained-glass window with Vytautas the Great wearing Gediminas' Cap (left) in the Church of Vytautas the Great in Kaunas
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Gediminas' Cap depicted on the bronze doors of the Vilnius University Central Campus
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1848 Allegory of Lithuania byOak tree
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In the modern day the Gediminas' Cap is used on the coat of arms of theSeimas of Lithuania
See also
- Polish crown jewels, used by joint Polish–Lithuanian monarchs following the Union of Lublin in 1569
- British sovereign
- Gediminas' Tower
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gudavičius, Edvardas. "Gedimino kepurė" [Gediminas' Cap]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gudavičius, Edvardas. "Inauguracija". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ ISBN 8324205497. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ "Gediminaičiai". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ Kiaupa, Zigmantas. "Jogailaičiai". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ Gudavičius, Edvardas; Jučas, Mečislovas; Matulevičius, Algirdas. "Kęstutis". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ISBN 9637326588. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ^ Savickienė, Aurelija. "Iliustruotoji istorija: LDK pinigai" [Illustrated history: GDL money]. Vz.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 9 May 2023.
1547 m. pirmą kartą monetoje panaudotas LDK herbas (raitelis, įkomponuotas į herbinį skydą) su kunigaikščio kepure virš jo.
- ^ "Šimtmečio istorijos. Lietuvos banknotų kūrėjas Adomas Galdikas" [Stories of the centenary. Lithuania banknotes creator Adomas Galdikas]. Pinigumuziejus.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- ^ Laurinavičius, Vidmantas. "Litas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- ^ "Moneta: 10 Litų (Grand duke Vytautas the Great 1392-1430)". Colnect.com (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- ^ Gudavičius, Edvardas. "Mindaugas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ Gudavičius, Edvardas. "Andreas von Stirland". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ Ivinskis, Zenonas. "Mindaugas ir jo karūna" [Mindaugas and his crown]. Aidai.eu (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ Rutkauskienė, Violeta (19 April 2012). "Kur Lietuvos karaliaus karūna?" [Where is the crown of the King of Lithuania?]. Bernardinai.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ a b c d Gudavičius, Edvardas. "Didysis kunigaikštis" [Grand Duke]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ISBN 9789986827092.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ "Gediminas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ Gudavičius, Edvardas; Jučas, Mečislovas; Matulevičius, Algirdas. "Jogaila". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ^ a b Jučas, Mečislovas. "Astravos sutartis" [Ostrów Agreement]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d Gudavičius, Edvardas. "Aukščiausiasis kunigaikštis" [Supreme Duke]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Dundulis, Bronius. "Lucko suvažiavimas" [Congress of Lutsk]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ Gudavičius, Edvardas; Matulevičius, Algirdas. "Vytautas Didysis" [Vytautas the Great]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ Dundulis, Bronius. "Švitrigaila". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Buvo sumanęs vainikuotis karaliumi, bet sutrukdė 1430 Lenkijos ir Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės politinis konfliktas, virtęs karu
- ^ "Didžiausia istorinė Lietuvos tragedija: brolis leidosi į žygį prieš brolį" [The greatest historical tragedy of Lithuania: brother marched against brother]. lrytas.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Tuo pačiu metu Zigmantas Liuksemburgietis planavo atvykti į Prūsiją karūnuoti Švitrigailos.
- ^ "1544 10 22 Žygimantas Augustas kaip Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis iškilmingai įžengė į Vilnių". DELFI, Lithuanian Institute of History (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ a b Kosman 1989, p. 274.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 185–186.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 186.
- ^ (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Nepaisant prie karalaičio buvusių lenkų ponų prieštaravimo, 1440 06 29 Kazimieras Jogailaitis Vilniaus katedroje buvo vainikuotas Lietuvos didžiuoju kunigaikščiu. (...) Šis lietuvių vienašališkai įvykdytas aktas rodė Gardine 1432 pasirašyto sąjungos akto sulaužymą. (...) Tuo būdu 1440 buvo nutraukta Lenkijos ir Lietuvos sąjunga.
- ^ a b c Gudavičius, Edvardas. "Lietuvos feodalinės visuomenės ir jos valdymo sistemos genezė: 2 dalis" (PDF). Ministry of the Interior (Lithuania) (in Lithuanian). p. 8. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Kazimiero vainikavimas didžiuoju kunigaikščiu, Vilniaus vyskupui uždedant vadinamąją „Gedimino kepurę", manifestavo suverenią Lietuvos valstybė; tas pats Kazimieras vėliau pabrėždavo esąsas „laisvas ponas" (pan – dominus).
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 328–330.
- ^ Kosman 1989, p. 277w czapkę książęcą z perłami i kamieńmi drogimi osadzoną, także szatę zwykłą, jaką dziś kurfistowie rzescy przy koronacjej cesarskiej noszą
- ^ Kosman 1989, pp. 276–277.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 329–330.
- ^ Spečiūnas, Vytautas. "Jonas Albrechtas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ Kosman 1989, pp. 277–278.
- ^ Kosman 1989, p. 278aksamintu czerwonego w sfery złote kamieniami drogimi osadzoną
- ^ Kosman 1989, p. 279.
- ^ "Istorinė raida". Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 23 April 2023.
- ^ Kosman 1989, pp. 279–280.
- ISBN 9786094940033. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ Jasas, Rimantas. "Liublino unija". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ Kiaupinienė, Jūratė. "Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Seimas – valstybės modernizacijos grandis (1572–1587 metai)". Parlamento Studijos (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Institute of History: 31–32. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ "Vavelio pilies lobyne – ir Lietuvos, Valdovų rūmų istorija". Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ Bues, Almut (2005). "Politinė ceremonialo paskirtis elekcinėje monarchijoje: Lenkija–Lietuva XVI–XVIII a." (PDF). The Year-book of Lithuanian History (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Institute of History: 9. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ Stryjkowski, Maciej (1846). Kronika polska, litewska, żmódzka i wszystkiéj Rusi Macieja Stryjkowskiego. T. 2 (in Polish). Warsaw. p. 432. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ Ragauskienė, Raimonda; Ragauskas, Aivas; Bulla, Noémi Erzsébet (2018). Tolimos bet artimos: Lietuvos ir Vengrijos istoriniai ryšiai (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Vilnius. p. 67. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Tyla, Antanas. "Elekcinis seimas" [Electoral Seimas]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-19-820869-3.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Kosman, Marceli (1989). ""Podniesienie" książąt litewskich" ["Elevation" of the Lithuanian princes]. Litwa pierwotna. Mity, legendy, fakty. pp. 244–282.
- Piech, Zenon (1987). "Mitra książęca w świetle przekazów ikonograficznych od czasów rozbicia dzielnicowego do końca epoki jagiellońskiej" [Ducal mitre in the light of iconographic records from the time of the fragmentation to the end of the Jagiellonian era]. Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej. 39 (1).