General rating of city appeal

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The general rating of city appeal — is a method for calculating and comparing the city appeal and urban environment, based on determining their number values and the threshold of appeal. The method is based on collection, description and assessment of qualitative and quantitative indices. Quantitative indices are represented by annual statistical data on the cities of the

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Description

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The general rating of city appeal for

• To analyze the existing Russian and foreign methods and practices of comparing administrative and territorial units of macroregions and countries.
• To conduct a comprehensive research and determine the criteria and basic indicators of appraisal of cities by means of selected theoretical and methodological disciplines, related to the appraisal of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of objects under research.
• To develop a rating methodology, based on the best Russian and foreign practices.
• To develop a complex rating methodology for comparing cities on the basis of a system of economic parameters.
• To develop a system social and economic parameters, fully charactering functioning of cities.
• To calculate integral parameters, indices and groups of indices in accordance with the developed methodology.
• To outline typical groups (typology) of items according to a range of features, specify similarities and differences in their development outline significant individual differences and analyze the results.
• To develop a monitoring system of social and economic status of the cities under research.

Rating methodology

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The methodology of appraisal of city appeal is based on quality assessment of elements of the city economy and comfort of living of citizens. The main method is a procedure borrowed from qualimetry, in which several approaches to quantitative appraisal of quality were developed.

To compare various properties measured in scales different in range and dimension ${\displaystyle K_{i}}$, a relative dimensionless ratio, is used to show the degree of approximation of ${\displaystyle Qi}$, (absolute property indicator) to the maximum ${\displaystyle Q^{max}}$, and minimum ${\displaystyle Q^{min}}$. The relative ratio is described as the following relationship ${\displaystyle Ki=f{(Q^{min},\ldots ,Q_{i},\ldots ,Q^{max})}}$, which may be represented as a normalized function as follows ${\displaystyle K_{i}={\frac {Q_{i}-Q^{min}}{Q^{max}-Q^{min}}}}$

To compare the relativities of all properties included in the tree of properties ${\displaystyle G_{i}}$, dimensionless importance ratios are used. For the purposes of convenience the following is usually assumed ${\displaystyle 0<G_{i}<1}$, and ${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}G_{i}=1}$

The values of importance ratios are determined with the help of expert and non-expert (analytical) methods. This study combines both techniques (as described below). The relative importance was determined using a method of expert survey involving 50 experts of various industries and areas of business, different social and professional status.

Thus, the qualitative appraisal of quality ${\displaystyle K_{k}}$ is expressed using the following formula

${\displaystyle K_{k}=K_{e}f\sum _{i=1}^{N}K_{i}G_{i}}$, where

${\displaystyle K_{e}f=1}$ for all indices forming a part of the final general index of city appeal. The general city appeal index is directly calculated as an average compound of all characteristics

${\displaystyle G(K_{1},K_{2},\ldots ,K_{n})={\sqrt[{n}]{K_{1}K_{2}\cdots K_{n}}}=\left(\prod _{i=1}^{n}K_{i}\right)^{1/n}}$

The key problem of selection of the minimum combination of properties (indicators) forming a part of the item quality may be solved through the functional and typological analysis considering the quality as a system of objective properties, and based on the volume of the original information (statistical and open-access information). Therefore, to conduct the appraisal, 70 quasisimple properties were selected, forming 41 overall indices, which are, in their turn, interpreted as 13 indices.

Ranking results

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The top ten cities are characterized by high indicators in nearly all the aspects. The only exception is the

The medium-ranked cities are the cities characterized by dynamic development (Kaluga, Krasnodar, Kislovodsk); industrial cities (Pervouralsk, Chelyabinsk, Ulyanovsk, Kamensk-Uralsky, Shakhty); the single-industry city of Naberezhnye Chelny, as well as Bryansk, Ryazan, Vologda, and Yoshkar-Ola.

The following cities are noted for satisfactory development levels:

Overall ranking indicates considerable disproportions in city potential, which becomes clear, if we delete population dynamics indices from the rating. Thus, if we exclude this parameter, the potential of the 1st city will be more than twice as high as of the 10th city and 10 times higher than the potential of the 100th city. Evidently, such a high difference is determined by objective difference of potentials of the cities; it is also important to notice that, in accordance with the Pareto principle, it is not obligatory to improve all the components of qualitative appraisal of cities. Here, the key aspect is economic potential.

It is also necessary to compare some social factors, first of all, the development of

The overall ranking of cities in the rating shows that even absolute leaders are not so far from the cities in the middle of the rating. This is caused by leveling of low indicators of parameters of some leaders. In particular, the value of the general index of Omsk, which ranks 10th, is just 1,2 times (by 20%) higher than that of the mid-city Mezhdurechensk. The only exception is Moscow (the value of the general indicator is 3 times higher than that of Mezhdurechensk; 2,5 times higher than that of the 10th city – Omsk – and twice as high as of the 3rd city – Novosibirsk).

Besides, if we analyze the total of indicators of all the cities as their total potential, then the weight of Moscow – the leader of the rating – is 2%, and the weight of Grozny – the last in the rating - is 0,6%.

For most cities it can be said that the level of economic and industrial development would differ very much depending on

The group of mid-cities comprises rather different cities, ranging from the largest metallurgic mono-cities – Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Kamensk-Uralsky to cities with quite versatile economy – Vladimir, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Volzhsky. On the whole, this group consists of either industrially developed centers with negative natural and climatic conditions, or mid-cities of old-cultivated regions, characterized by primarily average values of all indicators.

The lowest indices are found among underdeveloped cities of the North Caucasus and South Siberia. This is connected primarily with agricultural specialization of the economy of these cities and adverse effect of conflicts which took place on the territory of the North Caucasus. The group of depressed cities also includes former large and middle-sized industrial centers which are primarily mono-cities – Zlatoust (metallurgy), Leninsk-Kuznetsky (metallurgy), Norilsk (metallurgy), Severodvinsk (defense industry complex). In money terms, the income difference may be more than by 6,7 times, and, as a rule, not in favour of underdeveloped cities, where income growth rate may be observed primarily in budget sectors and general income growth rate is low. In addition, real income of population grows faster, which is determined by constant production growth in innovation industries.

Theoretical implications

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The study and appraisal of urban environment, namely, the parameter of appeal for internal and external factors and consumers, is of value:

• For
  economic science
  , from the point of view of developing a system of complex research and appraisal of the quality of Russian cities, making development plans directed at comprehensive satisfaction of needs of population;
• For sociology, determining the key factors of perception of the city as a whole and of its individual elements.
• For the development of management potential of municipal authorities in terms of balanced management of the system of
  urban infrastructure
  .

Practical implications of the rating

On November 21, 2012, in the