Gene Roddenberry
Gene Roddenberry | |
---|---|
Born | Eugene Wesley Roddenberry August 19, 1921 El Paso, Texas, U.S. |
Died | October 24, 1991 Santa Monica, California, U.S. | (aged 70)
Other names | Robert Wesley |
Alma mater | Los Angeles City College |
Occupations |
|
Spouses | |
Partner | Susan Sackett (1975–1991; his death) |
Children | 3, including Rod |
Awards | Hollywood Walk of Fame |
Eugene Wesley Roddenberry Sr. (August 19, 1921 – October 24, 1991) was an American television screenwriter and producer who created the science fiction franchise Star Trek. Born in El Paso, Texas, Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, where his father was a police officer. Roddenberry flew 89 combat missions in the Army Air Forces during World War II and worked as a commercial pilot after the war. Later, he joined the Los Angeles Police Department and began to write for television.
As a
In 1985, Rodenberry became the first TV writer with a star on the
Early life and career
Gene Roddenberry was born on August 19, 1921, in his parents' rented home in El Paso, Texas, the first child of Eugene Edward Roddenberry and Caroline "Glen" (née Golemon) Roddenberry.[1] The family moved to Los Angeles in 1923 after Gene's father passed the civil service test and was given a police commission there.[2] During his childhood, Roddenberry was interested in reading, especially pulp magazines,[3] and was a fan of stories such as John Carter of Mars, Tarzan, and the Skylark series by E. E. Smith.[4]
Roddenberry majored in
He was posted to
On August 2, 1943, while flying B-17E-BO, 41-2463, "Yankee Doodle", out of Espiritu Santo, the plane Roddenberry was piloting overran the runway by 500 feet (150 m) and crashed into trees, crushing the nose and starting a fire as well as killing two men: bombardier Sgt. John P. Kruger and navigator Lt. Talbert H. Woolam.[12] The official report absolved Roddenberry of any responsibility.[12] Roddenberry spent the remainder of his military career in the United States[13] and flew all over the country as a plane crash investigator. He was involved in a second plane crash, this time as a passenger.[13] He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal.[14]
In 1945, Roddenberry began flying for
Roddenberry applied for a position with the
Career as full-time writer and producer
Early career
Roddenberry was promoted to head writer for
He wrote scripts for a number of other series in his early years as a professional writer, including
Roddenberry was asked to write a series called Riverboat, set in 1860s Mississippi. When he discovered that the producers wanted no black people on the show, he argued so much with them that he lost the job.[33] He also considered moving to England around this time, as Lew Grade wanted Roddenberry to develop series and set up his own production company.[34] Though he did not move, he leveraged the deal to land a contract with Screen Gems that included a guaranteed $100,000, and became a producer for the first time on a summer replacement for The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show titled Wrangler.[35]
Screen Gems backed Roddenberry's first attempt at creating a pilot. His series, The Wild Blue, went to pilot, but was not picked up. The three main characters had names that later appeared in the Star Trek franchise: Philip Pike, Edward Jellicoe, and James T. Irvine.[36] While working at Screen Gems, an actress, new to Hollywood, wrote to him asking for a meeting. They quickly became friends and met every few months; the woman was Majel Leigh Hudec, later known as Majel Barrett.[37] He created a second pilot called 333 Montgomery about a lawyer, played by DeForest Kelley.[38] It was not picked up by the network but was later rewritten as a new series called Defiance County. His career with Screen Gems ended in late 1961,[39] and shortly afterward, he had issues with his old friend Erle Stanley Gardner. The Perry Mason creator claimed that Defiance County had infringed his character Doug Selby.[40] The two writers fell out via correspondence and stopped contacting one another, though Defiance County never proceeded past the pilot stage.[41] The project finally wound up as the NBC series Sam Benedict with Edmond O'Brien in the title role, produced by MGM. E. Jack Neuman took the creator's credit; claiming the character was based on real-life San Francisco lawyer Jake Ehrlich.[42][43]
In 1961, he agreed to appear in an advertisement for
The Lieutenant was produced with the co-operation of
Star Trek
When Roddenberry pitched Star Trek to MGM, it was warmly received, but no offer was made.
Roddenberry and Barrett had begun an affair by the early days of Star Trek,
Roddenberry developed several possible scripts, including "Mudd's Women", "The Omega Glory", and with the help of Samuel A. Peeples, "Where No Man Has Gone Before". NBC selected the last one, leading to later rumors that Peeples created Star Trek, something he always denied.[61] Roddenberry was determined to make the crew racially diverse, which impressed actor George Takei when he came for his audition.[62] The episode went into production on July 15, 1965, and was completed at around half the cost of "The Cage", since the sets were already built.[63] Roddenberry worked on several projects for the rest of the year. In December, he decided to write lyrics to the Star Trek theme; this angered the theme's composer, Alexander Courage, as it meant that royalties would be split between them. In February 1966, NBC informed Desilu that they were buying Star Trek and that it would be included in the fall 1966 television schedule.[64]
On May 24, the first episode of the Star Trek series went into production;
Roddenberry often rewrote submitted scripts, although he did not always take credit for these.[72] Roddenberry and Ellison fell out over "The City on the Edge of Forever" after Roddenberry rewrote Ellison's script to make it both financially feasible to film and usable for the series context.[73] Even his close friend Don Ingalls had his script for "A Private Little War" altered drastically,[72] and as a result, Ingalls declared that he would only be credited under the pseudonym "Jud Crucis" (a play on "Jesus Christ"), claiming he had been crucified by the process.[74] Roddenberry's work rewriting "The Menagerie", based on footage originally shot for "The Cage", resulted in a Writers Guild arbitration board hearing. The Guild ruled in his favor over John D. F. Black, the complainant.[75] The script won a Hugo Award, but the awards board neglected to inform Roddenberry, who found out through correspondence with Asimov.[76]
As the second season was drawing to a close, Roddenberry once again faced the threat of cancellation. He enlisted the help of Asimov,
The network had initially planned to place Star Trek in the 7:30 pm Monday-night time slot freed up by The Man from U.N.C.L.E. completing its run. That would have meant Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In had to start a half-hour later (moving from 9:00 to 9:30). Powerful Laugh-In producer George Schlatter objected to his highly-rated show yielding its slot to the poorly-rated Star Trek.[82] Instead, Laugh-In retained the slot, and Star Trek was moved to 10:00 pm on Fridays. Realizing the show could not survive in that time slot and burned out from arguments with the network, Roddenberry resigned from the day-to-day running of Star Trek, although he continued to be credited as executive producer.[83] Roddenberry cooperated with Stephen Edward Poe, writing as Stephen Whitfield, on the 1968 non-fiction book The Making of Star Trek for Ballantine Books, splitting the royalties evenly. Roddenberry explained to Whitfield: "I had to get some money somewhere. I'm sure not going to get it from the profits of Star Trek."[84] Herbert Solow and Robert H. Justman observed that Whitfield never regretted his 50–50 deal with Roddenberry, since it gave him "the opportunity to become the first chronicler of television's successful unsuccessful series."[84] Whitfield had previously been the national advertising and promotion director for model makers Aluminum Model Toys, better known as "AMT", which then held the Star Trek license, and moved to run Lincoln Enterprises, Roddenberry's company set up to sell the series' merchandise.[85]
Having stepped aside from the majority of his Star Trek duties, Roddenberry sought instead to create a film based on Asimov's "I, Robot" and also began work on a Tarzan script for National General Pictures.[86] After initially requesting a budget of $2 million and being refused, Roddenberry made cuts to reduce costs to $1.2 million. When he learned they were being offered only $700,000 to shoot the film, which by now was being called a TV movie, he canceled the deal.[87] NBC announced Star Trek's cancellation in February 1969. A similar but much smaller letter-writing campaign followed news of the cancellation.[88] Because of the manner in which the series was sold to NBC, it left the production company $4.7 million in debt.[89] The last episode of Star Trek aired 47 days before Neil Armstrong stepped onto the moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission,[90] and Roddenberry declared that he would never write for television again.[91]
1970s projects
Following the cancellation of Star Trek, Roddenberry felt
He wrote and produced
Faced with a mortgage and a $2,000-per-month alimony obligation as a result of his 1969 divorce, he retained a booking agent (with the assistance of his friend Arthur C. Clarke) and began to support himself largely by giving college lectures and appearances at science fiction conventions.[98][99] These presentations included screenings of "The Cage" and blooper reels from the production of Star Trek.[100] The conventions began to build the fan support to bring back Star Trek, leading TV Guide to describe it, in 1972, as "the show that won't die."[101]
In 1972 and 1973, Roddenberry made a comeback to science fiction, selling ideas for four new series to a variety of networks.[102] Roddenberry's Genesis II was set in a post-apocalyptic Earth. He had hoped to recreate the success of Star Trek without "doing another space-hopping show." He created a 45-page writing guide, and proposed several story ideas based on the concept that pockets of civilisation had regressed to past eras or changed altogether.[103] The pilot aired as a TV movie in March 1973, setting new records for the Thursday Night Movie of the Week. Roddenberry was asked to produce four more scripts for episodes, but before production could begin again, CBS aired the film Planet of the Apes. It was watched by an even greater audience than Genesis II. CBS scrapped Genesis II and replaced it with a television series based on the film; the results were disastrous from a ratings standpoint, and Planet of the Apes was canceled after 14 episodes.[104]
In 1974, Roddenberry was paid $25,000 by John Whitmore to write a script called The Nine.[109] Intended to be about Andrija Puharich's parapsychological research, it evolved into a frank exploration of his experiences attempting to earn a living attending science fiction conventions.[102] At the time, he was again close to losing his house because of a lack of income.[109] The pilot Spectre, Roddenberry's 1977 attempt to create an occult detective duo similar to Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson,[110] was released as a television movie within the United States and received a limited theatrical release in the United Kingdom.[111]
Star Trek revival
Lacking funds in the early 1970s, Roddenberry was unable to buy the full rights to Star Trek for $150,000 ($1.18 million in 2023) from Paramount. Lou Scheimer approached Paramount in 1973 about creating an animated Star Trek series.[112] Credited as "executive consultant" and paid $2,500 per episode, Roddenberry was granted full creative control of Star Trek: The Animated Series. Although he read all the scripts and "sometimes [added] touches of his own", he relinquished most of his authority to de facto showrunner/associate producer D. C. Fontana.[113]
Roddenberry had some difficulties with the cast. To save money, he sought not to hire George Takei and Nichelle Nichols. He neglected to inform Leonard Nimoy of this and instead, to get him to sign on, told him that he was the only member of the main cast not returning. After Nimoy discovered the deception, he demanded that Takei and Nichols play Sulu and Uhura when their characters appeared on screen; Roddenberry acquiesced. He had been promised five full seasons of the new show but ultimately, only one and a half were produced.[114]
Vociferous fan support (6,000 attended the second New York Star Trek convention in 1973 and 15,000 attended in 1974, eclipsing the 4,500 attendees at the 32nd World Science Fiction Convention in 1974) led Paramount to hire Roddenberry to create and produce a feature film based on the franchise in May 1975.[115][116] The studio was unimpressed with the ideas being put forward; John D. F. Black's opinion was that their ideas were never "big enough" for the studio, even when one scenario involved the end of the universe.[117] Several ideas were partly developed including Star Trek: The God Thing and Star Trek: Planet of the Titans.[118][119] Following the commercial reception of Star Wars, in June 1977, Paramount instead green-lit a new series set in the franchise titled Star Trek: Phase II,[120] with Roddenberry and most of the original cast, except Nimoy, set to reprise their respective roles.[121]
It was to be the anchor show of a proposed Paramount-owned "fourth network",[120] but plans for the network were scrapped and the project was reworked into a feature film.[122] The result, Star Trek: The Motion Picture, troubled the studio because of budgetary concerns,[123] but it was a box-office hit. Adjusted for inflation, it was the third-highest-grossing Star Trek movie, with the 2009 film coming in first and the 2013 film second.[124]
In 1980, Roddenberry submitted a treatment for a proposed sequel about the crew preventing the alien
Roddenberry was involved in creating the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, which premiered with "Encounter at Farpoint" on September 28, 1987.[127] He was given a bonus of $1 million (equivalent to $3.2 million in 2023) in addition to a salary to produce the series, and celebrated by purchasing a new Rolls-Royce for $100,000.[128] The arrangement did not entitle him to be executive producer of the series. Paramount was already concerned about the original cast not returning, and fearing fan reaction if Roddenberry was not involved, agreed to his demand for control of the show.[129] Roddenberry rewrote the series bible from an original version by David Gerrold, who had previously written The Original Series episode "The Trouble with Tribbles", and The Animated Series follow-up, "More Tribbles, More Troubles".[130]
According to producer Rick Berman, Roddenberry's involvement in The Next Generation "diminished greatly" after the first season,[131] but the nature of his increasingly peripheral role was not disclosed because of the value of his name to fans.[131] While Berman said that Roddenberry had "all but stopped writing and rewriting" by the end of the third season, his final writing credit on the show (a co-teleplay credit) actually occurred considerably earlier, appearing on "Datalore", the 13th episode of the first season.[132]
Although commercially successful from its inception, the series was initially marred by Writers Guild of America grievances from Fontana and Gerrold, both of whom left the series in acrimonious circumstances;[133] frequent turnover among the writing staff (24 staff writers left the show during its first three seasons, triple the average attrition rate for such series);[134] and allegations that Roddenberry attorney Leonard Maizlish had become the producer's "point man and proxy",[133] ghostwriting memos, sitting in on meetings, and contributing to scripts despite not being on staff.[135] Writer Tracy Tormé described the first few seasons of The Next Generation under Roddenberry as an "insane asylum".[136]
In 1990, Nicholas Meyer was brought in to direct the sixth film in the series: Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. Creatively, Meyer clashed with Roddenberry, who felt that having the Enterprise crew hold prejudices against the Klingons did not fit with his view of the universe. Meyer described a meeting with Roddenberry he later regretted, saying
His guys were lined up on one side of the room, and my guys were lined up on the other side of the room, and this was not a meeting in which I felt I'd behaved very well, very diplomatically. I came out of it feeling not very good, and I've not felt good about it ever since. He was not well, and maybe there were more tactful ways of dealing with it, because at the end of the day, I was going to go out and make the movie. I didn't have to take him on. Not my finest hour.[137]
In Joel Engel's biography, Gene Roddenberry: The Myth and the Man Behind Star Trek, he states that Roddenberry watched The Undiscovered Country alongside the producers of the film at a private screening two days before his death, and told them they had done a "good job".[138] In contrast, Nimoy and Shatner's memoirs report that after the screening, Roddenberry called his lawyer and demanded a quarter of the scenes be cut; the producers refused.[139]
Roddenberry wrote the novelization of Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Although it has been incorrectly attributed to several other authors (most notably
Personal life
While at Los Angeles City College, Roddenberry began dating Eileen-Anita Rexroat.[5] They became engaged before Roddenberry left Los Angeles during his military service,[145] and they married on June 20, 1942, at the chapel at Kelly Field.[10] They had two daughters, Darleen Anita[20] and Dawn Allison.[146] During his time in the LAPD, Roddenberry was known to have had affairs with secretarial staff.[147] Before his work on Star Trek, he began relationships with Nichelle Nichols and Majel Barrett.[148] Nichols wrote about their relationship in her autobiography Beyond Uhura only after Roddenberry's death.[149] At the time, Roddenberry wanted to remain in an open relationship with both women,[150] but Nichols, recognizing Barrett's devotion to him, ended the affair as she did not want to be "the other woman to the other woman".[151]
Barrett and Roddenberry had an apartment together by the opening weeks of Star Trek.[152] He had planned to divorce Eileen after the first season of the show, but when the show was renewed, he delayed doing so, fearing that he would not have enough time to deal with both the divorce and Star Trek. He moved out of the family home on August 9, 1968, two weeks after the marriage of his daughter Darleen.[153][154] In 1969, while scouting locations in Japan for MGM for Pretty Maids All in a Row,[97] he proposed to Barrett by telephone.[155] They were married in a Shinto ceremony, as Roddenberry had considered it "sacrilegious" to use an American minister in Japan.[155] Roddenberry and Barrett had a son together, Eugene Jr., commonly and professionally known as Rod Roddenberry, in February 1974.[155] From 1975 until his death, Roddenberry maintained an extramarital relationship with his executive assistant, Susan Sackett.[156]
Religious views
Roddenberry was raised a
Roddenberry said of Christianity, "How can I take seriously a God-image that requires that I prostrate myself every seven days and praise it? That sounds to me like a very insecure personality."
According to
Health decline and death
In the late 1980s, it was likely that Roddenberry was afflicted by the first manifestations of
Following a stroke at a family reunion in
The funeral was arranged for November 1, with the public invited to the memorial service at the Hall of Liberty, within the
Roddenberry's will left the majority of his $30 million estate to Barrett in a trust. He also left money to his children and his first wife, Eileen. However, his daughter Dawn contested the will, on the grounds that Barrett had undue influence on her father.
Spaceflight
In 1992, some of Roddenberry's ashes were flown into space, and returned to Earth, on the
On May 20, 2002, the spacecraft's orbit deteriorated and it disintegrated in the atmosphere. Another flight to launch more of his ashes into deep space, along with those of Barrett, who died in 2008, was initially planned to take place in 2009. Unlike previous flights, the intention was that this flight would not return to burn up in the Earth's atmosphere.[192] The payload was to include the ashes of James Doohan in addition to the Roddenberrys' and several others and was scheduled to fly in 2016 on the Sunjammer solar sail experiment,[193] but the project was canceled in 2014.[194] Celestis rescheduled their launch for 2020, then later rescheduled for June 2022, the next available commercial mission to deep space.[195] A sample of the couple's cremated remains will be sealed into a specially made capsule designed to withstand space travel. A spacecraft will carry the capsule, along with digitized tributes from fans, on Celestis' "Enterprise Flight".[195] The flight will also contain the ashes of Nichelle Nichols and Douglas Trumbull.[196]
Legacy
In 1985, Gene Roddenberry was the first television writer to receive a star on the
David Alexander collaborated with Roddenberry on a biography over two decades.
Commemorating Roddenberry's 100th birthday in August 2021, NASA used its
In September 2023, a genus of spiders, Roddenberryus, was named after him. The two researchers stated thet he "inspired generations of kids to pursue scientific careers".[212]
Posthumous television series
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was already in development when Roddenberry died. Berman said that while he never discussed the ideas for the series, he was given a blessing by Roddenberry to pursue it.[213] Berman later stated, "I don't believe the 24th century is going to be like Gene Roddenberry believed it to be, that people will be free from poverty and greed. But if you're going to write and produce for Star Trek, you've got to buy into that."[214] In early 1996, Majel Barret-Roddenberry uncovered scripts for a series called Battleground Earth. The project was sent to distributors by the Creative Artists Agency, and it was picked up by Tribune Entertainment, which set the budget at over $1 million per episode.[215] The series was renamed Earth: Final Conflict before launch, and premiered in 1997, six years after Gene's death; it ran for five seasons and 110 episodes until 2002.[216]
Two further series ideas were developed from Roddenberry's notes, Genesis and
Awards and nominations
The majority of the awards and nominations received by Roddenberry throughout his career were related to Star Trek. He was credited for Star Trek during the nominations for two
See also
- Herbert Franklin Solow
Notes
References
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External links
- Roddenberry Entertainment website
- Image of Rock Hudson, Gene Roddenberry, and Roger Vadim posing with women cast members for motion picture "Pretty Maids All in a Row", California, 1970. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.[dead link]
- Gene Roddenberry at IMDb
- Gene Roddenberry at Memory Alpha
- Talking About Gene Roddenberry at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television