Geoffrey Fisher
PC | |
---|---|
Archbishop of Canterbury | |
Installed | 1945 |
Term ended | 1961 |
Predecessor | William Temple |
Successor | Michael Ramsey |
Other post(s) | Bishop of Chester (1932–1939) Bishop of London (1939–1945) |
Orders | |
Ordination | 1912 (deacon) 1913 (priest) |
Consecration | 21 September 1932 |
Personal details | |
Born | Higham on the Hill, Leicestershire, England | 5 May 1887
Died | 15 September 1972 | (aged 85)
Buried | St Andrew's Church, Trent, Dorset, England |
Denomination | Anglicanism |
Spouse | Rosamond Fisher |
Children |
|
Geoffrey Francis Fisher, Baron Fisher of Lambeth,
From a long line of parish priests, Fisher was educated at
In 1944, the Archbishop of Canterbury,
Theologically, Fisher was nearer the
Life and career
Early years
Fisher was born at the rectory, Higham on the Hill, Leicestershire, youngest of the ten children of the Rev Henry Fisher and his wife Katherine, née Richmond.[1] A Fisher had served as rector of Higham since 1772: Henry Fisher's father and grandfather had preceded him; his eldest son, Legh, later held the post.[1][n 1] After a short time in the Higham village school Fisher was sent to Lindley Lodge, a local preparatory school and in September 1901, having gained a scholarship, he entered Marlborough College, a public school in Wiltshire.[3] He was greatly influenced by the headmaster, Frank Fletcher, an inspiring teacher,[n 2] under whose guidance he did well both academically and in sport.[5]
From Marlborough, Fisher won a scholarship to
After completing his studies, Fisher declined two offers of lecturerships in theology from Oxford colleges. Although intellectually able he was not of an academic turn of mind. In the words of his biographer David Hein, "scholars must be intellectually imaginative and also persistently dissatisfied, even sceptical, in a way that Fisher never was".[3] He said that he did not want "to go on asking questions to which there is no answer".[7] He accepted an invitation from Fletcher to return to Marlborough as a member of the teaching staff, remaining there for three years, during which time he went to Wells Theological College during the long summer vacation in 1911, and was ordained deacon in 1912, and priest in 1913.[5]
Repton
In 1914 William Temple, the headmaster of Repton School, was appointed rector of the prominent parish of St James's, Piccadilly in London. He then encouraged Fisher to apply for the resulting vacancy at Repton, as did Fletcher. Fisher's application was successful and he took up the headmastership in June 1914, at the age of 27.[8]
Within two months of his appointment Fisher was confronted by problems arising from the outbreak of the
Fisher was in charge of Repton for 18 years, during which he improved the facilities, instilled firm discipline and modernised the curriculum. His biographer Alan Webster writes:
Among Fisher's pupils at Repton were Stuart Hampshire and Roald Dahl, both of whom complained that his personally administered beatings had been cruel.[11][n 4] Other pupils admired "his combination of extreme competence, lack of self-concern, and genial humour".[5]
While at Repton, Fisher met Rosamond Chevallier Forman, who was the daughter of a former master at Repton and a granddaughter of S. A. Pears, a famous headmaster of the school. They were married on 12 April 1917; they had six children, all sons. Webster writes that the marriage was lifelong and mutually supportive.[5] By the early 1930s Fisher felt that it was time to move on from Repton, and was hoping for an appointment as a parish priest, preferably in a rural parish.[12]
Bishop of Chester
Temple had watched his successor's progress at Repton, and once again intervened to further Fisher's career.
It was unusual for a bishop to be appointed without having any experience as a parish priest, and Fisher had to overcome reservations about him on that score from some of the clergy in his diocese.[14] Webster writes that Fisher and his wife proved to be exceptionally hard-working, but the lack of previous pastoral experience showed:
Fisher became an advocate for rationalisation in many aspects of church life. He pointed out the discrepancies in the remuneration of the clergy, with some of them extremely poorly paid;[n 5] he drew attention to the lack of a consistent appointment system; he intervened to save the Church Training College in Chester from threatened closure; strengthened the financial administration of the diocese; and campaigned for financial support of church schools, overseas missions and the widows of clergy.[5][14] He was at the forefront of the Industrial Christian Fellowship Mission, and his commitment often took him to the slums of Birkenhead.[5] In Webster's summary, "He was a confident bishop, never doubting the natural and pastoral role of the established church or experiencing the post-1900 questionings in philosophy and theology. He had no hesitations over his own faith".[5]
Bishop of London
In 1939 Arthur Winnington-Ingram, the long-serving Bishop of London, retired, aged 81. During his 38-year tenure the diocese was riven by factions and came close to disintegrating.[16] It was clear that Winnington-Ingram's successor must be a man with a strong hand; Fisher was seen as one such, and Lang favoured his appointment. But although Fisher's record as an organiser and disciplinarian was well known, his theological views were not, and the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, sought reassurance from Lang that Fisher was doctrinally sound. The archbishop told Chamberlain that Fisher was "undoubtedly a man of deep personal religion. His piety is that of the best type of English layman … he is very shy and humble about it (very English)".[17] Chamberlain was reassured, and recommended to George VI that Fisher should succeed Winnington-Ingram.[18] The King approved the appointment, but Fisher hesitated when offered it. He saw the great difficulties the turbulent diocese presented, and doubted his ability to unite it. After much private prayer, and reassurance from colleagues, he accepted and was enthroned as Bishop of London in St Paul's Cathedral in November 1939.[19][20]
The
Fisher, in the words of The Times, went about his duties "with a calm diligence which won general respect" and returned each night to sleep in the cellar at Fulham Palace.[15] The war and the leadership of Temple – who succeeded Lang at Canterbury in 1942 – had begun to improve relations between the various Christian churches – Anglican, Roman Catholic and noncomformist. Though firmly Protestant in his views Fisher strongly supported this and acted as chairman of the joint committee in which the Anglican and Free Church "Religion and Life" movement cooperated with the Roman Catholic "Sword of the Spirit" led by Cardinal Hinsley, in the cause of "moral regeneration and social reform".[15] Fisher was frustrated by the refusal of some Roman Catholics to say even the Lord's Prayer with Protestants.[5] Hinsley's death in 1943 was another blow to inter-church co-operation; his successor was opposed to it.[n 7] Another only partial success for Fisher was his attempt to regulate the variety of forms of worship in London churches. The diocese had a tradition of High Church ritualism,[n 8] and clerical dissent from the provisions of the Book of Common Prayer. Fisher sought to pursue the principle of apostolic authority to bring all parishes in the diocese back into conformity, but the matter was not resolved when he ceased to be Bishop of London in 1945.[15]
Archbishop of Canterbury
In October 1944 Archbishop Temple died suddenly. Cyril Garbett, the Archbishop of York, was nearly 70 and declined to succeed him at Canterbury.[15] Many in the church hoped that the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, would appoint another reform-minded idealist such as George Bell, the Bishop of Chichester, but Churchill chose Fisher. Temple had hoped Fisher would be his successor, valuing his precision and administrative skill. Garbett, too, approved; he and Fisher were close personal friends.[24] In his view Canterbury needed "a dynamic presence for some years, not a caretaker", and he welcomed working with Fisher.[25] Nonetheless, after Churchill lost the 1945 general election, the Church was left, in Webster's words, with "a reforming Labour government" but "a conservative, headmasterly archbishop who, though warm-hearted, was determined to maintain the protestant establishment".[5] According to The Times, Garbett and Fisher cooperated in the government of the Church in an unusually close manner made possible by strong mutual regard. "Garbett had a wider knowledge of social matters and was more at home than Fisher in the disputed territory which lies between religion and politics. Fisher was happy to have his hands free for the task of refurbishing the administrative structure of the Church".[15] His obituarist in The Guardian wrote, "It was a grim and testing moment for any man to take up the highest position in the whole of the Anglican communion. He at once rose to it, partly by his clear self-knowledge that he was no Temple and must never try to become one."[26]
Canon law
Fisher put considerable effort into revising the Church of England's canon law. The canons of 1604 were still nominally in force, despite being substantially out of date.[27][n 9] His efforts provoked bitter controversy. In 1946 he preached a university sermon at Cambridge on the theme that communion between the Church of England and the Free Churches was possible and should be pursued. His enthusiastic support for the World Council of Churches and his blessing of the new Church of South India, an Anglican and Free Church coalition, were viewed with hostility by some Anglo-Catholics. They suspected Fisher of fostering pan-Protestantism, and the force with which he criticised the exclusiveness of the Church of Rome added to their resistance. They regarded his detailed and painstaking revision of canon law with similar suspicion. The Times summed up:
Fisher also met resistance from liberals in the church, who regarded his canon law reforms as unduly bureaucratic and calculated to institute a regime of "prosecutions and petty persecutions".[15] The reforms were eventually accepted, but it took many years: they were not formally adopted until 1969, under Fisher's successor, Michael Ramsey.[29]
Marriages, coronation and divorces
Fisher officiated at
One of Fisher's aims during his 16 years as archbishop was to make the position of the Church about the marriage of divorced people widely understood and accepted. He staunchly upheld the rules that would have prevented Princess Margaret and Townsend from marrying in church, but in the words of The Guardian, he "combin[ed] that undoubted rigour with a profound compassion for all those whose lives had been ... wrecked by a disastrous marriage. That road lay over a knife-edge of perplexity and contradiction, but he trod it creatively."[26]
Church unity and administration
For Fisher, the most important initiative of his archiepiscopate was to advance the cause of Christian unity. Strengthening ties did not necessarily mean converging theologically. To Fisher, better relations grew out of free communication and mutual respect.
As he had at Chester, as Archbishop of Canterbury Fisher concerned himself with modernising the administration of the Church. According to The Guardian, "His incessant pleas to relieve the poverty of the clergy were heard, and it was in his time that the Church Commissioners shook themselves free from their old obligation to invest only in trustee securities – a stroke which relieved many a vicarage from grinding poverty".[26]
Later years as archbishop
In 1956 Garbett, Fisher's friend and confidant, retired; the new Archbishop of York was Michael Ramsey. He had been a pupil under Fisher at Repton, and in the words of a biographer, Fisher "still played the headmaster" to Ramsey even after he became an archbishop.
In 1958, at a time of heightened fear of
Fisher tried to influence the choice of his successor. He preferred the evangelical Donald Coggan, Bishop of Bradford, to the more obvious choice, Ramsey. To Fisher, the latter was too much a party man – too closely allied with the Anglo-Catholic wing of the church.[38] Macmillan, with whom Fisher got on least well of the four prime ministers with whom he had to deal during his time in office, was not swayed by his arguments.[39] Several versions exist of the exchange between archbishop and premier, all to the effect that Fisher said that as Ramsey's former headmaster he did not consider him suitable, to which Macmillan is said to have replied that Fisher may have been Ramsey's headmaster but had never been his, and that he would make up his own mind.[40] Fisher retired on 17 January 1961; Ramsey succeeded him.[5]
Retirement
Fisher was made a life peer, with the title of Baron Fisher of Lambeth, of Lambeth in the County of London.[41] He and his wife settled at Trent rectory, near Sherborne, in Dorset, where he served as an honorary assistant priest. Webster describes him as "a warm-hearted country parson, getting to know everyone in the village and playing chess with some of the boys". In retirement he bombarded his successor with "critical and sometimes harsh comments" (Webster). Ramsey, though hurt, contented himself with observing, "The trouble with Geoffrey is that he could not get episcopacy out of his system".[5]
Fisher died on 15 September 1972 and was buried in the churchyard at Trent on 20 September. A memorial service, led by Ramsey, was held in Canterbury Cathedral on the same day as Fisher's interment at Trent. Ramsey concluded his eulogy, "Today Christians of every tradition, Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, Protestant, salute the memory of a leader and a friend".[42] A memorial to Fisher was erected in the chapel of St Gregory in Canterbury Cathedral.[5]
Honours
As well as being created a life peer, Fisher received the
Notes, references and sources
Notes
- ^ There was a 24-year gap between Henry and Legh's tenure; the latter was appointed in 1943.[2]
- ^ Sir Frank Fletcher (1870–1954) was described by William Temple, Fisher's predecessor as Archbishop of Canterbury, another former Fletcher pupil, as "a supreme teacher"[4]
- ^ He gained a first in Mods (i.e. "Classical Moderations" – Greek and Latin literature) in 1908; another in Greats ("Literae Humaniores" – philosophy and ancient history) in 1910; and finally in theology in 1911.[3]
- ^ Dahl claimed to remember a beating Fisher gave to a fellow pupil in 1933, despite the fact that Fisher was no longer at the school at the time of the supposed incident.[11]
- ^ Fisher told his diocesan conference that if it were in his power he would make every beneficiary carry the same stipend, with additional allowances for length of service and special claims.[15]
- ^ Senior diocesan bishops sat, and still (2019) sit by right in the House of Lords.[21]
- ^ Hinsley's two immediate successors, Archbishops Bernard Griffin and William Godfrey were unenthusiastic about co-operation with Protestants, and distanced their church from ecumenism.[22][23]
- ^ Anglo-Catholicism was dubbed the "London, Brighton and South-Coast religion".[15]
- ^ Fisher's biographers Chandler and Hein cite such anachronisms as rules about what the clergy might wear: "No ecclesiastical person shall wear any coif or wrought night-cap, but only plain night-caps of black silk, satin or velvet … and that they wear not any light-coloured stockings".[27][28]
References
- ^ a b Chandler and Hein, p. 10
- ^ "Appointed Rector", Tamworth Herald, 11 September 1943, p. 6
- ^ a b c Hein, p. 5
- ^ "Sir Frank Fletcher", The Times, 18 November 1954, p. 11
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Webster, Alan. "Fisher, Geoffrey Francis, Baron Fisher of Lambeth", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 5 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Hein, p. 6
- ^ Quoted in Chandler and Hein, p. 14
- ^ Hein, pp. 7–8
- ^ a b Hein, p. 8
- ^ "Lord Fisher of Lambeth", The Times, 16 September 1972, p. 14
- ^ a b Chandler and Hein, p. 17
- ^ a b c Chandler and Hein, p. 23
- ^ "Ecclesiastical News", The Times, 22 September 1932, p. 13
- ^ a b c Hein, p. 18
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Lord Fisher of Lambeth", The Times, 16 September 1972, p. 14
- ^ Chandler and Hein, p. 25
- ^ Quoted in Chandler and Hein, p. 26
- ^ Chandler and Hein, p. 26
- ^ Chandler and Hein, pp. 26–27
- ^ "Bishop of London Enthroned", The Times, 4 November 1939, p. 3
- ^ "Lords Spiritual and Temporal, Parliament.co.uk. Retrieved 8 December 2019
- ^ Walsh, Michael J. "Griffin, Bernard William (1899–1956), Roman Catholic archbishop of Westminster", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2019. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Gaine, Michael. "Godfrey, William (1889–1963), Roman Catholic archbishop of Westminster", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Carpenter, p. 237
- ^ Chandler and Hein, p. lviii
- ^ a b c d e f g "Lord Fisher of Lambeth", The Guardian, 16 September 1972, p. 7
- ^ a b Chandler and Hein, p. lxii
- ^ Book of Common Prayer, 1841, p. 25
- ^ Chandler and Hein, p. 45
- ^ Sumner Holmes, pp. 78–79
- ^ Chandler and Hein, p. 49
- ^ "'Full Communion' Between the Churches: Archbishop of Canterbury's Suggestion", The Manchester Guardian, 4 November 1946, p. 3
- ^ Dales, p. 142
- ^ Longley, Clifford. "Dr Ramsey: always the theologian", The Times, 15 November 1974, p. 18
- ^ a b Carpenter, p. 393
- ^ a b "Religion: The Atom & the Archbishop", Time, 28 July 1958. (subscription required)
- ^ Logue, Christopher. "One quick push for paradise", The Guardian, 28 August 1999
- ^ Hein, p. 105
- ^ Chandler and Hein, pp. 114–115
- The Church Times, 8 January 2009; "Headmasterly", The Times, 23 March 2012; and Hennessy, p. 250
- ^ "No. 42369". The London Gazette. 2 June 1961. p. 4053.
- ^ "Last tributes paid to Lord Fisher", The Times, 21 September 1972, p. 16
- ^ "No. 38493". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1949. p. 5.
- ^ "No. 39863". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 June 1953. p. 2946.
- ^ Debrett's Peerage. 1973.
- ^ "The Armorial Bearings of the Bishops of Chester". Cheshire Heraldry Society. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
Sources
- Carpenter, Edward (1991). Archbishop Fisher: His Life and Times. Norwich: Canterbury Press. ISBN 978-1-85311-016-0.
- Chandler, Andrew; David Hein (2012). Archbishop Fisher, 1945–1961. The Archbishops of Canterbury. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4094-1233-5.
- Dales, Douglas (2001). Glory Descending: Michael Ramsey and his Writings. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3039-5.
- Hein, David (2008). Geoffrey Fisher: Archbishop of Canterbury. Cambridge: James Clarke. ISBN 978-0-227-17295-7.
- Hennessy, Peter (2001). The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders Since 1945. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-028393-8.
- Sumner Holmes, Ann (2017). The Church of England and Divorce in the Twentieth Century. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-84893-617-1.