Yazidi genocide
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The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the
Amidst numerous atrocities committed by the Islamic State, the Yazidi genocide attracted international attention and prompted the United States to establish CJTF–OIR, a large military coalition consisting of many Western countries and Turkey, Morocco, and Jordan. Additionally, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia made emergency airdrops to support Yazidi refugees who had become trapped in the Sinjar Mountains due to the Islamic State's Northern Iraq offensive of August 2014. During the Sinjar massacre, in which the Islamic State killed and abducted thousands of the trapped Yazidis, the United States and the United Kingdom began carrying out airstrikes on the advancing Islamic State militants, while the People's Defense Units and the Kurdistan Workers' Party jointly formed a humanitarian corridor to evacuate the rest of the Yazidi refugees from the Sinjar Mountains.[20]
In addition to the United Nations, several countries and organizations have designated the anti-Yazidi campaign of the Islamic State as a definite genocide. These include: the Council of Europe and the European Union, the United States, Canada, Armenia, and Iraq.[1][11]
Background
Yazidis and the Yazidi religion
The
In August 2014, more than 300 Yazidi families were threatened and forced to choose between conversion to Sunni Islam or death.[24]
Persecution of Yazidis
In the Ottoman Empire
- In 1640, 40,000 Ottoman soldiers attacked Yazidi communities around Mount Sinjar, killing 3,060 Yazidis during battle, then raiding and setting fire to 300 Yazidi villages and murdering 1,000–2,000 Yazidis who had taken refuge in caves around the town of Sinjar;[25][non-primary source needed]
- in 1892, Sultan Abdulhamid II ordered a campaign of mass conscription or murder of Yazidis as part of his campaign to Islamize the Ottoman Empire, which also targeted Armenians and other Christians.[26]
In post-2003 Iraq
- In April 2007, a bus in 23 Yazidi passengers were driven to an eastern Mosul location and murdered.
- In August 2007, two Yazidi communities, in
Rise of the Islamic State
Offensive into Kurdish-controlled Iraq
On 3 August 2014, ISIL militants attacked and took over Sinjar in northern Iraq, a Kurdish-controlled town that was predominantly inhabited by Yazidis,[28] and the surrounding area.
Yazidis,[29] and internet postings of ISIL,[30] have reported summary executions that day by ISIL militants, leading to 200,000 civilians fleeing Sinjar, of whom around 50,000 Yazidis were reportedly escaping to the nearby Sinjar Mountains. They were trapped on Mount Sinjar, surrounded by ISIL militants and facing starvation and dehydration.[30][31][32]
On 4 August 2014,
Massacres of Yazidis
On 3 August 2014, ISIL killed the men from the
On 4 August, ISIL fighters attacked Jabal Sinjar, and killed 30 Yazidi men; 60 more Yazidi men were killed in the village of Hardan.[34] On the same day, Yazidi community leaders stated that at least 200 Yazidis had been killed in Sinjar (see Sinjar massacre), and 60–70 near Ramadi Jabal.[34] According to reports from surviving Yazidis, between 3 and 6 August, more than 50 Yazidi were killed near
On 10 August, according to statements by the Iraqi government, ISIL militants
On 15 August, in the Yazidi village of Kojo, south of Sinjar, after the whole population had received the jihadist ultimatum to convert or be killed, over 80 men were killed.[46][47] A witness recounted that the villagers were first converted under duress,[15] but when the village elder refused to convert, all of the men were taken in trucks under the pretext of being led to Sinjar and gunned down along the way.[citation needed] According to reports from survivors interviewed by OHCHR, on 15 August, the entire male population of the Yazidi village of Khocho, up to 400 men, were rounded up and shot by ISIL, and up to 1,000 women and children were abducted; on the same day, up to 200 Yazidi men were reportedly executed for refusing conversion in a Tal Afar prison.[34]
Between 24 and 25 August 14 elderly Yazidi men were executed by ISIL in the Sheikh Mand Shrine, and the Jidala village Yazidi shrine was blown up.[34] On 1 September, the Yazidi villages of Kotan, Hareko and Kharag Shafrsky were set afire by ISIL, and on 9 September, Peshmerga fighters discovered a mass grave containing the bodies of 14 executed civilians, presumably Yazidis.[34]
According to an OHRCR/UNAMI report on 26 September, by the end of August, 1,600–1,800 or more Yazidis who had been murdered, executed, or died from starvation.[34] In early October, Matthew Barber, a scholar of Yazidi history at the University of Chicago, estimated that 5,000 Yazidi men had been killed by ISIL.[48]
According to the United Nations, ISIL had massacred 5,000 Yazidi men and kidnapped about 7000 Yazidi women and girls (who were forced into sex slavery) in northern Iraq in August 2014.[48]
In May 2015, the Yazidi Progress Party released a statement in which they said that 300 Yazidi captives were killed on 1 May by ISIL in the Tal Afar, Iraq.[49]
A 2017 survey by the PLOS Medicine journal significantly decreased the number of Yazidis killed however concurrently raised the number abducted with 2,100 to 4,400 deaths and 4,200 to 10,800 abductions.[5]
Local Arab collaboration
In several villages, local Sunnis were reported to have sided with ISIL, betraying Yazidis for slaughter once ISIL arrived, and even possibly colluding in advance with ISIL to lie to Yazidis, to lure them into staying put until the terrorists invaded, although there was also one report of Sunnis helping Yazidis to escape.[50]
Violence against Yazidi women and girls
Rape and sexual slavery
The 2017 report of the United Nations Secretary-General on conflict-related sexual violence detailed the brutal attacks on Mosul, Sinjar, Tall’Afar, and the Ninewa plains in the north and subjection of civilians to sexual violence on a horrific scale primarily against women and girls from ethnic and religious minority groups. According to declarations, 971 Yazidi women and girls have been freed while 1,882 remained enslaved in Iraq and Syria. Forced transfer of Yazidis from Mosul to Raqqah (Syria), trafficking, the sale and trade of women and children, and the use of sexually enslaved women as human shields by ISIL during the Mosul operations were also reported.[51]
Abductions
On 3 August, ISIL abducted women and children from the
The abducted Yazidi women were sold into slave markets with ISIL "using
Sex trafficking
Haleh Esfandiari from the
Speaking of Yazidi women captured by ISIL,
A United Nations report issued on 2 October 2014, based on 500 interviews with witnesses, said that ISIL took 450–500 women and girls to Iraq's Nineveh region in August where "150 unmarried girls and women, predominantly from the Yazidi and Christian communities, were reportedly transported to Syria, either to be enslaved to ISIL fighters as a 'reward' or to be sold as sex slaves".[57] Also in October 2014, a UN report revealed that ISIL had detained 5,000 to 7,000 Yazidi women as slaves or forced brides in northern Iraq in August 2014.[58]
On 4 November 2014, Dr. Widad Akrawi of Defend International said that "the international community should define what's happening to the Yezidis as a crime against humanity, crime against cultural heritage of the region and ethnic cleansing", adding that Yazidi females are being "subjected to as systematic gender-based violence and the use of slavery and rape as a weapon of war."[59] A month earlier, President of Defend International dedicated her
In June 2017, reports from Vian Dakhil of the Iraqi parliament told of a captured sex slave being fed her own one-year-old child. The woman was starved for three days in a cellar and was finally given a meal by her captors. When finished, they said "We cooked your one-year-old son that we took from you, and this is what you just ate".[68]
A young woman described her experience in a 2023 documentary Daughters of the Sun: "A man bought me. He was an Iraqi, from Til Afar. He was 24 years old ... I was his slave and had to take care of his children. He hit me all the time. I was with that family for three years. Not a day went by when he didn't hit me. Most of the time I couldn't see because my eyes were swollen."[69]
Process of selling Yazidi and Christian women
On 3 November 2014, the "price list" for Yazidi and Christian females issued by ISIL surfaced online, and Dr. Widad Akrawi and her team were the first to verify the authenticity of the document.[70][71] On 4 November 2014, a translated version of the document was shared by Akrawi.[72][73] On 4 August 2015, the same document was confirmed as genuine by a UN official.[74][75]
Writing in mid 2016, Lori Hinnant, Maya Alleruzzo and Balint Szlanko of the Associated Press reported that ISIL tightened "its grip on the estimated 3,000 women and girls held as sex slaves" even while it was losing territory to Iraqi forces.[76] ISIL sold the women on encrypted smart phone apps, primarily on Telegram and on Facebook" and to a lesser degree on WhatsApp. In advertisements for the girls seen by AP, "many of the women and girls are dressed in finery, some in heavy makeup. All look directly at the camera, standing in front of overstuffed chairs or brocade curtains in what resembles a shabby hotel ballroom. Some are barely out of elementary school. Not one looks older than 30.[76] In the documentary "Daughters of the Sun," Yazidi women describe the selling process: "Price tags were put on us. They bought us for 10 dollars, 20 dollars, some for 100 dollars, or as a gift....[I was sold] five times."[69]
Pregnancies
Various forms of reproductive violence were enacted against the Yazidi women and children to prevent birth. Captured Yazidis were taken as slaves and forced to use contraceptive pills and injections, and those captured pregnant were victims of forced abortions. Reports covered that Yazidi women and girls were told that they had to abort their previous unborn children since ISIL fighters were interested only in making Muslim babies. Forced impregnation with the intent to prevent the birth of Yazidi babies is also another form of reproductive violence and a measure taken against the group. These destructive intents and acts are described as preventing future procreation and causing severe long-term physical, psychological, and socio-political effects.[77][78]
Escape and liberation
Since 2014, efforts have been ongoing to rescue those enslaved by the Islamic State, including paying ransoms.
According to Mirza Dinnayi, founder of the German-Iraqi aid organization Luftbrücke Irak, ISIL registers "every slave, every person under their owner, and therefore if she escapes, every Daesh [ISIL] control or checkpoint, or security force - they know that this girl ... has escaped from this owner".[76] For over a year after the girls were first enslaved, Arab and Kurdish smugglers managed to free an average of 134 "slaves" a month. But by May 2016, an ISIL crackdown had reduced those numbers to just 39 in the previous six weeks, according the Kurdistan regional government. ISIL fighters targeted and killed "smugglers who rescue the captives". In 2016, funds provided by the
The freeing of Yazidi women continues, with some being found at the homes of Islamic State commanders in Ankara in July 2020.[85][86] One seven-year old Yazidi girl was rescued from two ISIS commanders in Ankara by Turkish authorities in February 2021.[87]
Claimed Islamic justification for enslaving non-Muslim women
In its digital magazine
According to The Wall Street Journal, ISIL appeals to apocalyptic beliefs and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".[95] In late 2014, ISIL released a pamphlet on the treatment of female slaves.[96][97][98][99][100] The New York Times said in August 2015 that "[t]he systematic rape of women and girls from the Yazidi religious minority has become deeply enmeshed in the organization and the radical theology of the Islamic State in the year since the group announced it was reviving slavery as an institution."[101]
Creation of Yazidi refugees
Massacre of Yazidis in the Sinjar Mountains
The ISIL offensive in the Sinjar area of northern Iraq, 3–4 August, caused 30,000–50,000 Yazidis to flee into the Sinjar Mountains (Jabal Sinjar) fearing they would be killed by ISIL. They had been threatened with death if they refused conversion to Islam. A UN representative said that "a humanitarian tragedy is unfolding in Sinjar".[102]
On 3 and 4 August 14 or more, Yazidi children and some elderly or people with disabilities died of hunger, dehydration, and heat on
Kurdish military intervention
Fifty thousand Yazidis, besieged by ISIL on Mount Sinjar, were able to escape after Kurdish
On 8 August, PKK provided humanitarian aid and camps to more than 3,000 Yazidi refugees.[110]
By 20 October, 2,000 Yazidis, mainly volunteer fighters, who had remained behind to protect the villages, but also civilians (700 families who had not yet escaped), were reported as still in the Sinjar area, and were forced by ISIL to abandon the last villages in their control, Dhoula and Bork, and retreat to the Sinjar Mountains.[112]
Forced conversions to Islam
In an article by The Washington Post, it was stated that an estimated 7,000 Yazidis had been forced to convert to "the Islamic State group's harsh interpretation of Islam".[113] Yazidi boys were taken to Raqqa, Syria to be trained to fight for ISIL, with some being forced to fight as U.S.-led forces closed in on the group.[114][115]
Return of displaced Yazidis
Following ISIL's retreat from Iraqi and Kurdish forces in the region during late 2017 campaigns, both governments laid claim to the area. The Yazidi population, with only about 15% returning to Sinjar during the period, was caught in the political crossfire. Yazidis returned to an abandoned town of crumbling buildings, leftover IEDs and the remains of those killed during the massacre.[116]
In November 2017, a mass grave of about 70 people was uncovered[117] and a month later in December, another mass grave was discovered holding about 90 victims.[118]
Thousands are still missing. To aid in the search, local business owners use their network of contacts to locate people.[119] Former captives use their contacts to buy back Yazidi women sold into sex slavery and return them to their family. This additionally prevents their organs from being sold on the black market, each of which, according to an Islamic State informant, can be sold for $60,000 - $70,000.[120]
Fate of Yazidi captives of the Islamic State
In January 2015, about 200 Yazidis were released by ISIL. Kurdish military officials believed they were released because they were a burden. On 8 April 2015, 216 Yazidis, with the majority being children and elderly, were released by ISIL after being held captive for about eight months. Their release occurred following an offensive by U.S.-led air assaults and pressure from Iraqi ground forces who were
In March 2016,
In March 2016, the militant group Kurdistan Workers' Party managed to free 51 Yazidis held hostages by ISIL in an operation called 'Operation Vengeance for Martyrs of Shilo'[124] Three Kurdistan Workers' Party guerrillas died during the operation.
In April 2016, the Kurdistan Workers' Party with the Sinjar Resistance Units managed to free another 53 Yazidis held hostages by ISIL.[125]
Rise of Yazidi anti-Arab militias
According to a report by Amnesty International, on January 25, 2015, members of a Yazidi militia attacked two Arab villages (Jiri and Sibaya) in the Sinjar region of northern Iraq, killing 21 civilians. The gunmen also kidnapped 40 other residents, 17 of whom are still missing and presumed dead.[126]
Classification as a genocide
Many international organisations, governments and parliaments, as well as groups have classified ISIL's treatment of the Yazidis as genocide, and condemned it as such. The Genocide of Yazidis has been officially recognized by several bodies of the
In 2017, CNN journalists Jomana Karadsheh and Chris Jackson interviewed former Yazidi captives and exclusively filmed the Daesh Criminal Investigations Unit (DCIU), a team of Iraqi Kurdish and western investigators who have been operating secretly in Northern Iraq, for more than two years, collecting evidence of ISIS’ war crimes.[136]
- United Nations:
- In a March 2015 report, the persecution of the Yazidi people was qualified as a genocide by the forced religious conversion and sexual slavery as being parts of an overall malicious campaign.[11][137]
- In August 2017, the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) stated that 'ISIL committed the crime of genocide by seeking to destroy the Yazidis through killings, sexual slavery, enslavement, torture, forcible displacement, the transfer of children and measures intended to prohibit the birth of Yazidi children.' It added that the genocide was ongoing, and stating that the international community still must recognize the detrimental effects of the genocide. The Commission wrote that, while some countries may choose to overlook the idea of the genocide, the atrocities need to be understood and the international community needs to bring the killings to an end.[138]
- In 2018, the Security Council team enforced the idea of a new accountability team that would collect evidence of the international crimes committed by the Islamic State. However, the international community has not been in full support of this idea, because it can sometimes oversee the crimes that other armed groups are involved in.[139]
- On 10 May 2021, the United Nations Investigative Team to Promote Accountability for Crimes Committed by Da'esh/ISIL (UNITAD) determined that ISIL's actions in Iraq constituted genocide.[140][141][142]
- In a March 2015 report, the persecution of the Yazidi people was qualified as a genocide by the
- Council of Europe: On 27 January 2016, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution stating: "individuals who act in the name of the terrorist entity which calls itself 'Islamic State' (Daesh) ... have perpetrated acts of genocide and other serious crimes punishable under international law. States should act on the presumption that Daesh commits genocide and should be aware that this entails action under the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide." However, it did not identify victims.[143]
- European Union: On 4 February 2016, the European Parliament unanimously passed a resolution to recognise 'that the so-called 'ISIS/Daesh' is committing genocide against Christians and Yazidis, and other religious and ethnic minorities, who do not agree with the so-called 'ISIS/Daesh' interpretation of Islam, and that this therefore entails action under the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.'[129][144] Additionally, it called for those who intentionally committed atrocities for ethnic or religious reasons to be brought to justice for violating international law, and committing crimes against humanity, and genocide.[129][144]
- Shia and other groups by ISIL were acts of genocide. Days later on 17 March 2016, United States Secretary of State John Kerry declared that the violence initiated by ISIL against the Yazidis and others amounted to genocide.[134]
- United Kingdom: On 20 April 2016, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom unanimously supported a motion to declare that the treatment of Yazidis and Christians by the Islamic State amounted to genocide, to condemn it as such, and to refer the issue to the UN Security Council. In doing so, Conservative MPs defied their own party's government, who had tried to dissuade them from making such a statement, because of the Foreign Office legal department's long-standing policy (dating back to the 1948 passing of the Genocide Convention) of refusing to give a legal description to potential war crimes. Foreign Office secretary Tobias Ellwood – who was jeered at and interrupted by MPs during his speech in the debate – stated that he personally believed genocide had taken place, but that it was not up to politicians to make that determination, but to the courts.[132] Furthermore, on 23 March 2017, the regional devolved Scottish Parliament adopted a motion stating: '[The Scottish Parliament] recognises and condemns the genocide perpetrated against the Yezidi people by Daesh [ISIS]; acknowledges the great human suffering and loss that have been inflicted by bigotry, brutality and religious intolerance, [and] further acknowledges and condemns the crimes perpetrated by Daesh against Muslims, Christians, Arabs, Kurds and all of the religious and ethnic communities of Iraq and Syria; welcomes the actions of the US Congress, the European Parliament, the French Senate, the UN and others in formally recognising the genocide'.[146][147]
- Canada: On 25 October 2016, the House of Commons of Canada unanimously supported a motion tabled by MP Michelle Rempel Garner (CPC) to recognise that ISIS was committing genocide against the Yazidi people, to acknowledge that ISIS still kept many Yazidi women and girls captive as sex slaves, to support and take action on a recent UN commission report, and provide asylum to Yazidi women and girls within 120 days.[133]
- Armenia: In January 2018, the Armenian parliament recognised and condemned the 2014 genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State, and called on the international community to conduct an international investigation into the events.[151]
- Israel: On 21 November 2018, a bill tabled by opposition MP Ksenia Svetlova (ZU) to recognise the Islamic State's killing of Yazidis as a genocide was defeated in a 58 to 38 vote in the Knesset. The coalition parties motivated their rejection of the bill by saying that the United Nations had not yet recognised it as a genocide.[152]
- Daesh against the Yazidis, Turkmen, Christians and Shabaks to be genocide and crimes against humanity."[153] The law provides compensation, measures for rehabilitation and reintegration, pensions, provision of land, housing, and education, and a quota in public sector employment.[154] On 10 May 2021, the United Nations Investigative Team to Promote Accountability for Crimes Committed by Da'esh/ISIL (UNITAD) determined that ISIL's actions in Iraq constituted genocide.[140]
- Belgium: On 30 June 2021, the Foreign Relations Commission of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives unanimously approved a resolution by opposition representatives Georges Dallemagne (cdH) and Koen Metsu (N-VA) to recognise ISIL's August 2014 massacre of thousands of Yazidi men and enslavement of thousands of Yazidi women and children as genocide. The resolution, which would likely also pass with overwhelming approval in the Chamber itself, called on the Belgian government to increase its efforts to support victims, and prosecute perpetrators (either at the International Criminal Court, or at a new ad hoc tribunal).[155] On 17 July 2021, the Belgian parliament unanimously voted to recognize the suffering of the Yazidis at the hands of the Islamic State (ISIS) in 2014 as a genocide.[156]
- Netherlands: On 6 July 2021, the Dutch House of Representatives unanimously passed a motion tabled by MP Anne Kuik (CDA) which recognised the crimes of Islamic State against the Yazidi population as a genocide and crimes against humanity.[157]
- Germany: On 19 January 2023, the German Bundestag unanimously recognized the crimes against Yazidis as genocide.[158] The resolution, which was jointly tabled by the government and the opposition, also calls for prosecution of the perpetrators and aid for rebuilding Yazidi villages.[159]
Timeline
Timeline | Genocidal and related events |
---|---|
2013 | Threatening of Yazidi students in Mosul University by Islamists[160][161] |
10 June 2014 | Iraq’s second largest city, Mosul fell under ISIS control[160][161] |
16 June 2014 | ISIS seized Tel Afar[160][161] |
3 August 2014 | ISIS attacked Sinjar after withdrawal of Kurdish forces. Yezidi IDPs fled to Sinjar mountain but are trapped with no access to essentials. Many died trying to escape[160] |
4 August 2014 | At least 60 Yazidi men were killed by ISIS in Hardan village while women and children were forcefully taken as captives to Tel Afar.[160] |
7 August 2014 | Air strike by the United States to ‘end siege’ on Mount Sinjar. Several thousands of Yazidis had already been killed or taken captive by ISIS[160][162] |
9-11 August 2014 | Escaping corridor from Mount Sinjar created by the Syrian Kurdish forces. At least 100,000 IDPs arrived in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq[160][163] |
14 August 2014 | United States ended humanitarian air drops on Mount Sinjar[160][164] |
15 August 2014 | ISIS carried out the Kocho massacre after two weeks of siege. The majority of village men were killed and boys were forced to become child soldiers, The women and girls were sold into sexual slavery[160][165] |
October 2014 | ISIS continued its propaganda on its Dabiq[clarification needed] to enslave Yazidis[160][166] |
13 November 2015 | Kurdish forces and Yazidi armed groups liberated Shingal from ISIS[160][167] |
22 March 2019 | Baghouz of eastern Syria is liberated. Yazidi captives were reportedly beheaded by ISIS. Yazidi coerced child soldiers were released[160][168] |
27 October 2019 | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the ISIS leader was killed by the United States in Syria[160][169] |
1 March 2021 | Yazidi survivors legislation ratified by the Iraq parliament to offer compensation, land & jobs[160][170] |
6 February 2021 | A funeral was held for the 104 Yazidis from the Kocho massacre. Hundreds of bodies were exhumed from about 80 mass graves located around Sinjar, some of which could not be identified.[160][171] |
International reactions
ISIL's atrocities against Yazidis were strongly condemned by prominent Islamic scholars and Muslim organizations.[172][173][174]
Western-led military intervention
On 7 August 2014, U.S. President
On 8 August 2014, the US asserted that the systematic destruction of the Yazidi people by the Islamic State was genocide.[175]
President Barack Obama had authorized the attacks to protect Yazidis but also Americans and Iraqi minorities. President Obama gave an assurance that no troops would be deployed for combat. Along with the airstrikes of 9 August, the US
On 10 August 2014, at approximately 2:15 a.m. ET, the US carried out five additional airstrikes on armed vehicles and a mortar position, enabling 20,000–30,000 Yazidi Iraqis to flee into Syria and later be rescued by Kurdish forces. The Kurdish forces then provided shelter for the Yazidis in
On 13 August 2014, fewer than 20
In a statement on 14 August 2014, The Pentagon said that the 20 US personnel who had visited the previous day had concluded that a rescue operation was probably unnecessary since there was less danger from exposure or dehydration and the Yazidis were no longer believed to be at risk of attack from ISIL. Estimates also stated that 4,000 to 5,000 people remained on the mountain, with nearly half of which being Yazidi herders who lived there before the siege.[181][182][183]
Kurdish officials and Yazidi refugees stated that thousands of young, elderly, and disabled individuals on the mountain were still vulnerable, with the governor of Kurdistan's
Humanitarian aid
IDP camps are built to be temporary solutions, but they trap you in a cycle of day-to-day survival, rather than allowing you to progress toward recovery.
— Nadia Murad, August 2022 [184]
30,000-40,000 Yazidis fled to Syria, 100,000 Yazidis took refuge in Kurdish controlled
The US military air dropped food and water to Yazidis trapped on Mount Sinjar.[192] Today's Zaman reported that Turkey also airdropped humanitarian aid to Yazidi refugees within Iraq.[193]
United Nations, Arab League, and NGOs
- United Nations – On 13 August 2014, the United Nations declared the Yazidi crisis a highest-level "Level 3 Emergency", saying that the declaration "will facilitate mobilization of additional resources in goods, funds and assets to ensure a more effective response to the humanitarian needs of populations affected by forced displacements".[183][194] On 19 March 2015, a United Nations panel concluded that ISIL "may have committed" genocide against the Yazidis with an investigation head, Suki Nagra, stating that the attacks on the Yazidis "were not just spontaneous or happened out of the blue, they were clearly orchestrated".[195]
- Arab League – On 11 August 2014, the Arab League accused ISIL of committing crimes against humanity by persecuting the Yazidis.[196][197]
- Defend International – On 6 September 2014, Defend International launched a worldwide campaign entitled "Save The Yazidis: The World Has To Act Now" to raise awareness about the tragedy of the Yazidis in Sinjar; coordinate activities related to intensifying efforts aimed at rescuing Yazidi and Christian women and girls captured by ISIL; provide a platform for discussion and the exchange of information on matters and activities relevant to securing the fundamental rights of the Yazidis, no matter where they reside; and building a bridge between potential partners and communities whose work is relevant to the campaign, including individuals, groups, communities, and organizations active in the areas of women's and girls' rights, inter alia, as well as actors involved in ending modern-day slavery and violence against women and girls.[67][198] The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) emphasized the continued threats against Yazidis and made calls for U.S. government action to support the human rights and religious freedom of the group in Iraq.[199]
Prosecutions of Islamic State personnel
Amal Clooney of the Center for Justice & Accountability (CJA), represented five Yazidi women before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia against Umm Sayyaf seeking prosecution of Sayyaf for her role in their enslavement.[200] In 2021, German courts convicted ISIS women for their involvement in the enslavement of Yazidi women.[201] German courts also prosecuted Taha al-Jumailly, an Iraqi member of the Islamic State, for his involvement in the Yazidi genocide, to include the murder of a five-year-old girl.[202] A report by the Yazidi Justice Committee covered the allegation of countries, Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, for failing to prevent and punish the genocide.[203]
Resettlement of Yazidi refugees
United States Senators Amy Klobuchar and Lindsey Graham have called on United States President Joe Biden to help resettle Yazidi survivors of the Islamic State campaign of 2014-2017.[204]
Documentaries and films
See also
- 2007 Yazidi communities bombings
- Al-Anfal Campaign
- Collaboration with ISIL
- Freedom of religion in Iraq
- Freedom of religion in Syria
- Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State
- History of slavery in the Muslim world
- Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq
- Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory
- Human rights in the Middle East
- Human rights in Muslim-majority countries
- Human rights in post-invasion Iraq
- Human rights in Syria
- Human trafficking in the Middle East
- Islam and other religions
- Islam and violence
- Islamic views on slavery
- It's On U
- Mass executions in ISIL-occupied Mosul
- Military intervention against ISIL
- Persecution of Shias by ISIL
- Yazidism in Iraq
- Racism in the Arab world
- Racism in Muslim communities
- Slavery and religion
- Slavery in 21st-century jihadism
- Slavery in Iraq
- Slavery in Syria
- Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East
Further reading
- Revkin, Mara; Wood, Elisabeth (2021). "The Islamic State's Pattern of Sexual Violence: Ideology and Institutions, Policies and Practices". The Journal of Global Security Studies. 6 (2): 1–20. .
- Nanninga, Pieter (2019). "Religion and International Crimes: The Case of the Islamic State". In Smeulers, Alette; Weerdesteijn, Maartje; Hola, Barbora (eds.). Perpetrators of International Crimes: Theories, Methods, and Evidence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882999-7.
References
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- ^ "4 years ago: the genocide against the Yazidis in northern Iraq (August 3, 2014)". Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker e.V. (GfbV). Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Taylor, Lin (9 May 2017). "Nearly 10,000 Yazidis killed, kidnapped by Islamic State in 2014, study finds". Reuters. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- ^ PMID 28486492.
- ^ VICE News. Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ a b Pamuk, Humeyra (26 August 2014). "Smugglers and Kurdish militants help Iraq's Yazidis flee to Turkey". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- ^ a b Shelton, Tracey. "'If it wasn't for the Kurdish fighters, we would have died up there'". GlobalPost. Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ Watson, Ivan; Botelho, Greg (10 August 2014). "Yazidi survivor recalls horror of evading ISIS, death". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ Huffington Post. 10 August 2014. Archivedfrom the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
- ^ BBC Russian Service/BBC. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Hurriyet Daily News.
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- ^ "Number of Yazidi refugees in Turkey swells to 16,000: Official - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. September 2014.
- ^ "10 days in Iraq: Aid drops, air-strikes and 200,000 new refugees". BBC News. 14 August 2014.
- ^ "Davutoğlu: Turkish aid air-dropped to Yazidis in Sinjar mountains". Today's Zaman. 7 August 2014. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
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- ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (19 March 2015). "ISIS Suspected of Genocide Against Yazidis in Iraq, U.N. Panel Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
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- ^ Johnston, Holly (23 April 2021). "German court convicts ISIS woman of crimes against humanity for Yazidi enslavement". Rudaw. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
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External links
- The Islamic State, Vice News report (segment featuring Yazidi refugees starts at 39:50)
- "Aftermath of a genocide—Yazidis of Sinjar". Close Up — The Current Affairs Documentary. 7 July 2018. Deutsche Welle TV.