Generation ship
A generation ship, or generation starship, is a hypothetical type of interstellar ark starship that travels at sub-light speed. Since such a ship might require hundreds to thousands of years to reach nearby stars, the original occupants of a generation ship would grow old and die, leaving their descendants to continue traveling.
Origins
Rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard was the first to write about long-duration interstellar journeys in his "The Ultimate Migration" (1918).[2] In this he described the death of the Sun and the necessity of an "interstellar ark". The crew would travel for centuries in suspended animation and be awakened when they reached another star system. He proposed to use small moons or asteroids as ships, and speculated that the crew would endure psychological and genetic changes over the generations.[3]
Another early description of a generation ship is in the 1929 essay "The World, The Flesh, & The Devil" by
Definition
According to Hein et al., a "generation ship" is a spacecraft on which a crew is living on-board for at least several decades, such that it comprises multiple generations.[1] Several sub-categories of generation ships are distinguished: sprinter, slow boat, colony ship, world ship.[1] The
Obstacles
Biosphere
Such a ship would have to be entirely self-sustaining, providing
Biology and society
Generation ships would have to anticipate possible biological, social and morale problems,[9] and would also need to deal with matters of self-worth and purpose for the various crews involved.
Estimates of the minimum reasonable population for a generation ship vary. Anthropologist John Moore has estimated that, without genetic testing of people before boarding the ship, social control and / or social engineering (such as requiring people to wait until their thirties to have children), nor cryopreservation of eggs, sperm, or embryos (as is done in sperm banks), a minimum of 160 people boarding the ship would allow normal family life (with the average individual having ten potential marriage partners) throughout a 200-year space journey, with little loss of genetic diversity. If the people who board the ship are couples, presumably in their early twenties, and everybody who lives in the ship is required to wait until their mid to late thirties before having children, then the minimum would be just 80 people. However, many variables are not accounted for in the estimate, including the higher chance of health problems for both the woman who is pregnant and the fetus or baby because of the pregnant woman's age.[10] In 2013, anthropologist Cameron Smith reviewed existing literature and created a new computer model to estimate a minimum reasonable population in the tens of thousands. Smith's numbers were much larger than previous estimates such as Moore's, in part because Smith takes the risk of accidents and disease into consideration, and assumes at least one severe population catastrophe over the course of a 150-year journey.[11]
In light of the multiple generations that it could take to reach even our nearest neighboring star systems such as Proxima Centauri, further issues on the viability of such interstellar arks include:
- the possibility of humans dramatically evolving in directions unacceptable to the sponsors
- the minimum population required to maintain in isolation a culture acceptable to the sponsors; this could include such aspects as
- ability to learn scientific and technical skills needed to maintain, operate and pilot the ship
- ability to accomplish the purpose (planetary colonization, research, building new interstellar arks) contemplated
- sharing the valuesof the sponsors, which may not be likely to be empirically demonstrated to be viable beyond the home planet unless, once the ship is away from Earth and on its way, survival of one's offspring until the ship reaches the target star is one motivation.
Size
For a spacecraft to maintain a stable environment for multiple generations, it would have to be large enough to support a community of humans and a fully recycling ecosystem.[12] A spacecraft of such a size would require much energy to accelerate and decelerate. A smaller spacecraft, while able to accelerate more easily and thus make higher cruise velocities more practical, would reduce exposure to cosmic radiation and the time for malfunctions to develop in the craft, but would have challenges with resource metabolic flow and ecologic balance.[13]
Social breakdown
Generation ships traveling for long periods of time may see breakdowns in social structures. Changes in society (for example, mutiny) could occur over such periods and may prevent the ship from reaching its destination.
Cosmic rays
The radiation environment of deep space is very different from that on the Earth's surface, or in low Earth orbit, due to the much larger influx of high-energy
Ethical considerations
The success of a generation ship depends on children born aboard taking over the necessary duties, as well as having children themselves. Even if their quality of life might be better than, for example, that of people born into poverty on Earth, philosophy professor Neil Levy has raised the question of whether it is ethical to severely constrain life choices of individuals by locking them into a project they did not choose.[15] A moral quandary exists regarding how intermediate generations, those destined to be born and die in transit without actually seeing tangible results of their efforts, might feel about their forced existence on such a ship.
Project Hyperion
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Hein, Andreas M.; Pak, Mikhail; Pütz, Daniel; Bühler, Christian; Reiss, Philipp (2012). "World ships—architectures & feasibility revisited". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 65 (4): 119.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-6067-0.
- ^ Rodriguez Baquero, p. 16
- ^ Rodriguez Baquero, p. 18
- ^ a b J. D. Bernal (1929). "The World, the Flesh & the Devil - An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul". Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ^ Long, K.F.; Crowl, A.; Obousy, R. "The Enzmann Starship: History & Engineering Appraisal" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ S2CID 218571111.
- ^ Merchant, Brian (June 10, 2013). "Biosphere 2: How a Sci-Fi Stunt Turned Into the World's Biggest Earth Science Lab". Motherboard. Vice Media LLC. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016.
- ^ Malik, Tariq (19 March 2002). "Sex and Society Aboard the First Starships". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2002-04-07.
- ^ Damian Carrington (15 February 2002). ""Magic number" for space pioneers calculated". New Scientist. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- .
- arXiv:1806.03856 [astro-ph.IM].
- ^ Kim Stanley Robinson (January 13, 2016). "What Will It Take for Humans to Colonize the Milky Way?". Scientific American. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
- ^ "NASA Facts: Understanding Space Radiation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-10-30. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- Aeon. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
- ^ Interstellar, Icarus (2020-12-06). "Icarus Interstellar, Interstellar flight". Icarus Interstellar. Archived from the original on 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
- ^ DNews (10 April 2015). "Icarus Interstellar: Visions of Our Starship Future". Seeker. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
- .
- ^ Faife, Corin (17 December 2019). "Scientists Are Contemplating a 1,000-Year Space Mission to Save Humanity". Medium - OneZero. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
- ^ Hein, Andreas M; Smith, Cameron; Marin, Frédéric; Staats, Kai. "World Ships –Feasibility and Rationale" (PDF). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
Further reading
- Caroti, Simone (2011). “The Generation Starship in Science Fiction: A Critical History, 1934-2001” Mcfarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6067-0.
- Hein, Andreas M.; Pak, Mikhail; Pütz, Daniel; Bühler, Christian; Reiss, Philipp (2012). "World ships—architectures & feasibility revisited". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 65 (4): 119.
- Rodriguez Baquero, Oscar Augusto (2017). La presencia humana más allá del sistema solar [Human presence beyond the solar system] (in Spanish). RBA. ISBN 978-84-473-9090-8.
External links
- Gilgamesh (14 February 2007). "Interstellar Ark". Strange Paths: Physics, computation, philosophy. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- Gilster, Paul (17 August 2011). "Worldships: A Interview with Greg Matloff". Centauri Dreams: Imagining and Planning Interstellar Exploration. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- Hein, Andreas (13 May 2012). "Project Hyperion: The Hollow Asteroid Starship – Dissemination of an Idea". Icarus Interstellar. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015. Brief summary of the evolution of generation ship concepts.
- Nicholls, Peter; Langford, David (5 April 2014). "Generation Starships". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. London: Gollancz. Retrieved 13 February 2015.