Gene bank

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about preservation of genetic material. For gene banks in Molecular Biology, a collection of DNA from one organism, see Genomic library. For Duke University star and former NBA basketball player, see Gene Banks.

The active gene bank of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Patancheru, India.

Gene banks are a type of

eggs in zoological freezers until further need. With corals, fragments are taken and stored in water tanks under controlled conditions.[1]
Genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved in a variety of ways, such as freezing at -196 °C in liquid nitrogen, being placed in artificial ecosystems, or put in controlled nutrient media.

In plants, it is possible to thaw the material and propagate it. However, in animals, a living female is required for artificial insemination. While it is often difficult to use frozen animal sperm and eggs, there are many examples of it being done successfully.

In an effort to conserve

crop wild relatives. There are many gene banks all over the world, with the Svalbard Global Seed Vault being considered the most famous one.[2][3]

The database of the largest gene banks in the world can be queried via a common website, Genesys. A number of global gene banks are coordinated by the CGIAR Genebank Platform

Types of gene bank

Inside Svalbard Global Seed Vault

Seed bank

A

Millennium Seed Bank housed at the Wellcome Trust Millennium Building (WTMB), located in the grounds of Wakehurst Place in West Sussex, near London.[dubious – discuss][5] The world’s largest seed vault is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Located in Spitsbergen, Norway, this seed vault was made to preserve genetic diversity in case there would ever be extinction or loss of any and all plants.[3]

Beans stored at a seed vault

In vitro bank

In this technique, buds, protocorm and meristematic cells are preserved through particular light and temperature arrangements in a nutrient medium, which is either a gel or in liquid form. This technique is used to preserve seedless plants and plants that reproduce asexually or that require preservation as clones such as commercial cultivars.[6]

Cryobank

In this technique, a seed or embryo is preserved at very low temperatures. It is usually preserved in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C.

San Diego California.[9] With animal cryobanks freezing embryos is preferred instead of the separate egg and sperm because the embryos are more resistant to the freezing process.[10]

USDA cryopreservation gene bank

Storage of pollen

The storage of pollen is where pollen grains are stored through a cryopreservation technique called vitrification. Vitrification is the prosses where pollen grains are frozen but no ice or ice crystals form.[8] The pollen, which is stored in liquid nitrogen, is kept at temperatures of -180 °C to -196 °C. The National Seed Storage Lab in Fort Collins, Colorado currently uses this technique to store pollen.[11] Pollen can also be freeze dried and stored at temperatures of 5 °C to -18 °C.[4] An important element that must be considered is the levels of moisture in the pollen. If the pollen grains have a low moisture content it helps increase the length of the pollen’s life. Low levels of moisture help the pollen freeze without creating ice or ice crystals, which helps preserve the life span of the pollen while it is being stored.[12][13] Ideal levels of moisture content in the pollen depends on the type of plant. The pollen from different plant species can be put into two groups. One is Binucleate pollen, which has a thicker exine and the second is Trinucleate pollen, which has a thinner exine. Binucleate pollen has a higher lifespan when frozen at a low moisture level. Trinucleate pollen, however, has a lower lifespan when frozen at a low moisture level.[12] Some ways that scientists decrease moisture level is to expose the pollen to diluted salt solutions, silica gel, dry air, or treatment with vitrification solutions.[14]

Field gene bank

This is a method of sowing plants for the conservation of genes. For this purpose, an ecosystem is created artificially. Through this method, one can compare the differences among plants of different species and can study them in detail. It needs more land, adequate soil, weather, etc. Germplasm of important crops are conserved through this method. 42,000 varieties of rice are conserved in the Central Rice Research Institute in Orissa.[citation needed][15]

Field gene bank in Malaysia

See also

References

  1. ^ "青汁と口臭とサプリメントと運動". www.cdnn.info. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  2. ISBN 978-3-495-48975-8
  3. ^
    ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Babasaheb, Jige, Sandipan (December 2021). "'NEW TRENDS IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION'". www.jetir.org. Retrieved 11 October 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Gosling, Rebecca (2 December 2020). "What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important?". Woodland Trust. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  6. ^ "In vitro bank". cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Cryo bank". cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  8. ^ a b "Cryoconservation of Animal Genetic Resources" (PDF). Rep. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 12. Print. 2012.
  9. ^ Prisco, Jacopo (31 March 2022). "Back from the brink: How 'frozen zoos' could save dying species". CNN. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  10. ^ "The Frozen Zoo". 21 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  11. ISSN 1573-5060
    .
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-0-470-65004-2
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0-8493-6102-9
    .
  14. PMID 33988640
    .
  15. ^ "Field bank". cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org. Retrieved 1 November 2023.

External links

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