Gemini 3
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Mission type | Test flight |
---|---|
Operator | NASA |
COSPAR ID | 1965-024A |
SATCAT no. | 1301 |
Mission duration | 4 hours, 52 minutes, 31 seconds |
Distance travelled | 128,748 kilometers (80,000 mi) |
Orbits completed | 3 |
Spacecraft properties | |
Spacecraft | McDonnell |
Launch mass | 3,237 kilograms (7,136 lb) |
Crew | |
Crew size | 2 |
Members | |
Callsign | Molly Brown |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | March 23, 1965, 14:24:00 | UTC
Rocket | LC-19 |
End of mission | |
Recovered by | USS Intrepid |
Landing date | March 23, 1965, 19:16:31 | UTC
Landing site | 22°26′N 70°51′W / 22.433°N 70.850°W |
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Geocentric |
Regime | Low Earth orbit |
Perigee altitude | 161 kilometers (87 nmi) |
Apogee altitude | 225 kilometers (121 nmi) |
Inclination | 32.6 degrees |
Period | 88.35 minutes |
Epoch | March 23, 1965[1] |
Gemini III Patch (L-R) Grissom, Young |
Gemini 3 was the first crewed mission in
Crew
Position | Astronaut | |
---|---|---|
Command Pilot | Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom Second and last spaceflight | |
Pilot | John W. Young First spaceflight |
Backup crew
Position | Astronaut | |
---|---|---|
Command Pilot | Walter M. Schirra | |
Pilot | Thomas P. Stafford |
(This was the prime crew on Gemini 6)
Original crew
Position | Astronaut | |
---|---|---|
Command Pilot | Alan B. Shepard
| |
Pilot | Thomas P. Stafford
|
The crew of Gemini 3 was changed after Shepard was grounded with an inner ear disorder in late 1963.
Support crew
- Roger B. Chaffee (Houston CAPCOM)[2]
- L. Gordon Cooper Jr. (Cape CAPCOM)[2]
Mission parameters
- Mass: 3,236.9 kg (7,136 lb)
- Perigee: 161.2 kilometers (100.2 mi)
- Apogee: 224.2 kilometers (139.3 mi)
- Inclination: 32.6 degrees
- Period: 88.3 minutes
Objectives
The mission's primary goal was to test the new, maneuverable Gemini spacecraft. In space, the crew fired thrusters to change the shape of their orbit, shift their orbital plane slightly, and drop to a lower altitude. Other firsts were achieved on Gemini 3: two people flew aboard an American spacecraft (the Soviet Union launched a three-person crew on Voskhod 1 in 1964 and a two-person crew just a few days earlier on Voskhod 2, upstaging the two-person Gemini and three-person Apollo programs), and the first crewed reentry where the spacecraft was able to produce lift to change its touchdown point.
The mission also tested a system that had originally been designed for the cancelled Mercury-Atlas 10 mission, in which water was injected into the plasma sheath surrounding the capsule during re-entry. This had the effect of improving communications with the ground.[3]
First orbital maneuver by crewed spacecraft
On March 23, 1965, at 15:57:00 UTC, at the end of the first orbit, over Corpus Christi, Texas, a 1-minute 14 second burn of the Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System (OAMS) engines gave a reverse delta-V of 15.5 meters per second (51 ft/s), which changed the orbit from 161.2 by 224.2 kilometers (87.0 by 121.1 nautical miles) (with a period of 88.3 minutes), to an orbit of 158 by 169 kilometers (85 by 91 nmi) (period of 87.8 minutes). This was the first orbital maneuver made by any crewed spacecraft.
Flight
Gus Grissom, hoping to avoid duplication of the experience with his
The only major incident during the orbital phase involved a contraband
The crewmen each took a few bites before the sandwich was restowed. The crumbs it released could have wreaked havoc with the craft's electronics, so the crewmen were reprimanded when they returned to Earth. Other crews were warned not to pull the same type of stunt.[5]
Two small failures occurred in-flight. The first was an experiment testing the synergistic effect of zero gravity on sea urchin eggs. A lever essential to the experiment broke off when pulled. The second involved the photographic coverage objective. It was only partially successful due to an improper lens setting on the 16 mm camera.
Early in the flight, the crew noticed the craft gradually yawing left:
00 18 41 (Command Pilot) I seem to have a leak. There must be a leak in one of the thrusters, because I get a continuous yaw left.
00 18 53 (CapCom) Roger. Understand that you get a continuous yaw left.
00 18 57 (Command Pilot) Very slight. Very slow drift.[6]
First attributed to a stuck thruster, the problem was traced to a venting water boiler.[7]
The crewmen made their first
This was not the only unexpected event of the short descent: After its parachutes were deployed, the spacecraft shifted from a vertical to horizontal attitude. The change was so sudden that Grissom cracked his faceplate (made of acrylic) on the control panel in front of him. Later Gemini spacesuits and all Apollo and Space Shuttle (both launch-entry and EVA suits) used polycarbonate plastic.
Upon landing, the astronauts decided to stay in the capsule, not wanting to open the hatch before the arrival of the recovery ship. The crew spent an uncomfortable half-hour in a spacecraft not designed to be a boat. Due to unexpected smoke from the thrusters, the astronauts decided to deviate from the post landing checklist and to keep their helmets on with the face plates closed for some time after splashdown.[6] USS Intrepid recovered the craft and crew. The Gemini III mission was supported by 10,185 personnel, 126 aircraft and 27 ships from the United States Department of Defense.
Insignia
The mission insignia was not worn by the flight crew as a patch, like those from Gemini 5 onwards. The Gemini 3 The Molly Brown emblem was designed and minted on gold-plated, sterling silver, 1-inch (25 mm) medallions. The crew carried a number of these medallions into space to give to their families and friends. The same design was printed on the cover of Grissom's book Gemini!: A Personal Account of Man's Venture Into Space. Young was seen wearing the emblem as a patch, produced post-flight, on his flightsuit as late as 1981.
Spacecraft location
The spacecraft is on display within the Grissom Memorial of Spring Mill State Park, two miles east of Grissom's hometown of Mitchell, Indiana.
See also
References
- ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "SATCAT". Jonathan's Space Pages. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
- ^ a b "Gemini 3 (3)". Kennedy Space Center: Science, Technology, and Engineering. August 25, 2000. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
- ^ NASA: Gemini 3
- ^ "Our Gemini Astronauts Tell Their Own Story". newspapers.com. Miami News. April 2, 1965. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ^ "NASA History: Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew - Gus Grissom". NASA. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ a b "Gemini III radio transcript on Spacelog". National Astronaut and Space Administration. April 1965. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ French, Francis and Burgess, Colin. "In the Shadow of the Moon". University of Nebraska Press, 2007, p. 11.
- ^ Hacker, Barton; Grimwood, James (1966). On the Shoulders of Titans. Washington D.C.: NASA. p. 236.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the
External links
- "GEMINI 3 Launch to Staging" on YouTube
- Gemini III radio transcripts on Spacelog Archived 2011-05-05 at the Wayback Machine
- On The Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini Archived 2003-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
- Spaceflight Mission Patches
- Astronaut John W. Young tribute website
- Gemini 3 at A Field Guide To American Spacecraft
- NASA Gemini 3 Press Kit
- slideshow by Life magazine