Geelong
Geelong Djilang/Djalang Federal division(s) | |||||||||
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Geelong (
Geelong is the second largest Victorian city behind Melbourne with an estimated urban population of 268,277 as of June 2018,[7] and is also Australia's second fastest-growing city. Geelong is also known as the "Gateway City"[8] due to its critical location to surrounding western Victorian regional centres including Ballarat in the northwest, Torquay, Great Ocean Road and Warrnambool in the southwest, Hamilton, Colac and Winchelsea to the west, providing a transport corridor past the Central Highlands for these regions to the state capital Melbourne in its northeast. The City of Greater Geelong is also a member of the Gateway Cities Alliance in partnership with Councils from Newcastle and Wollongong.
Geelong is the
The
During the
Today, Geelong stands as an emerging healthcare, education and
History
Etymology
The name Geelong comes from Djilang, used by the Wadawurrung Traditional Owners of the area at the time of settlement.
Early history and foundation
The area of Geelong and the
In January 1803, Surveyor-General
The next European visit to the area was by the explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell. They reached the northern edge of Corio Bay – the area of Port Phillip that Geelong now fronts – on 16 December 1824,[26] and it was at this time they reported that the Aboriginals called the area Corayo, the bay being called Djillong.[14] Hume and Hovell had been contracted to travel overland from Sydney to Port Phillip, and having achieved this, they stayed the night and began their return journey two days later on 18 December.[26]
The
In March 1836, three
The
1850s: Gold rush
Gold was discovered in nearby Ballarat in 1851, causing the Geelong population to grow to 23,000 people by the mid-1850s.[14] To counter this, a false map was issued by Melbourne interests to new arrivals, showing the quickest road to the goldfields as being via Melbourne.[14] The first issue of the Geelong Advertiser newspaper was published in 1840 by James Harrison, who also built the world's first ether vapour compression cycle ice-making and refrigeration machine in 1844, later being commissioned by a brewery in 1856 to build a machine that cooled beer.[35]
The
In 1866,
1860s: The 'Sleepy Hollow'
The gold rush had seen
The
The town became referred to as "The Pivot" in the 1860s, owing to its being a rail and shipping hub for western Victoria.[43]
1900s: A city develops
The town of Geelong officially became a city on 8 December 1910.
Geelong's industrial growth accelerated in the 1920s: woollen mills,
By 1936, Geelong had displaced Ballarat as Victoria's second-largest city.[48]
In 1938, one of the last Port Philip Bay
On the eve of World War II, the International Harvester works were opened beside Ford at North Shore, along with a grain elevator at nearby Corio Quay, and the Shell Australia oil refinery.[36]
Post-war period
Government housing was constructed in the suburbs of
Geelong continued to expand with Corio,
Industrial growth continued with a second cement works operating at
21st century
In 2004, Avalon Airport was upgraded to accommodate interstate passenger travel, providing a base for low-cost airline Jetstar to serve the Melbourne and Geelong urban areas.[60] Geelong is planned to expand towards the south coast, with 2,500 hectares of land to become a major suburban development for 55,000 to 65,000 people, known as Armstrong Creek.[61] In 2006, construction began on the Geelong Ring Road, designed to replace the Princes Highway through Geelong from Corio to Waurn Ponds. It opened in 2009.
More than
Major developments within Geelong are advocated by influential, non-government group the Committee for Geelong and the region's local government alliance, G21 Geelong Region Alliance.
The City of Greater Geelong and four other local municipalities form part of the alliance which identifies the Geelong region's priorities, and advocates all levels of government for funding and implement the projects. G21 developed 'The Geelong Region Plan - a sustainable growth strategy' Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine which was launched by Premier Brumby in 2007. It was the approved strategic plan for the Geelong region. In addition, major projects such as the Geelong Ring Road Connections and duplication of the Princes Highway West obtained funding due to the combined efforts of the region's municipalities. As at May 2017, a further 13 Priority Projects are planned for the Geelong region.
The
A change to the city skyline is occurring with a number of modern apartment buildings on the Waterfront and central business district planned or under construction. On 10 July 2008, approval was given for a $100-million twin-tower apartment complex of 16 and 12 floors to be built on Mercer St in the city's western edge. The towers will become the tallest buildings in the city, taking the title from the Mercure Hotel.[65] Further highrise developments are planned as part of the City of Greater Geelong's Geelong Western Edge strategic plan.[66] A$17-million 11-story apartment tower has also recently been proposed to be built next to the Deakin Waterfront Campus.[67]
In 2012, a design competition for a "city icon" was run for the City of Geelong by Deakin University and Senia Lawyers. The recipient of the prize and winning design entry was JOH Architects and their design titled "The Sea Dragon".[68]
Geelong's new Library and Heritage Centre opened to the public in November 2015. The new addition to Geelong offers new research facilities, display areas and hosts Geelong's extensive heritage, modern and Indigenous. The new library was awarded the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture[69] in 2016.
Currently Geelong is undergoing a major revival effort, the Green Spine Project.[70] The Green Spine project will connect Johnstone Park to the Botanic Gardens by a continuous line of trees via Malop Street. The redevelopment of Malop street will see the installation of separated bike lanes from both pedestrians and local traffic by greenery, the design is an Australian first. This project includes the installation of art sculptures and street art throughout the city centre. Major redevelopments are also occurring at Johnstone Park, with a new raingarden installation, and Lt Malop Street is seeing more upgrades.[71]
In the suburbs Geelong West's Pakington Street is seeing major upgrades to its street appeal, with new plantings and upgrades to many of the shops. Manifold Heights' Shannon Avenue will see redevelopment to make it more pedestrian friendly. To Geelong's north,
Recently new high rise buildings are being built giving Geelong more jobs and housing.[73] Worksafe Victoria opened up a new 14-storey building on Malop Dt. It opened in mid-2018 and was the tallest building until it was announced that two residential high rises would be built and completed in late 2019. They are called The Mercer and Miramar Apartments.[74]
Geography
Geelong is located on the shores of the western tip of Corio Bay, a southwestern
Geologically, the oldest rocks in the area date back to the
To the east of the city are the Bellarine Hills and the undulating plains of the
Many materials used to construct buildings were
City and suburbs
Geelong has over 60 suburbs, including the following:
Anakie, Armstrong Creek, Avalon,
Development in Geelong started on the shores of Corio Bay in what is now the inner city. Development later spread to the south towards the Barwon River, and the hill of
In the interwar and post-World War II years,
Changing cargo-handling methods at the
Climate
Geelong has stable weather, yet still offers four distinct seasons.
Climate data for Geelong (Avalon Airport) 1995–2020 averages, 1995–present extremes | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 46.3 (115.3) |
47.9 (118.2) |
42.0 (107.6) |
36.1 (97.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
31.3 (88.3) |
37.8 (100.0) |
41.8 (107.2) |
45.8 (114.4) |
47.9 (118.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.6 (79.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
14.7 (58.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
5.7 (42.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) |
6.8 (44.2) |
2.9 (37.2) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
0.1 (32.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 31.1 (1.22) |
35.0 (1.38) |
24.8 (0.98) |
39.8 (1.57) |
32.4 (1.28) |
40.5 (1.59) |
36.1 (1.42) |
38.3 (1.51) |
40.2 (1.58) |
40.9 (1.61) |
50.7 (2.00) |
28.5 (1.12) |
439.2 (17.29) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 6.0 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 9.7 | 11.9 | 13.8 | 15.4 | 15.2 | 13.6 | 12.0 | 9.9 | 8.5 | 128.4 |
Average afternoon relative humidity (%)
|
50 | 49 | 49 | 56 | 64 | 68 | 66 | 62 | 58 | 53 | 54 | 53 | 57 |
Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology, Avalon Airport (1991–2020)[90] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Bureau of Meteorology, Avalon Airport (all years)[91] |
Economy
More than 10,000 businesses employ over 80,000 people in the Geelong region,[19] with manufacturing and processing industries providing around 15,000 jobs, followed by 13,000 in retail, and 8,000 in health and community services.[19]
In 2020, the Committee for Geelong published a research paper Resilient Geelong which tracks the Geelong economy over several decades. Written Deakin University's Prof Louise Johnson, Resilient Geelong makes a series of recommendations for the future of Geelong.
Geelong's major employers were the
The Geelong region attracted over 6 million tourists during 2001.
Geelong has a number of shopping precincts in the CBD and surrounding suburbs. The two main shopping centres are located in the CBD -
These major research laboratories are located in the Geelong area: the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory in East Geelong,[98] CSIRO Division of Textiles and Fibres Technology in Belmont,[99] and the Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute at Queenscliff.[100]
The scheduled closure of Ford's Australian manufacturing base in 2016 was confirmed in late May 2013. Headquartered in the Victorian suburb of Broadmeadows, the company had registered losses of AU$600 million over the five years prior to the announcement. It was noted that the corporate fleet and government sales that accounted for two-thirds of large, local car sales in Australia were insufficient to keep Ford's products profitable and viable in Australia.[101]
Following the decision by Shell to close its Geelong refinery in April 2013, a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell's Australian refining and fuel marketing assets. Revealed in June 2013, the writedown is worth AU$203 million, and was preceded by a $638-million writedown in 2012 and a $407-million writedown in 2011 after the closure of the Clyde Refinery in Sydney.[102]
In April 2016 Target announced that it would be moving its headquarters out of
Demographics
Population over time[16] | |
---|---|
1841 | 454 |
1846 | 2,065 |
1851 | 8,291 |
1854 | 20,115 |
1861 | 22,929 |
1891 | 17,445 |
1901 | 25,017 |
1907 | 28,021 |
1921 | 31,689 |
1933 | 39,223 |
1946 | 51,000 |
1954 | 72,995 |
1961 | 91,666 |
1966 | 105,059 |
1976 | 122,080 |
1981 | 141,279 |
1988 | 146,349 |
2006 | 160,991 |
2009 | 179,971 |
2010 | 184,583 |
As of the 2006
About 78.4% of people from Geelong are Australian-born, with the most common overseas birthplaces being:
The 2006 census found the most common religious affiliation in Geelong was
Governance
In
From 2012 to 2016, the
On 16 April 2016,
In state politics, the Legislative Assembly districts of Geelong, South Barwon, Lara, and Bellarine cover the Geelong area. After the 2022 Victorian Election, all four of these electorates are held by the Australian Labor Party.[119] Lara and Geelong are currently safe Labor seats with South Barwon increasing its margin and Bellarine more marginal.
On 12 February 2020, Minister for Planning Richard Wynn established Geelong Authority to advise on strategies to attract investment to central Geelong and on major planning applications to help create jobs and drive growth in Geelong.[120] The committee is chaired by Diana Taylor (lawyer) and consists of Mark Edmonds (former Chairman of Geelong Chamber of Commerce), Aamir Qutub (CEO of Enterprise Monkey), Jill Smith (former General Manager of Geelong Arts Centre) and Rory Costelloe (Executive Director of Villawood Properties)[121] and Dr Sarah Leach.
In federal politics, the House of Representatives seats - the Division of Corio and Division of Corangamite cover the Geelong region. Corio roughly covers the northern half of Geelong and has been a safe Australian Labor Party seat since the 1970s, but was previously the seat of Richard Casey, a leading conservative Cabinet member in the 1930s and later Governor-General, as well as Hubert Opperman, a former cycling champion and a prominent minister in the 1960s. It was also the seat of Gordon Scholes, who was Speaker during the Whitlam government. Corio is currently held by Deputy Prime Minister Richard Marles.
Corangamite, which roughly includes the southern half of Geelong as well as the Bellarine Peninsula, has traditionally been safe for the Liberal Party, but become more marginal in recent years due to demographic changes and redistributions.[122] Corangamite had been a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessors from the 1930s through the 2000s. Future Prime Minister of Australia James Scullin served one term in this seat in the 1910s.[123] It was won by the Australian Labor Party at the 2019 federal election and again in 2022 by Libby Coker where the margin was increased.
Culture
Events and festivals
The Royal Geelong Show is held each year at the Geelong Showgrounds. Other events include Pako Festa (held annually in February),[124] Gala Day Parade (annual event that celebrated its 96th year in 2012)[125] and Family Fun Day (held annually as part of the Gala Day celebrations),[126] and the Geelong Heritage Festival that is run by the local branch of the National Trust.[127][128] The Gala Day Parade was axed in 2023.
Geelong hosts Victoria's only international photographic salon 'VIGEX' every two years. VIGEX is an acronym for "VIctoria Geelong EXhibition" and the inaugural event was held in 1980. The Australian Photographic Society, the world governing body of exhibition photography the International Federation of Photographic Art and the Victorian Association of Photographic Societies are patrons of the biennial photographic salon.[129]
Geelong's History is preserved through both the Geelong Historical Society, and the associated
Now defunct, Geelong hosted a digital conference Pivot Summit which was headlined by Apple Co-founder Steve Wozniak in 2017.[132]
Arts and entertainment
Recognising a long history in design excellence, Geelong was designated as a UNESCO Creative City of Design in 2017.[133]
Geelong is home to a number of
Geelong also hosts music festivals such as the Meredith Music Festival, Offshore Festival, Poppykettle Festival, and National Celtic Festival.
The city's prominent cultural venues are the
Based in Geelong, Back to Back Theatre is a globally renown, contemporary Australian theatre companies engaging with disability on stage. With work produced by the company, Back to Back Theatre explores questions about politics, ethics and philosophy in humanity and tours nationally and globally. In 2022, Back to Back Theatre was awarded the $300,000 International Ibsen Award.[137]
Local community-led, not for profit Creative Geelong Inc[138] was established in 2015 to support local creatives and highlight the opportunities for creative industries practitioners in the region. In 2017, Creative Geelong partnered with Deakin University to crowdfund and produce three documentaries about Geelong's transformation from a heavy manufacturing hub to a creative destination.[139][140] Hubcaps to Creative Hubs series showcase three locations in Geelong including the Federal Woollen Mills, RS&S Woollen Mills and the Fyansford Paper Mills and tells the story of their industrial past and new purpose as creative hot spots.
Media
The Geelong Advertiser, the oldest newspaper title in Victoria and the second-oldest in Australia,[141][142] was established in 1840. The free Geelong Independent and Geelong News are the city's other major newspapers.
Geelong is part of the Melbourne television licence area, and receives all of the free-to-air stations from Melbourne, including ABC, SBS, Seven, Nine, Ten, and the community channel C31. The Geelong region also receives cable and satellite television services through operators Foxtel and Neighbourhood Cable.
The local radio stations are K-Rock (rock and pop music), Rhema FM (Christian community station), Hot Country Radio (country music station), The Pulse (community station), 3GPH (radio reading service), and Bay FM (adult contemporary music). The transmitters for K-Rock, The Pulse, Rhema FM, and Bay FM are located at a shared transmitter site on Mount Bellarine, near Drysdale. Most Melbourne-based radio stations can also be received clearly in the Geelong region.
Sport
The Geelong Arena in North Geelong is the home of the Geelong Supercats basketball team, and was also used during the 2006 Commonwealth Games for basketball games.[145] The Geelong Basketball and Netball Centre was formerly the home to another basketball team from the region, the Corio Bay Stingrays.[146] The city co-hosted the
Geelong has a horse-racing club, the Geelong Racing Club, which schedules around 22 race meetings a year, including the Geelong Cup meeting in October.[147] The Geelong Cup was first run in 1872,[148] and is considered one of the most reliable guides to the result of the Melbourne Cup.[149] It also has a picnic horse-racing club, Geelong St Patricks Racing Club, which holds its one race meeting a year in February.[150]
Geelong Harness Racing Club conducts regular meetings at its racetrack at Corio,[151] and the Geelong Greyhound Racing Club holds regular meetings.[152]
Founded in 1882, the Geelong Lawn Tennis Club has 27 tennis courts and plays host to a number of tennis tournaments including the Davis Cup tie between Australia and China in 2012.
The
Corio Bay is also host to many sailing and yachting events. Geelong also has many golf courses, sporting and recreation ovals, and playing fields, as well as facilities for water skiing, rowing, fishing, hiking, and greyhound and harness racing.[154] Geelong Athletics holds competitions during both the summer and winter, including high-profile events such as Victorian and sometimes national and international track and field meets.
Geelong is home to Australia's largest indoor
Geelong is also the birthplace of Bev Francis, an IFBB professional Australian female bodybuilder, powerlifter, and national shot put champion.[157][158]
The
The city's Kardinia Park Stadium hosted the first match of the 2022 Men's T20 cricket World Cup. Along with other cities in regional Victoria, Geelong was scheduled host the 2026 Commonwealth Games until they were cancelled.[161]
The Geelong Sharks compete in the state's Rugby League competition run by NRL Victoria.
Public services
Education
Geelong is served by a number of
Geelong is also home to the oldest state secondary school in Victoria, Geelong High School, which has been serving the community since 1905, for over 100 years.
The Gordon Memorial Technical College opened in 1888, and is known today as the
Health
The major public health service is Barwon Health, which operates 21 separate health sites including University Hospital Geelong on Ryrie Street, and the McKellar Centre on Ballarat Road. Barwon Health services the entire region. The largest private hospital is the nearby St John of God Health Care centre on Myers Street. Prominent healthcare services include the Epworth Hospital located at 1 Epworth Place, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216.,[167] and Geelong Health (Geelong West).
Utilities
Water storage and supply in Geelong is managed by
Geelong was first supplied with electricity in 1902 when the
Transportation
The main form of transportation in Geelong is the
Avalon Airport
Avalon Airport is located about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the north-east of the city of Geelong in the suburb of Avalon. It was established in 1953 for the production of military aircraft.[173] It was also used for the repair of commercial aircraft, and for pilot training. Avalon Airport has also been home to low-cost airline Jetstar since 2004.[60] Flights to Sydney use the airport and in June 2015, Jetstar announced it would fly to the Gold Coast daily from Avalon Airport commencing October 2015. Avalon Airport is the venue for 'Thunder Down Under' Australian International Airshow every other year.
Avalon Airport had international flights with AirAsia X to and from Kuala Lumpur and Citilink to Denpasar but were cancelled during the pandemic.
Rail
Geelong is a major hub for
Geelong's currently operating stations include Little River, Lara, Corio, North Shore, North Geelong, Geelong, South Geelong, Marshall and Waurn Ponds.
In the past, a rail line connected Geelong city to the Bellarine Peninsula through to Queenscliff, ceasing to operate as a regular passenger service in 1976. The Bellarine Railway operates a section of the line between Drysdale and Queenscliff as a tourist attraction.
Passenger services run to Warrnambool three times daily, connecting Geelong with Colac, Terang, and Camperdown. Journey Beyond's The Overland service between Melbourne and Adelaide stops at the standard-gauge platform provided at North Shore station. It runs six days a week, with three services to Adelaide and three to Melbourne.[176] Freight trains also operate from Melbourne to Geelong serving local industries,[81] as well as to Warrnambool and other western Victorian towns. The main Melbourne-Adelaide standard-gauge line is a heavily used interstate freight route.
Victoria's electronic ticketing system, Myki, was implemented on rail services between Marshall and Melbourne on 29 July 2013.[177]
The Victorian government is currently in process of land acquisition and inspection for a potential Torquay rail line which would service both Torquay and the Armstrong Creek growth corridor.
Ports and ferry services
The
Port Phillip Ferries began operating twice daily services between Portarlington and Melbourne Docklands in November 2016. Three years later overcrowding on trains led to a similar service being introduced from Geelong to Docklands. The services are popular with both tourists and commuters, providing an alternative access for Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula to Melbourne. The 36-metre-long catamaran ferries seat over 400 passengers, provide a comfortable vantage point to enjoy the sights of Port Phillip. The introduction of the Portarlington service led to a major revamp of the local pier, with pier extensions and a protective rock wall installed.[citation needed]
On 23 October 2022 the Tasmanian ferry service, the
Bus and taxi
A bus network covering the city centre and most surrounding suburbs provides public transport. Until June 2015 they were operated under the umbrella of the
Taxi services in Geelong are provided by Geelong Taxi Network, a newly formed depot following the effective merger of Bay City Cabs and Geelong Radio Cabs in July 2007.[184] The majority of the network covers the city and suburban areas of the city, with "urban" classification for the vehicles in use. The Bellarine Peninsula, and Torquay areas, although part of Geelong Taxi Network, are both covered by separate "country" classification taxis. Often, disputes occur in regards to different taxis from one licence area, picking up work from either of the other two licence areas, which is illegal in most circumstances under current taxi regulations in Victoria.[185] Call centre and radio dispatch services for the new combined network are provided by Silver Top Taxis in Melbourne.
Cycling and walking
Geelong also has many kilometres of bicycle trails including the:
- Bay Trail, Corio Quay to Limeburners Point
- Barwon River trail – 20 km between South Geelong
- Bellarine Rail Trail is a 32 km path between South Geelong and Queenscliffe.[186]
- Cowies Creek Trail
- Hovells Creek Trail
- Ted Wilson trail- Follows the Geelong Ring Road for 12 km between Corio to Hamlyn Heights
- Tom McKean Linear Park, Separation Street, FyansfordCement Works
- Waurn Ponds trail offers follows over 6 km of the Waurn Ponds creek
See also
- Geelong Field Naturalists Club
- List of cities in Australia#Victoria
- List of Heritage listed buildings in Geelong
- Category:People from Geelong
- Geelong's Woolstores, 19th century
- Newcastle
- Wollongong
- Geelong depot
Notes
- ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics defined urban area (SUA) for Geelong corresponds with the Greater Geelong LGA except that the SUA excludes the Portarlington Statistical Area (SA2), but includes the Point Lonsdale - Queenscliff and Torquay SA2s.
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