Generalfeldmarschall

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Prussian marshal's baton, awarded to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1895.

Generalfeldmarschall (German:

OF-10 in today's NATO naval forces
.

Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary

Feldmarschall of the k.u.k. Army (gorget patch)[1]

The rank existed in the

Habsburg-Lorraine
dynasty.

Germany and Prussia

Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire

Rank insignia
Shoulder badge
Generalfeldmarschall until 1918

In the

monarch
, and a constant escort.

In 1854, the rank of colonel general (German: Generaloberst) was created in order to promote William, Prince of Prussia (the later William I, German Emperor) to senior rank without breaking the rule that only wartime field commanders could receive the rank of field marshal for a victory in a decisive battle or the capture of a fortification or major town. The equivalent of colonel-general in the German Navy was the rank of Generaladmiral ("general admiral" or "admiral-general").

In 1870,

Friedrich Wilhelm—who had commanded armies during the Franco-Prussian War
—became the first Prussian princes appointed to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall.

The exalted nature of the rank was underscored during World War I, when only five German officers (excluding honorary promotions to members of royal families and foreign officers) were designated Generalfeldmarschall: Paul von Hindenburg, August von Mackensen, Karl von Bülow, Hermann von Eichhorn, and Remus von Woyrsch. Only a single naval officer, Henning von Holtzendorff, was designated Grand Admiral. Not even such well-known German commanders as Erich Ludendorff, Erich von Falkenhayn, or Reinhard Scheer received marshal's batons or Grand Admiral rank.

Nazi Germany

General field marshal
Generalfeldmarschall
Rank flag
Arabesque and Epaulette
(1942–1945)
Country Nazi Germany
Service branch German Army
 Luftwaffe
Formation20 April 1936
Abolished1945
Next higher rankReichsmarschall
Next lower rankGeneraloberst
Equivalent ranksGroßadmiral

Before the

Second World War, Adolf Hitler reintroduced the rank into the Wehrmacht with the promotion of the Reich Minister of War, Generaloberst Werner von Blomberg (20 April 1936), and the Aviation Minister, Hermann Göring (4 February 1938), to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall. In the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during the Second World War, the rank of Generalfeldmarschall remained the highest military rank until July 1940, when Hermann Göring was promoted to the newly created higher rank of Reichsmarschall. The equivalent of a Generalfeldmarschall in the navy was Großadmiral
("grand admiral").

Unlike

Wilhelm von Leeb, Wilhelm List, Günther von Kluge, Erwin von Witzleben and Walter von Reichenau (Heer); and Albert Kesselring, Erhard Milch and Hugo Sperrle (Luftwaffe).[2] The holders of this rank had the right to a “direct presentation to the Führer
”.

In 1942, three other men were promoted—Wüstenfuchs ('Desert Fox')

Heeresgruppe Nord
("commander-in-chief of Army Group North").

Hitler promoted Friedrich Paulus, commander of the 6th Army at Stalingrad, to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall via field radio on 30 January 1943, a day before his army's inevitable surrender, in order to encourage him to continue to fight until death or commit suicide.[3] In the promotion, Hitler noted that no German or, before that, Prussian field marshal had ever been captured alive. Generalfeldmarschall Paulus surrendered the following day anyway, claiming, Ich habe nicht die Absicht, mich für diesen bayerischen Gefreiten zu erschießen. ("I have no intention of shooting myself for this Bavarian corporal.")[4] A disappointed Hitler commented, "That's the last field marshal I make in this war!" Nevertheless, he appointed seven more, three on the very day following Paulus' surrender: Ernst Busch, Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist and Maximilian von Weichs (all members of the Heer). Later that same month, Hitler promoted Luftwaffe General Wolfram von Richthofen to the rank for his service in the Crimean campaign and the later part of the Battle of Stalingrad.

From 1944 to 1945, three more men would reach this rank. In early 1944, Walter Model, one of Hitler's most loyal generals, was promoted to the rank; he was also the last German field marshal to receive a ceremonial marshal's baton. Ferdinand Schörner, another loyal officer, was promoted on 5 April 1945. Three weeks later, he was made Commander-in-Chief of the German Army in Hitler's last will and testament. On 25 April, just five days before his own suicide, Adolf Hitler made Luftwaffe General Robert Ritter von Greim a field marshal and Commander in chief of the German Air Force after Göring had fallen out of Hitler's favour, making Greim the last German field marshal in history.

Financially, the rank of Generalfeldmarschall in Nazi Germany was very rewarding as, apart from a yearly salary, Hitler introduced

fringe benefits for generals in the range of 2,000 to 4,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁
(€8897–17793 in 2021) per month in 1940. He also bestowed generous presents on his highest officers, with Leeb receiving 250,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ (€1,112,067 in 2021) for his 65th birthday from Hitler.[5]

Promotion to the rank did not guarantee Hitler's ongoing favour, however. As the tide of the war turned, Hitler took out his frustrations on his top commanders, relieving most of the Generalfeldmarschalls of duty before the war's conclusion. Bock, Brauchitsch, Leeb, and List were all relieved of their posts in 1942 for perceived failures during

war criminal. Milch was relieved after conspiring unsuccessfully to have Göring removed from command of the Luftwaffe, and even Göring himself was stripped of his offices and expelled from the Nazi Party in Hitler's last days. Schörner ignominiously abandoned his command to save himself in the war's last days. Kluge, Witzleben and Rommel were either executed or forced to commit suicide for their real or imagined roles in the 20 July plot against Hitler. By war's end, only Keitel, Kesselring, Greim and Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz
were still in positions of military responsibility.

East Germany

The National People's Army of the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR) (German Democratic Republic, i.e. East Germany) created the rank of Marshal of the German Democratic Republic on 25 March 1982. A general could be appointed to this rank by the State Council (Staatsrat; the head-of-state council of the GDR) during wartime or for exceptional military achievement; no one ever held the rank, however.

Modern Germany

The ranks of Generalfeldmarschall, Generaloberst, Großadmiral and Generaladmiral no longer exist in the new German (until 1990 West German) Armed Forces, the Bundeswehr, which were created in 1956. Currently, the highest military grades in the Bundeswehr are general and admiral.

The

State of Defence, that supreme command authority is transferred to the Federal Chancellor. The Inspector General of the Bundeswehr is the military chief of defence and heads the Armed Forces Command Staff (German
: Führungsstab der Streitkräfte).

Other states to have used the title

Electorate (1356–1806) and Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)

The rank of Field Marshal was first used in the northern German State of Saxony within the Holy Roman Empire in 1631. It was then used nine further times in that century and seven times in the 18th century. It was used twice in the 19th century by the Kingdom of Saxony after it became part of the German Empire in 1871.

Ethiopia

The rank of Field Marshal General was first used in Ethiopia in 2022. On 8 January 2022, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed presided over the Ethiopian National Defense Force promotion ceremony, that saw the rank be introduced to Birhanu Jula, Chief of General Staff.[6][7]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Instruction (de: Adjustierungsvorschrift) of the k.u.k. Army as to 1871; Issue from 1911
  2. ^ Snyder, Louis (1994) [1976]. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, pp. 111, 112
  3. ^ Snyder, Louis (1994) [1976], p. 112
  4. ^ Beevor, Antony (1998). Stalingrad, The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943. New York: Penguin Books. p. 381
  5. ^ "Dienen und Verdienen. Hitlers Geschenke an seine Eliten" [Book review: Serving and earning. Hitlers presents to his elite]. www.hsozkult.de (in German). 1999. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  6. ^ "Ethiopia gets its first Field Marshal General – New Business Ethiopia". Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  7. ^ "Ethiopia awards rank of Field Marshal to General Berhanu Jula". Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. Retrieved 13 March 2023.