Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard
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During his formative years, Trenchard struggled academically, failing many examinations and only just succeeding in meeting the minimum standard for commissioned service in the British Army. As a young infantry officer, Trenchard served in India and with the outbreak of the Boer War, he volunteered for service in South Africa. While fighting the Boers, Trenchard was critically wounded and as a result of his injury, he lost a lung, was partially paralysed and returned to Great Britain. On medical advice, Trenchard travelled to Switzerland to recuperate and boredom saw him taking up bobsleighing. After a heavy crash, Trenchard found that his paralysis was gone and that he could walk unaided. Following further recuperation, Trenchard returned to active service in South Africa.
After the end of the Boer War, Trenchard saw service in Nigeria where he was involved in efforts to bring the interior under settled British rule and quell intertribal violence. During his time in West Africa, Trenchard commanded the Southern Nigeria Regiment for several years.
In Summer 1912, Trenchard learned to fly and gained his aviator's certificate (No. 270) on 31 July flying a Henry Farman biplane of the Sopwith School of Flying at
Early life
Hugh Montague Trenchard was born at 6 Haines Hill in Taunton, England, on 3 February 1873.[1] He was the third child and second son of Henry Montague Trenchard and his wife Georgiana Louisa Catherine Tower Skene. Trenchard's father was a former captain in the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry who was working as an articled clerk in a legal practice[2] and his mother was the daughter of the Royal Navy captain John McDowall Skene.[3][4] Although in the 1870s the Trenchards were living in an unremarkable fashion, their forebears had played significant roles in English history. Notable ancestors were Sir Thomas Trenchard, a High Sheriff of Dorset in the 16th century and Sir John Trenchard, the Secretary of State under William III.[5]
When Hugh Trenchard was two, the family moved to Courtlands, a manor house in Norton Fitzwarren, less than three miles (4 km) from the centre of Taunton.[6] The country setting meant that he could enjoy an outdoor life, including spending time hunting rabbits and other small animals with the rifle he was given on his eighth birthday.[7] It was during his junior years that he and his siblings were educated at home by a resident tutor, whom Trenchard did not respect.[8] Unfortunately for his education, the tutor was neither strict enough nor skillful enough to overcome the children's mischievous attempts to avoid receiving instruction. As a consequence, Trenchard did not excel academically;[7] however, his enthusiasm for games and riding was evident.[4]
At the age of 10 he was sent to board at Allens Preparatory School near Botley in Hampshire. Although he did well at arithmetic, he struggled with the rest of the curriculum. However, his parents were not greatly concerned by his educational difficulties, believing that it would be no impediment to him following a military career. Georgina Trenchard wanted her son to follow her father's profession and enter the Royal Navy. In 1884 he was moved to Dover where he attended Hammond's, a cramming school for prospective entrants to HMS Britannia. He failed the Navy's entrance papers, and at the age of 13 he was sent to the Reverend Albert Pritchard's crammer, Hill Lands in Wargrave, Berkshire. Hill Lands prepared its pupils for Army commissions and, as before, Trenchard did not apply himself to his studies,[9][10] preferring sports (rugby in particular) and practical joking.[11]
In 1889, when he was 16 years old, his father, who had become a
Early military career
India
Trenchard arrived in India in late 1893, joining his regiment at
Young officers stationed in India in the 1890s enjoyed many social and sporting diversions and Trenchard did little militarily.[14] While every regiment was required to undertake a period of duty beyond the Khyber Pass, for the most part conditions of peace and prosperity were evident and he was able to engage in various sporting activities. In early 1894 he won the All-India Rifle Championship. After his success at shooting, he set about establishing a battalion polo team. Being of the infantry, his regiment had no history of playing polo and there were many obstacles to overcome. However, within six months the battalion polo team was competing and holding its own. It was during a polo match in 1896 that he first met Winston Churchill, with whom he clashed on the field of play.[15] Trenchard's sporting prowess saved his reputation among his fellow officers. In other respects he did not fit in, lacking social graces and choosing to converse little, he was nicknamed "the camel", as like the beast he neither drank nor spoke.[4][16]
It was during this period of his life in India that he took up reading. His first choice was for biographies, particularly of British heroes, and he kept the long hours he spent reading unobtrusive, but in so doing succeeded in providing himself with an education where the service crammers had failed.[17] However, in military terms Trenchard was dissatisfied. He failed to see any action during his time in India, missing out on his regiment's turn at the frontier, as he was sent to England on sick leave for a hernia operation.[16]
With the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899, he applied several times to rejoin his old battalion which had been sent to the Cape as part of the expeditionary corps. His requests were rejected by his colonel, and when the Viceroy Lord Curzon, who was concerned about the drain of leaders to South Africa, banned the dispatch of any further officers, Trenchard's prospects for seeing action looked bleak. However, a year or two previously, it had so happened that he had been promised help or advice from Sir Edmond Elles, as a gesture of thanks after rescuing a poorly planned rifle-shooting contest from disaster. By 1900, Elles was Military Secretary to Lord Curzon and Trenchard (recently promoted to captain) sent a priority signal to Elles requesting that he be permitted to rejoin his unit overseas. This bold move worked, and he received his orders for South Africa several weeks later.[18]
South Africa
On his arrival in
Trenchard's company came under the command of the 6th (Fusilier) Brigade which was headquartered at
Medical treatment and convalescence
After he was brought to the hospital in Krugersdorp, he slipped from semi-consciousness into unconsciousness. The surgeons believed that he would die as the bullet had punctured his left lung and they had removed six-and-a-half pints of blood from his
In December 1900, he returned to England, arriving by hospital ship at
On Sunday 30 December, he arrived in
On arrival back in England, he visited Lady Dudley to thank her,[29] and then set about engineering his return to South Africa. His lung was not fully healed, causing him pain and leaving him breathless. Furthermore, the War Office was sceptical about his claim to be fully fit and was disinclined to allow him to forgo his remaining nine months of sick leave. He then took several months of tennis coaching in order to strengthen his remaining lung. Early in the summer of 1901, he entered two tennis competitions, reaching the semi-finals both times and gaining favourable press coverage. He then sent the newspaper clippings to the doctors at the War Office, arguing that this tennis ability proved he was fit for active service.[30] After attending a medical board, he had his sick leave reduced and was able to return to South Africa in July 1901.[31]
Return to Africa
Back in South Africa
Upon his return, he made his way to Pretoria, arriving there in late July 1901. He was assigned to a company of the 12th Mounted Infantry where patrolling duties required long days in the saddle. His wound still caused considerable pain, and the entry and exit scars frequently bled.[32]
Later in the year, he was summoned to see
Trenchard spent the remainder of 1901 on patrolling duties, and in early 1902 he was appointed acting commander of the 23rd Mounted Infantry Regiment. During the last few months of the war, he only once got the opportunity to lead his regiment into action. In response to Boer cattle rustling, Zulu raiders crossed the border into the Transvaal and the 23rd Mounted Infantry Regiment took action.[34] After peace terms were agreed in May 1902, he was involved in supervising the disarming of the Boers, and later took leave. In July the 23rd, Mounted Infantry was recalled to Middleburg 400 miles to the south, and after the trek, Trenchard occupied himself with polo and race meetings.[35] He was promoted to brevet major in August 1902.[36]
Nigeria
Following the end of the Boer War, Trenchard was seconded to stay in South Africa,
Once established, Trenchard spent the next six years on various expeditions to the interior patrolling, surveying and mapping an area of 10,000 square miles[16] which later came to be known as Biafra.[39] In the occasional clashes with the Ibo tribesmen, Trenchard gained decisive victories. The many tribesmen who surrendered were given jobs as road builders and thereby began to develop the country as part of the British Empire.[40] From summer 1904 to the late summer 1905, Trenchard was acting commandant of the Southern Nigeria Regiment.[41] He was appointed to the Distinguished Service Order in 1906[42] and was commandant with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel from 1908 onwards.[43]
England and Ireland
In early 1910, Trenchard became seriously ill and after several months he returned home, this time with a liver abscess. Back in England, he did not recover quickly and probably prolonged his convalescence by over-exertion. However, by the late summer, he was well enough to take his parents on holiday to the West Country.[44]
October 1910 saw him posted to Derry, where the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers were garrisoned. He was reduced from a temporary lieutenant-colonel to major and made a company commander. He occupied himself during the routine of garrison life with playing polo and he took up hunting. Finding peace-time regimental life dull, he sought to expand his area of responsibility by attempting to reorganise his fellow officers' administrative procedures, which they resented.[45] He also clashed with Colonel Stuart, his commanding officer, who told him that the town was too small for both of them,[46] and by February 1912 had resorted to applying for employment with various colonial defence forces, without success.[47][48]
Flying school
During his time in Ireland, he received a letter from Captain Eustace Loraine, urging him to take up flying. Trenchard and Loraine had been friends in Nigeria, and on his return to England, Loraine had learned to fly. After some effort, Trenchard persuaded his commanding officer to grant him three months of paid leave so that he might train as a pilot.[40] He arrived in London on 6 July 1912, only to discover that Captain Loraine had been killed in a flying accident on the previous day. At the age of 39, Trenchard was just short the maximum age of 40 for military student pilots at the Central Flying School, and so he did not postpone his plan to become an aviator.[49]
When he arrived at
He arrived at Upavon airfield, where the Central Flying School was based, and was assigned to Arthur Longmore's flight. Bad weather delayed Longmore from assessing his new pupil, and before the weather improved, the School's Commandant, Captain Godfrey Paine RN had co-opted Trenchard to the permanent staff. Part of Trenchard's new duties included those of school examiner, and so he set himself a paper, sat it, marked it and awarded himself his 'wings'.[54] His flying ability still left much to be desired, and Longmore soon discovered his pupil's deficiencies. Over the following weeks, Trenchard spent many hours improving his flying technique. After he had finished his flying course, he was officially appointed as an instructor.[55] However, he was a poor pilot and he did no instructing,[56] instead becoming involved in administrative duties. As a member of the staff, he organised the training and establishment of procedures for the new arm.[57] He paid particular attention to ensuring that skills were acquired in practical topics such as map reading, signalling, and engine mechanics.[58] It was during his time at the Central Flying School that he earned the nickname "Boom", either for his stentorian utterances,[4] or for his low rumbling tones.[59]
In September 1912, he acted as an
First World War
Officer Commanding the Military Wing
With the outbreak of
In early October 1914, Kitchener sent for Trenchard and tasked him with providing a battle-worthy squadron forthwith. The squadron was to be used to support land and naval forces seeking to prevent the German flanking manoeuvres during the Race to the Sea. On 7 October, only 36 hours later, No. 6 Squadron flew to Belgium, the first of many additional squadrons to be provided.[66]
Later in October, detailed planning for a major reorganisation of the Flying Corps' command structure took place. Henderson offered Trenchard command of the soon-to-be created First Wing. He accepted the offer on the basis that he would not be subordinated to Sykes, whom he distrusted.[67] The next month, the Military Wing was abolished and its units based in the United Kingdom were re-grouped as the Administrative Wing. Command of the Administrative Wing was given to Lieutenant Colonel E B Ashmore.[68]
Commander of the First Wing
Trenchard took up command of the First Wing in November 1914, establishing its headquarters at
In early January 1915 Haig summoned Trenchard to explain what might be achieved in the air war. During the meeting, Haig brought him into his confidence regarding plans by the First Army for a March attack in the Merville/
Commander of the Royal Flying Corps
On Henderson's return to the War Office in the summer of 1915,
Trenchard's time in command of the R.F.C. on the Western Front was characterised by three priorities. First was an emphasis on support to and co-ordination with ground forces. This started with reconnaissance and artillery co-ordination, and later encompassed tactical low-level bombing of enemy ground targets. While he did not oppose the strategic bombing of Germany in principle, he rejected moves to divert his forces on to long-range bombing missions as he believed the strategic role to be less important and his resource to be too limited. Secondly, he stressed the importance of morale, not only of his own airmen, but more generally the detrimental effect that the presence of an aircraft had upon the morale of enemy ground troops. Finally, he had an unswerving belief in the importance of offensive action. Although this belief was widely held by senior British commanders in the war, the R.F.C.'s routinely offensive strategy resulted in the loss of many of its air crews and machines, and some doubted its military validity.[80]
Following the
Chief of the Air Staff (1st appointment)
After the Air Force Bill received the
Disputes and resignation
The New Year saw Trenchard made a
After the Germans overran the British Fifth Army on 21 March 1918, Trenchard ordered all available reserves of aircrew, engines and aircraft to be speedily transported to France. Reports reached him on 26 March that concentrations of Flying Corps' machines were assisting in stopping German advances. On 5 April, Trenchard travelled to France, inspecting squadrons and updating his understanding of the air situation. On his return, he briefed the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, and several other ministers on air activity and the general situation in France.[89]
On 10 April, Rothermere informed Trenchard that the War Cabinet had accepted his resignation, and Trenchard was offered his old job in France. He refused the offer, saying that replacing Salmond at the height of battle would be "damnable". Three days later Major-General
In-between duties
In the weeks that followed his resignation, Trenchard was without a role and he kept a low profile, avoiding the Press and making no public comments. The new Air Minister,
Trenchard had many reasons for not accepting any of these posts, which he saw as titular, with little value and lacking practical authority.
Commander of the Independent Air Force
After a period of what was officially termed "special duty" in France, Trenchard was appointed General Officer Commanding of the Independent Air Force on 15 June 1918, with his headquarters in Nancy, France.[95] The Independent Air Force continued the task of the VIII Brigade from which it was formed, carrying out strategic bombing attacks on German railways, airfields and industrial centres.[96] Initially, the French general Ferdinand Foch, as the newly appointed Supreme Allied Commander, refused to recognize the Independent Air Force, which caused some logistical difficulties. The problems were resolved after a meeting of Trenchard and General de Castelnau, who disregarded the concerns about the status of the Independent Air Force and did not block the much-needed supplies. Trenchard also improved the links between the R.A.F. and the American Air Service, providing advanced tuition in bombing techniques to the newly arriving American aviators.[97]
In September 1918, Trenchard's Force indirectly supported the American Air Service during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, attacking German airfields in that sector of the front, along with supply depots and rail lines.[98] Trenchard's close co-operation with the Americans and the French was formalized when his command was redesignated the Inter-Allied Independent Air Force in late October 1918, and placed directly under the orders of Foch.[99] When the November 1918 armistice came, Trenchard sought permission from Foch to return his squadrons to British command, which was granted. Trenchard was succeeded as commander of the Independent Air Force by his deputy Brigadier-General Courtney.[100] Trenchard departed France in mid-November 1918 and returned to England to take a holiday.[101]
Between the wars
Army mutiny in Southampton
After two months on the R.A.F.'s inactive list,
Chief of the Air Staff (2nd appointment)
Re-appointment and sickness
In early 1919 Churchill was appointed Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Air. While Churchill was preoccupied with implementing post-war defence cuts and the demobilization of the Army, the Chief of the Air Staff, Major-General Frederick Sykes, submitted a paper with what were at the time unrealistic proposals for a large air force of the future.[105] Being dissatisfied with Sykes, Churchill began to consider reinstating Trenchard, whose recent performance at Southampton had once more brought him into favour with Churchill.[106]
During the first week in February, Trenchard was summoned to London by official telegram. At the War Office Churchill asked him to come back as Chief of the Air Staff. Trenchard replied that he could not take up the appointment as Sykes was currently in post. After Churchill indicated that Sykes might be appointed Controller of Civil Aviation and made a
For most of March he was unable to do much work as he had contracted
Establishing the RAF and the struggle for survival
During the summer of 1919 he worked on completing the demobilization of the R.A.F. and establishing it on a peacetime basis. This was a sizable task as the force was budgeted to shrink from 280 squadrons to around 28.[111] It was also during this time that the new RAF officer ranks were decided upon, despite some opposition from members of the Army Council.[112] Trenchard himself was regraded from major-general to air vice-marshal, and then promoted to air marshal a few days later.[95]
By the autumn of 1919 the budgetary effects of Lloyd George's
Late 1919 saw Trenchard created a
During the early 1920s, the continued independent existence of the R.A.F. and its control of naval aviation were subject to a series of Government reviews. The Balfour Report of 1921, the Geddes Axe of 1922, and the Salisbury Committee of 1923 all found in favour of the R.A.F. continued existence, despite lobbying from the Admiralty and opposition in Parliament. On each occasion Trenchard and his staff officers, supported by Christopher Bullock,[119][120] worked to show that the R.A.F. provided good value for money, and was required for the long-term strategic security of the United Kingdom.[121]
Trenchard also sought to secure the R.A.F.'s future by finding a war-fighting role for the new Service. In 1920 he successfully argued that it should take the lead during the
Later years as Chief of the Air Staff
By late 1924 the creation of the reserve air force, known as the
Since the early 1920s Trenchard had supported the development of a
On 1 January 1927, Trenchard was promoted from
Trenchard continued as Chief of the Air Staff until 1 January 1930. Immediately after he had relinquished his appointment, he was created
Metropolitan Police Commissioner
After he retired from the military, he worked as a director of the
Later inter-war years
During his time as Metropolitan Police Commissioner, he maintained a keen interest in military affairs. In 1932, he aroused the Government's displeasure by submitting an unsolicited private paper outlining his idea for the air defence of Singapore. His ideas were rejected and the Cabinet Secretary, Maurice Hankey, who chaired the Committee of Imperial Defence, was angered by Trenchard's intervention.[142] Later that year, when the Government was considering entering into an international treaty that would have banned all bomber aircraft, Trenchard wrote to the Cabinet outlining his opposition to the idea. Ultimately the idea was dropped.[143]
Trenchard developed a negative view of Hankey, whom he saw as being more interested in maintaining unanimity among the service heads than dealing with weaknesses in British defence arrangements. He began to speak privately against Hankey who, for his part, had no liking for Trenchard in return.
With Hankey and his ban on inter-service disputes gone, the Navy again campaigned for their own air service. The idea of transferring the Fleet Air Arm from Air Ministry to Admiralty control was raised and although Trenchard opposed the move in the Lords, in the Press and in private conversations, he now lacked the influence to prevent the transfer, which took place in 1937.[148] Beyond politics, he took on the Chairmanship of the United Africa Company, with its attendant financial income,[149] which had sought out Trenchard because of his West African knowledge and experience.[150] In 1936 he was upgraded from Baron to Viscount Trenchard.[151][152]
From late 1936 to 1939 he spent much of his time travelling overseas on behalf of the companies who employed him as a director. During one visit to Germany in the summer of 1937 he was hosted at a dinner by Hermann Göring, the Commander-in-Chief of Nazi Germany's newly created Luftwaffe. Although the evening started in a cordial fashion, it ended in a confrontation, with Göring announcing that "one day German might will make the whole world tremble". Trenchard replying that Göring "must be off his head".[153] In 1937 Newall was appointed Chief of the Air Staff and Trenchard did not hesitate in criticising him. As an ardent supporter of the bomber, Trenchard found much to disagree with in the air expansion programme, its emphasis on defensive fighter aircraft, and he wrote about it directly to the Cabinet. Trenchard offered his services to the Government on at least two occasions but they were not accepted.[154]
Second World War
Just after the outbreak of the
In May 1940, after the failure of the
Notwithstanding their disagreement, Trenchard and Churchill remained on good terms, and on Churchill's 66th birthday (30 November 1940) they took lunch at
From mid-1940 onwards, Trenchard realised that by his rash demands in May he had excluded himself from a pivotal role in the British war effort. He then took it upon himself to act as an unofficial Inspector-General for the RAF, visiting deployed squadrons across Europe and North Africa on morale-raising visits. As a peer, a friend of Churchill's and with direct connections to the Air Staff, he championed the cause of the Air Force in the House of Lords, in the press and with the government,[160] submitting several secret essays concerning the importance he attached to air power.[161]
He continued to exert considerable influence over the Royal Air Force. Acting with Sir John Salmond he quietly but successfully lobbied for the removal of Newall as Chief of the Air Staff and
During the war, the Trenchard elder stepson, John, was killed in action in Italy, and his younger stepson Edward was killed in a flying accident. His own first-born son, also called Hugh, was killed in North Africa in 1943.[164] However, Trenchard's younger son Thomas survived the war.[165]
Later years
In the aftermath of the war, several American generals, including
After the Second World War, Trenchard continued to set out his ideas about air power. He also supported the creation of two memorials. For the first, the
Death
Trenchard died one week after his 83rd birthday at his London home in
Legacy
Several institutions and buildings are named after him, including the
Trenchard's work in establishing the R.A.F. and preserving its independence has led to him being called the "Father of the Royal Air Force". For his own part, he disliked the description, believing that General Sir David Henderson deserved the accolade.[39][181] His obituary in The Times considered that his greatest gift to the R.A.F. was the belief that mastery of the air must be gained and retained through offensive action.[182] During his life, Trenchard strongly argued that the bomber was the key weapon of an air force, and he is recognized today as one of the early advocates of strategic bombing,[4] and one of the architects of the British policy on imperial policing through air control.[183]
In 2018 a permanent memorial to him was commissioned as part of the celebrations for 100 years of the R.A.F. It was unveiled in Taunton on 14 June by the 3rd Viscount Trenchard next to the town's Northern Inner Distributor Road, which was renamed Trenchard Way at the same time.[184][185][186]
Arms
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See also
Footnotes
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- ^ Miller 2016, pp. 7, 9, 10.
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- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36552. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
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- ^ Miller 2016, p. 10.
- ^ a b Boyle 1962, pp. 19–20.
- ^ a b Havard 2000, p. 16.
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- ^ Lyall 1976, p. 176.
- ^ Miller 2016, pp. 13, 14.
- ^ Boyle 1962, pp. 26–30.
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 31–33
- ^ Jordan 2000:p. 69
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 35–36
- ^ a b c Lyall 1976:p. 177
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 38–39
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 46, 48
- ^ Buchan 1925:p. 274
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- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 53, 55
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 15, 16 and 55–58
- ^ Shaw, John. "Dwarsvlei, a Highveld farm: Forgotten battlefield of the Anglo-Boer War". Military History Journal, South African Military History Society. 11 (3/4). Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 17, 58
- ^ "Shipping records – December 1900". Anglo Boer War.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
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- ^ a b c d e Probert 1991:p. 100
- ^ "No. 27494". The London Gazette. 11 November 1902. p. 7167.
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- ^ a b c Probert 1991:p. 1
- ^ a b Wykeham 1971:p. 469
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- Air Force Association: 77. Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 March 2012.
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- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 122–123
- ^ "British Military Aviation in 1914 – Part 3". RAF Museum Web Site – Timeline of British Military Aviation History. RAF Museum. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- ^ Havard 2000:p 25
- ^ Joubert de la Ferté 1955:p. 32
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 124–126
- ^ Ash 1998:p. 63
- ^ Laffin 1964:p. 60
- ^ Baker 2003:p. 62
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 128–136
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 137–139
- ^ Havard 2000:p. 26
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33808. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Lyall 1976:p. 179
- ^ Jordan 2000:pp. 74–80
- ^ Jordan 2000:pp. 80–82
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 245–255
- ^ Jordan 2000:p. 82
- ^ Miller 2016:pp. 194–196
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 260–262
- ^ Joubert de la Ferté 1955:p. 61
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 262–270
- ^ Macmillan 1955:p. 153
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 271–274
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 276–281
- ^ Jordan 2000:pp. 83–84
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 282–287
- ^ Jordan 2000:p. 84
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 287–288
- ^ a b c Probert 1991:p. 101
- ^ Taylor, J 1968:pp. 16–17
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 290–299
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- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 313
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30975. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 314–316
- ^ Barrass, Malcolm (9 October 2007). "Marshal of the RAF The Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008.
- ^ Boyle 1962:p. 317
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 320–324
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- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 325–328
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- ^ Ross 2002:p. 16
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 336–339
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 340–344
- ^ Pelling 1974:p. 260
- ^ Probert 1991:p. 3
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 347–350
- ^ Finn C J, Group Captain, ed. (February 2004). "Chapter 2". A Brief History of the Royal Air Force (Air Publication 3003). HMSO. p. 58.
- ^ Lambert 2008:p. 372
- ISBN 978-0-415-00334-6, p. 142
- ^ "Lloyd, M.P., The Rt. Hon. Geoffrey, Sir Christopher Bullock K.C.B. C.B.E. Memorial Service Address, 15th June 1972" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013.
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 398–420 and 464–491
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 366–371
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 380–384
- ^ Barrass, Malcolm (6 October 2007). "Overseas Commands – Iraq, India and the Far East". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Archived from the original on 6 August 2008.
- ^ Omissi, David (19 January 1991). "Baghdad and British bombers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008.
- ^ Finn C J, Group Captain, ed. (February 2004). "Chapter 2". A Brief History of the Royal Air Force (Air Publication 3003). HMSO. p. 61.
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 565–566
- ^ "The Schneider Trophy – 70th Anniversary". RAF Web Site. Royal Air Force. 7 April 2003. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007.
- ^ Boyle 1962:p. 564
- ^ Keegan 1996:p. 295
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 573–574
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- ^ "No. 33574". The London Gazette. 28 January 1930. p. 569.
- ^ Lyall 1976:p. 187
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- ^ Brunskill 2008:p. 203
- ^ "No. 34252". The London Gazette. 4 February 1936. p. 729.
- ^ "Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
- ^ Boyle 1962:pp. 708–709
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- ^ Dyndal 2007:p. 6
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31561. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
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- ^ 'Haig, Master of the Field', by John Davidson (Pub. Peter Nevill, 1953).
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- ^ Hill, Phil (11 April 2018). "Taunton memorial to RAF founder Hugh Montague Trenchard". Somerset County Gazette. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ Elliott, Peter (11 April 2018). "Permanent memorial to Taunton-born founder of the RAF". Somerset Newsroom. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ "Taunton's Northern Inner Distributor Road (NIDR) renamed Trenchard Way at ceremony". Somerset County Gazette. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
- ISBN 0-333-37824-5.
References
Specific
- Allen, Hubert Raymond ("Dizzy"), Wing Commander (1972). The Legacy of Lord Trenchard. London: ISBN 0-304-93702-9.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Boyle, Andrew (1962). Trenchard Man of Vision. St James's Place, London: Collins.
- Havard, Cyril (2000). The Trenchard Touch. Chichester: Countrywise Press. ISBN 1-902681-13-4.
- ISBN 978-0297871057.
- Orange, Vincent [September 2004]. Trenchard, Hugh Montague, first Viscount Trenchard (1873–1956). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
- Jordan, David (2000). "The Battle for the Skies: Sir Hugh Trenchard as Commander of the Royal Flying Corps". In Matthew Hughes; Matthew Seligmann (eds.). Leadership in Conflict 1914–1918. Leo Cooper Ltd. pp. 68 to 91. ISBN 0-85052-751-1.
- ISBN 978-1-84415-308-4.
- Brunskill, Ian; Liardet, Guy; Tillotson, Michael, eds. (2008) [1956]. "Trenchard". Great Military Lives: Leadership and Courage – from Waterloo to the Falklands in Obituaries. London: ISBN 978-0-00-727670-7.
- ISBN 0-11-772635-4.
- ISBN 0-19-860532-3.
- Macmillan, Norman (1955). "Marshal of the Royal Air Force the Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton". Great Airmen. London: George Bell & Sons. pp. 147 to 156.
General
- ISBN 1-901623-20-3.
- Turner, Charles Cyril (1927). The Old Flying Days. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0-405-03783-X.
- Taylor, John W R (1987) [1958]. Central Flying School, Birthplace of Air Power. Jane's Publishing. ISBN 0-7106-0486-6.
- ISBN 0-85052-980-8.
- Laffin, John (1964). Swifter Than Eagles – The biography of Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Salmond. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons.
- ISBN 0-7221-5728-2.
- Joubert de la Ferté, Philip (1955). The Third Service. London: Thames and Hudson.
- ISBN 1-85326-683-3.
- Ash, Eric (1998). Sir Frederick Sykes and the air revolution, 1912–1918. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4382-3.
- Taylor, John; Moyes, P J R (1968). Pictorial History of the RAF. Shepperton, Surrey, England: Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-1005-6.
- Ross (Wing Commander), Anthony (2002). Through the Eyes of Blue. Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-84037-345-8.
- ISBN 0-333-12499-5.
- ISBN 0-415-12722-X.
- Browne, Douglas (1956). The Rise of Scotland Yard. London: George G Harrap & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-8371-6898-8.
- ISBN 978-0-571-23156-0.
- Dyndal, Gjert Lage (2007). Trenchard and Slessor: On the Supremacy of Air Power over Sea Power. Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press. ISBN 978-82-519-2270-8.
- Nwokeji, G Ugo (2002). "Politicization of Merchant Capital During Decolonization: European Business in Nigeria, 1948–1951". In Oyebade, Adebayo (ed.). The transformation of Nigeria: essays in honor of Toyin Falola. Trenton, New Jersey and Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press Inc. ISBN 0-86543-997-4.
- ISBN 1-84574-628-7. Archived from the originalon 6 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
External links
- Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Marshal of the RAF The Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton
- USAF Association Magazine – Trenchard at the Creation
- First World War.com – Who's Who: Hugh Trenchard
- History Learning Site – Hugh Trenchard
- British Ministry of Defence – Trenchard: Father of the RAF
- Portraits of Trenchard in the National Portrait Gallery
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Trenchard, Sir Hugh Montague". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
- Selected Correspondence of Marshal of the RAF 1st Lord Trenchard