Geminiraptor

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Geminiraptor
Temporal range:
Ma
The holotype maxilla in multiple views
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Family: Troodontidae
Genus: Geminiraptor
Senter et al., 2010
Species:
G. suarezarum
Binomial name
Geminiraptor suarezarum
Senter et al., 2010

Geminiraptor (meaning "twin seizer") is a

paravian. The type species of Geminiraptor is G. suarezarum.[1]

Discovery and naming

The holotype and only known specimen of Geminiraptor is

CEUM 7319, a maxilla recovered from the Lower Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, in Utah, dating from the early to late Valanginian
stage (about 139 to 134 million years ago).

The name refers to Drs. Marina and Celina Suarez, the twin geologists who discovered the Suarez site from which the fossil was recovered. G. suarezarum was named by Phil Senter, James I. Kirkland, John Bird and Jeff A. Bartlett in 2010.

The

generic name, Geminiraptor, is from the Latin
geminae (“twins") and raptor ("seizer").

The specific name, suarezarum, uses their last name Suarez.

Description

Life restoration
Possible size estimated by Holtz 2012

The maxilla is long and low, with the process above the antorbital fenestra being horizontal, similar to other advanced troodontids. However, some features of the maxilla are more similar to the condition in basal troodontids such as Sinovenator. These include the presence of a promaxillary fenestra which is visible in lateral view, a narrow promaxillary strut (the bar of bone between the maxillary and promaxillary fenestrae), and a narrow interfenestral strut (the bar of bone between the maxillary and antorbital fenestrae).[1]

Geminiraptor is uniquely characterized by the presence of a large pneumatic chamber which expands the maxilla into a triangular shape in cross section, with the base formed by a bony shelf lingual to the teeth. Nine alveoli are preserved, although since both the anterior and caudal tips of the maxilla are missing, certainly more were present. By comparing Geminiraptor's maxilla to that of other troodontids, it was inferred that at least three more teeth were present in the missing anterior part of the maxilla and at least seven in the missing caudal area, for a total of at least nineteen teeth in the maxilla. The alveoli are characteristically square-shaped and separated by small walls of bone, a feature only known in Sinovenator among other troodontids.[1]

The

paleontologist Thomas R. Holtz Jr. has estimated its weight around 2.27–9.1 kg (5.0–20.1 lb) and a possible length of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[2] Although still a rather small dinosaur, Geminiraptor is larger than most other Early Cretaceous troodontids, with its maxillary proportions more similar to those of Late Cretaceous genera.[1]

Classification

Comparison of the maxilla of Geminiraptor to those of other paravians

Geminiraptor is considered a troodontid, a classification supported due to its large number of small teeth. The phylogenetic analysis conducted by its describers placed it in a clade with derived troodontids due to the oblong shape of its maxillary fenestra. Due to the large amount of missing data for the genus, its position within the family is not completely certain, and Geminiraptor may instead be a close relative of Sinovenator due to each of them having interdental bone walls, unlike all other known troodontids.[1]

Below is the proposed placement for Geminiraptor conducted by Senter et al. 2010:[1]

Deinonychosauria

Anchiornis

Troodontidae

Sinovenator

Geminiraptor

Mei

Byronosaurus

Sinornithoides

Sinusonasus

Saurornithoides

Zanabazar

Troodon

Paleoecology

Geminiraptor compared to the fauna of the Yellow Cat Member from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Geminiraptor in purple, next to Martharaptor)

Geminiraptor was the first report of a troodontid in the Early Cretaceous of North America, proving their existence. It lived in the Lower Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation[1] about 139-134 million years ago.[2] The environments were semiarid areas with floodplain prairies, riverine forests, and open woodlands.[3] It has been also interpreted that there was a waterlogged bog-like environment.[4]

iguanodontian Iguanacolossus and the turtle Naomichelys are also found here.[5][6][3] There are also indeterminate Goniopholidid crocodiles and an unnamed velociraptorine known from the Lower Yellow Cat.[6][7]

See also

References

  1. ^
    PMID 21179513
    .
  2. ^ a b Holtz, T. R.; Rey, L. V. (2007). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. Random House. Supplementary Information 2012 Weight Information
  3. ^ .
  4. .
  5. .
  6. ^ a b Kirkland, J.I. (December 1, 2016). "The Lower Cretaceous in East-Central Utah—The Cedar Mountain Formation and its Bounding Strata". Geology of the Intermoutain West. 3: 1–130.
  7. PMID 22615813
    .