Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

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Marshal
Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque
Leclerc in August 1944 during the Liberation of Paris
Member of the Superior Council of Defence
In office
12 April 1947[1] – 28 November 1947
Personal details
Born(1902-11-22)22 November 1902
Colomb-Béchar, French Algeria
Resting placeLes Invalides
SpouseThérèse de Gargan
Children
  • Bénédicte
  • Charles
  • Henri
  • Hubert
  • Jeanne
  • Michel
Parents
  • Adrien de Hauteclocque (father)
  • Marie-Thérèse van der Cruisse de Waziers (mother)
Alma mater
Nickname(s)Leclerc, le maréchal Leclerc
Military service
AllegianceThird Republic
Free France
Fourth Republic
Branch/serviceFrench Army
Years of service1924–1947
RankArmy general[a]
Unit
List
    • 24th Dragoons Regiment[3]
    • 5th Cuirassiers Regiment[4]
    • 8th Moroccan Spahis Regiment[5]
    • 1st Chasseurs d'Afrique Regiment[6]
    • 4th Infantry Division
Commands
List
Battles/wars
List

Philippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque

Second World War. He became Marshal of France
posthumously in 1952, and is known in France simply as le maréchal Leclerc or just Leclerc.

The son of an aristocratic family, Hauteclocque graduated from the

goumiers
in an attack on caves and ravines on Bou Amdoun on 11 August 1933.

During the Second World War he fought in the

Battle of Normandy, and participated in the liberation of Paris and Strasbourg
.

After the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, he was given command of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient, CEFEO). He represented France at the surrender of the Japanese Empire in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. He quickly perceived the necessity for a political solution to the nascent conflict in Indochina, but once again was ahead of his countrymen, and was recalled to France in 1946. He was killed in an air crash in Algeria in 1947.

Early life

Coat of arms of House of Hauteclocque

Philippe François Marie de Hauteclocque was born on 22 November 1902 at Belloy-Saint-Léonard in the department of Somme, France. He was the fifth of six children of Adrien de Hauteclocque, comte de Hauteclocque (1864–1945), and Marie-Thérèse van der Cruisse de Waziers (1870–1956). Philippe was named in honour of an ancestor killed by Croatian soldiers in service of Habsburg monarchy during Thirty Years' War in 1635.[8]

Hauteclocque came from

Pius IX in 1857. Constantin had two sons. The older, Alfred François Marie (1822–1902), died childless. The younger, Gustave François Marie Joseph (1829–1914), became a noted Egyptologist.[8][9]

Gustave, in turn, had three sons. The first, Henry (1862–1914), and third, Wallerand (1866–1914), became officers in the French Army, serving during the colonial campaigns, including fighting

First World War. The second son was Adrien, who enlisted in August 1914 as a trooper in the 11e Régiment de Chasseurs à Cheval [fr], the regiment in which his son Guy was a cornet. Adrien was later commissioned, and was twice awarded the Croix de Guerre for gallantry. He survived the war, and inherited the family title and estate in Belloy-Saint-Léonard.[8][9]

Early military career

Philippe de Hauteclocque was homeschooled until he was 13, when he was sent to L'école de la Providence, a

Cavalry School in Saumur, from which he graduated first in his class on 8 August 1925.[12]

Hauteclocque's older brother Guy had married Madeleine de Gargan, the daughter of the Baron de Gargan. Philippe became a frequent visitor to the Gargan household, and became enchanted by Madeleine's youngest sister Thérèse. The two courted while he was at Saint-Cyr. In the tradition of old noble families, Count Adrien asked Baron de Gargan for permission for Philippe to marry Thérèse. The wedding ceremony took place in the Church of St Joan of Arc in Rouen on 10 August 1925. For a wedding present, Adrien gave them a chateau in Tailly. They had six children:[12][13] Henri (1926–1952), who was killed in the First Indochina War;[14] Hubert (1927–), who served as mayor of Tailly from 2001 to 2008; Charles (1929–); Jeanne (1931–); Michel (1933–2014); and Bénédicte (1936–).[15] Philippe and Thérèse hired an Austrian governess, and spoke German in front of their children to improve their command of the language.[16]

Having graduated from Saumur, Hauteclocque joined his regiment, the

Armée d'Afrique, based at Rabat.[19]

In February 1931, Hauteclocque went back to Saint-Cyr as an instructor, but wanted to return to active service. During the summer break in 1933, he flew south to Africa, where he reported to Général de brigade

Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur.[1]

Although they were devout Catholics, Hauteclocque and Thérèse subscribed to

Second World War, Hauteclocque destroyed his copies of Action Française.[25]

Hauteclocque broke his leg in two places in a fall from his horse in 1936. He told his company that it was his own fault for riding on the shoulder of the road. Thereafter he frequently walked with a cane. After another mishap involving losing his way during a tactical exercise and getting stuck in a field cordoned off with barbed wire, he told them that when you have done something really stupid, it is best to admit it.[26][22]

In November 1938, Hauteclocque entered the École supérieure de guerre, the French Army's staff college, as part of its 60th class. On graduating in July 1939, he was ordered to report to the 4e Division d'Infanterie [fr] (4e DI) as its chief of staff.[27]

Fall of France

Main article:
Fall of France

On 10 May 1940, Germany

Canal de l'Escaut. From there the 4e DI retreated northward, becoming encircled in the Lille pocket on 28 May. Hauteclocque received permission to escape through German lines.[28] He attempted to make his way back to the French lines by pretending to be a civilian refugee, but was apprehended by a German patrol and taken prisoner when they discovered an old military pay receipt. He was taken back to a German command post, where he secretly destroyed the receipt. He convinced a German colonel that he had been wounded in Morocco, suffered from malaria, and had six children, all of which was true, and he was thus exempted from military service, which was false. The Germans let him go. He then made his way to the Crozat Canal, swam across, and encountered a French patrol.[29]

A tank painted with green and brown camouflage colours sits on a hard stand. There is an inscription plaque in front of it.
A Char B1 tank. French tanks were usually given names by their crews.

Hauteclocque reported to the headquarters of

Brigadier General Stanisław Maczek's Polish 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade. The groupement launched a series of counter-attacks. Lacking a radio, Hauteclocque gave directions to the Char B1 tanks with his cane.[30] On 15 June, he was wounded in the head during a German air attack, and was taken to a hospital in a convent in Avallon. There he was again taken prisoner when the area was overrun by the Germans.[31]

This time, Hauteclocque escaped by jumping out a window.

zone occupée into the zone libre where Thérèse and the children were, his sister Yvonne obtained an identity card for him in the name of "Leclerc". It was his first use of this name. He also told Yvonne that he intended to join Général de brigade Charles de Gaulle in Britain. He was reunited with his family in Saint-Germain-les-Vergnes on 30 June but stayed with them for only four days before setting out for Spain.[33] He managed to obtain a visa on the second attempt, being refused the first time for carrying too much money with him. Once in Spain he took a train to Madrid, and then to Lisbon, where he went to the British embassy, which arranged his passage to Britain on a merchant ship, the SS Hillary.[34]

Africa

Leclerc arrived in London on 25 July 1940, and met with de Gaulle, who announced that he was promoting him to

Free French Forces. After participating in the Battles of Narvik, it had found itself in Britain when France surrendered. Formed after the war began, it contained many men who had fought for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War, and many refugees from Nazi and Fascist countries. Leclerc then offered his own services to the unit, but its commander, Colonel Raoul Magrin-Vernerey, rejected his offer on the grounds that he was high-born, over-qualified and a cavalryman.[35]

Instead, in August 1940, de Gaulle ordered Leclerc to

Capitaine de corvette Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu conducted the service in his capacity as a Carmelite priest.[39]

An inscription in stone, in French. It reads: "Jurez de ne déposer les armes que le jour où nos couleurs, nos belles couleurs flotteront sur la cathédrale de Strasbourg. 2 Mars 1941"
Serment de Koufra, plaque in Strasbourg

With Gabon in hand, de Gaulle sent Leclerc to

captured Kufra.[40]
After the battle, he had his men swear an oath known today as the Serment de Koufra ("Oath of Kufra"):

You shall not lay down arms, until the day when our colours, our beautiful colours, flutter over the Strasbourg Cathedral.[41]

Leclerc learnt a great deal about how to handle and supply a force advancing across the desert, and was rewarded with the British Distinguished Service Order.[42] He began planning a far more ambitious advance into Libya. This was delayed by a year due to Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's defeat of the British Eighth Army in the Battle of Gazala, and the subsequent German and Italian advance into Egypt.[43] Leclerc was promoted to Général de brigade in August 1941, and pinned two metal stars captured from the Italians on his kepi.[44]

De Gaulle ordered the plan for an advance into Libya to be put in motion in the wake of the Eighth Army's victory in the

attack on the Mareth Line.[43]

Western Europe

Route of the 2e Division Blindée 1944-45

After the fighting in North Africa ended, Leclerc's L Force, now about 4,000 strong, became the 2e Division Française Libre (2e DFL). In June 1943, de Gaulle informed him the 2e DFL would be re-equipped by the Americans as an armoured division, the

Regiment de Marche du Tchad (RMT), 2e DB's motorised infantry regiment. Free French armoured units serving with the Eighth Army became the 501e Régiment de chars de combat (501e RCC). The artillery and the other two armoured regiments of 2e DB, the 12e Régiment de Cuirassiers (12e RC) and the 12e Régiment de Chasseurs d'Afrique [fr] (12e RCA), were drawn from the Vichy Armée d'Afrique.[36] [45] Perhaps the most unusual unit in the division was the Régiment Blindé de Fusiliers-Marins (RBFM), sailors who served as a tank destroyer regiment.[46][47] Leclerc had to weld the various units, some of whom had recently been fighting against the Allies, into a team. This was no easy task. When two men from the 501e RCC upset a former Vichy officer by singing a disrespectful song about Général d'armée Henri Giraud, resulting in a fight, he told the officer concerned that respect had to be earned.[48]

A man in uniform carrying a walking stick and wearing a kepi talks to four men in overalls wearing berets. A heavily camouflaged tank is in the background.
General Leclerc talks to his men from the 501e RCC

In April 1944, 2e DB was shipped to Britain to participate in

1st Polish Armoured Division.[51]

On 1 August 1944, 2e DB landed at

Battle of the Falaise Pocket, which inflicted a major defeat on the German Army.[52] Like most new division commanders, Leclerc also made errors, in his case by allowing 2e DB to use roads that had been earmarked for American units, thereby causing traffic jams and holding up the American advance.[54]

The next assignment for 2e DB, and the one that it had been brought from Africa for, was the liberation of Paris. Allied troops initially avoided the historic city, moving around it to minimise the danger of destruction if the Germans sought to defend it. When Parisians rose against the Germans, de Gaulle and Leclerc persuaded General Dwight D. Eisenhower to help.[55] Leclerc's men had to fight their way into Paris, and when they got there they found German infantry and tanks still holding parts of the city.[56] The German commander, General der Infanterie Dietrich von Choltitz, was inclined to surrender, and did so to Leclerc and Henri Rol-Tanguy of the French Forces of the Interior at the Gare Montparnasse on 25 August 1944. Leclerc arranged for Ensign Philippe de Gaulle, who was serving in the RBFM, to be in attendance, but the elder de Gaulle was annoyed that Leclerc had allowed the communist Rol to co-sign the surrender.[57] The next day de Gaulle held a triumphal parade, accompanied by senior military figures including Leclerc, Alphonse Juin, Marie-Pierre Kœnig and Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu.[58]

Arc du Triomphe
 on 26 August 1944, after Paris was liberated.

Montgomery's troops liberated Tailly, allowing Leclerc to return home to see Thérèse and the children again on 6 September 1944. His oldest sons, Henri and Hubert, now 18 and 17 years old respectively, lied about their ages to volunteer for service with 2e DB. Henri went on to serve with the RMT, while Hubert became a

Sherman tank gunner with the 12e RCA. Other relatives also served with the division, including two nephews. The fighting in Paris cost 2e DB 97 killed and 238 wounded; nearly twice that number were lost in the fighting in surrounding areas. These were replaced by men and women who, like Leclerc's sons, offered themselves at a recruitment office the 2e DB established near the Bois de Boulogne.[59]

After Paris, 2e DB returned to XV Corps at Leclerc's request.

112th Panzer Brigade by using manoeuvre and air power to compensate for the numerical and technical inferiority of his tanks. American historian Hugh M. Cole wrote that "this fight, characterised warmly by the XV Corps commander as a 'brilliant example' of perfect air-ground co-ordination, not only was an outstanding feat of arms but also dealt a crippling blow to Hitler's plans for an armoured thrust into the Third Army flank."[61]

Six men in uniforms. De Gaulle is wearing his kepi and smoking a cigarette.
General de Gaulle with Leclerc (centre) and other French officers at Montparnasse railway station in Paris, 25 August 1944

Patton personally pinned a

Gaullist sentiments, and Leclerc had good reason to fear that he might meet a similar fate.[60]

On 22 November, Haislip gave Leclerc permission to advance on Strasbourg. Leclerc surprised the Germans by advancing over country roads and tracks to bypass their defences. Strasbourg was reached on 25 November,

in Alsace in January led Eisenhower to consider abandoning Strasbourg, but strong opposition to the idea from the French caused him to back down. As a result, the 2e DB was transferred to de Lattre's command to assist in the reduction of the Colmar Pocket.[63]

Leclerc objected to the use of his troops in the attack on

SS Charlemagne Division. He asked them why they wore a German uniform, to which one of them replied by asking why Leclerc wore an American one. Leclerc told his men to get rid of them. That was taken as a death sentence. The group of French Waffen-SS men was summarily executed by the RMT without any form of military tribunal procedure, and their bodies left where they fell until an American burial team collected them three days later.[68][69] On 2 June 1949 the bodies were exhumed and buried in the St. Zeno cemetery in Bad Reichenhall. For his services leading the 2e DB, Leclerc was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.[70]

South East Asia

See also: French Indochina in World War II and First Indochina War

At the end of the Second World War in Europe in May 1945, Leclerc received command of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient, CEFEO). He represented France at the surrender of the Japanese Empire in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. On 28 November 1945, he legally changed his name to Jacques-Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, incorporating his Free French pseudonym.[21]

Although he had never before served in the Far East, as CEFEO commander, Leclerc was charged with recovering French Indochina. This territory, comprising the present day states of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, had been conquered by the French during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Vichy regime had allowed the Japanese to use Indochina as a base from which to attack the Allies in Malaya, Burma and China. On 9 March 1945, the Japanese had deposed the French colonial government, taken direct control of Indochina, defeated the French army in several engagements, and imprisoned surviving French soldiers.[71]

Saigon with a first contingent of French soldiers on 5 October 1945. He was dependent on the British for equipment and shipping.[72] He did not get along well with D'Argenlieu, whom de Gaulle had appointed French High Commissioner for Indochina.[73]

Leclerc heeded the advice he was given by United States

Central Highlands. This was possible because Ho feared Chinese domination far more than French colonialism, which he perceived to be in decline. Ho's first priority was getting rid of the Chinese, and for this he needed French help.[75] Leclerc quickly perceived the necessity for a political solution to the conflict.[76]

The French government negotiator

VNQDD), and the French Communist Party chose to support French rule in Vietnam.[77]

On 6 March 1946, a tentative agreement was reached at the last minute (with Leclerc's fleet already in the

Ho-Sainteny agreement was never confirmed because it disappointed people on both sides. Ho's immense prestige largely silenced Vietnamese dissent, but the agreement caused a serious split within the French side. French businessmen, planters, and officials in Saigon were "indignant at the prospect of losing their colonial privileges."[79]

D'Argenlieu bluntly denounced Leclerc. "I am amazed – yes, that is the word, amazed", he said, "that France's fine expeditionary corps in Indochina is commanded by officers who would rather negotiate than fight".

Jean-Étienne Valluy.[80] At the time many French and American politicians were willing to believe that Ho was part of a Soviet plan to dominate the world, but Leclerc warned that "anti-communism will be a useless tool unless the problem of nationalism is resolved."[81] His advice was simple: "Negotiate at all costs!"[82]

Death

Fragment of a lamp from the crash of Leclerc's B-25 Mitchell.

Leclerc was appointed Inspector of Land Forces in North Africa. On 28 November 1947, his

Notre Dame de Paris, and he was interred in a crypt at Les Invalides.[83][84][85][86]

Posthumous honours

Leclerc was posthumously created a

Musée de l'Armée at Invalides,[87] as is his battered képi with the Italian stars that he wore at Kufra.[88]

The

Marne River.[93]

Military ranks

Second lieutenant Lieutenant Captain Squadrons chief Lieutenant colonel Colonel
1 October 1924[94] 1 October 1926[95] 25 December 1934[96] 31 July 1940[21] Never attributed 24 August 1940[97]
Brigade general Brigade general Division general Corps general Army general Marshal of France
10 August 1941[98]
Temporary 		14 April 1942[21]
Substantive 		25 May 1943[21] 25 May 1945[21] 14 July 1946[21] 23 August 1952[99]
Posthumous

Honours and decorations

Honours and decorations
National honours
Ribbon bar Name Date Source
Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour
Companion of the National Order of Liberation 6 March 1941 [100]
Military decorations
Ribbon bar Name Date Source
Military medal
 6 June 1946 [101]
War Cross 1939–1945
with eight palms 		6 June 1946 [101]
War Cross for foreign operational theatres with two palms [1]
Resistance Medal with rosette [1]
Escapees' Medal [1]
Colonial Medal with clasps "Maroc", "Fezzan", "Koufra", "Tripolitaine", "Tunisie", "Extrême-Orient" [1]
Insignia for the Military Wounded
 [1]
Commemorative medal for voluntary service in Free France [1]
Commemorative war medal 1939–1945 [1]
Foreign honours
Ribbon bar Name Country Source
Companion of the Order of the Bath
 United Kingdom [1]
Distinguished Service Order United Kingdom [1]
Silver Star United States [1]
Bronze Star Medal United States [1]
Commander of the Legion of Merit United States [1]
Presidential Unit Citation United States [1]
Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown
with palm 		Belgium [1]
Croix de guerre Belgium [1]
Croix de guerre Luxembourg [1]
Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown Luxembourg [1]
Commander's Cross of Virtuti Militari Poland [102]
Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945
 Czechoslovakia [1]
Military Order of the White Lion Czechoslovakia [1]
War Cross (1st Class) Greece [1]
Grand Officer of the Order of Glory
 Tunisia [1]
Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite Morocco [1]
Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia Cambodia [1]
Grand Cross of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol Laos [1]
Order of the Paz in Morocco Spain [1]

Citations

For his promotion to Companion of the National Order of Liberation:

Leader of the highest value, admirable in zeal and energy. Wounded during the Battle of France, escaped from the hands of the enemy and joined the Free French Forces;
Took a decisive part in the rally of Cameroon, which he then knew, as governor, to organize for the war, and in the liberation of Gabon;
Commander of the troops of Chad, prepared and beautifully conducted the victorious operations of Murzuk and Kufra, which brought glory back under the folds of the flag.

— 
Journal Officiel de la France Libre, 6 March 1941[100]

For his attribution of the Military Medal:

During a glorious epic, which belongs to history, showed that the French flag always knew how to spread as a victor wherever the sacred cause of the homeland called it.

— 
Journal Officiel de la République Française, 6 June 1946[101]

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  97. ISBN 978-2-914622-92-9
    .
  98. ^ Government of Free France (11 August 1941). "Décret portant nomination dans les cadres supérieurs des Forces Françaises Libres". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  99. ^ Government of the French Republic (23 August 1952). "Décret conférant à titre posthume la dignité de maréchal de France au général Leclerc de Hauteclocque". legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  100. ^ a b Government of Free France (6 March 1941). "Décret du 6 Mars 1941 portant attribution de la Croix de la Libération". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  101. ^ a b c Government of the French Republic (6 June 1946). "Décret portant concession de la médaille militaire". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  102. ^ Puchalski 2000, p. 246.

General references

Notes

  1. ^ Marshal of France is a dignity and not a rank.
  2. ^ French pronunciation: [filip ləklɛʁ də otklɔk]
  3. ^ Born Philippe François Marie de Hauteclocque, he was authorized to add his war pseudonym Leclerc to his name after the war.[7]

External links

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