Geographical renaming

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Geographical renaming is the changing of the

dual names
for various reasons.

Background

A change might see a completely different name being adopted or may only be a slight change in spelling. Some names are changed locally but the new names are not recognised by other countries, especially when there is a difference in language. Other names may not be officially recognised but remain in common use. Many places have different names in different languages, and a change of language in official or general use has often resulted in what is arguably a change of name. There are many reasons to undertake renaming, with political motivation being the primary cause; for example many places in the former Soviet Union and its satellites were

renamed to honour Stalin. Sometimes a place reverts to its former name (see, for example, de-Stalinization).[citation needed
]

One of the most common reasons for a country changing its name is newly acquired independence. When borders are changed, sometimes due to a country splitting or two countries joining, the names of the relevant areas can change. This, however, is more the creation of a different entity than an act of geographical renaming.[citation needed]

Place names may revert to an earlier name; for instance in Australia, pre-colonial names established thousands of years ago by

Uluru / Ayers Rock, where a dual naming strategy was adopted but it is now commonly known as Uluru.[1]

Other more unusual reasons for renaming have included getting rid of an inappropriate or embarrassing name, or as part of a sponsorship deal or publicity stunt.[2]

In some cases established institutions preserve the old names of the renamed places in their names, such as the Pusan National University in Busan, South Korea; the Peking University in Beijing; Bombay Stock Exchange, IIT Bombay and the Bombay High Court in Mumbai; University of Madras, Madras Stock Exchange, the Madras High Court, and IIT Madras in Chennai; the University of Malaya, Keretapi Tanah Melayu, in Malaysia; and SWAPO (South West Africa People's Organization), the ruling party of Namibia. Often the older name will persist in colloquial expressions. For example, the dish known in English as "Peking duck" retained that name even when the Chinese capital changed its transliteration to "Beijing".[citation needed]

Romanisation

Changes in

romanisation systems can result in minor or major changes in spelling in the Roman alphabet for geographical entities, even without any change in name pronunciation or spelling in the local alphabet or other writing system. Names in non-Roman characters can also be spelled very differently when Romanised in different European languages.[citation needed
]

Chinese names

China developed and adopted the

Taiwan, particularly within Taipei and other Kuomintang controlled cities and counties, in a recent push to adopt Pinyin by the Kuomintang government.[citation needed
]

Examples of changes:[citation needed]

In the People's Republic of China

In the Republic of China (Taiwan)

  • Shih-lin → Shilin
  • Chung-cheng → Zhongzheng
  • Tamsui
    → Danshui (since reverted)

In Singapore[3]

Korean names

The introduction of the Revised Romanization of Korean in place of the McCune–Reischauer system on 7 July 2000 by the South Korean government has resulted in a string of changes to geographical names. The system is not used by North Korea. Examples of changes include:

Exonyms and endonyms

For geographical entities with multiple pre-existing names in one or more languages, an

exonym or endonym
may gradually be substituted and used in the English language.

Changes resulting from splits and mergers

List of significant name changes

This is a list of internationally important or significant renamings.

Countries

The British government records changes of countries' names.[6]

Partially recognized states

Subnational entities

Australia
Bangladesh
Main article: List of renamed places in Bangladesh
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China
Cuba
France
India
Further information: Renaming of cities in India
Indonesia
  • Irian Barat → Irian Jaya (1973) → Papua (2001)
  • Irian Jaya Barat → Papua Barat (2007)
  • Aceh Darussalam → Daerah Istimewa Aceh (1959) → Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam (2001) → Aceh (2009)
Ireland
Kazakhstan
Malaysia
Mexico
Netherlands
Pakistan
Russia
South Africa
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
  • State of Massachusetts Bay →
    Commonwealth of Massachusetts
    (1781)
  • State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations →
    State of Rhode Island
    (2020)

Cities and towns

  • Amadora, Portugal, was known as Porcalhota until 1907. The name change was due to the unflattering meaning of the original toponym (something like "Little dirty one").
  • Astana, Kazakhstan – renamed Nur-Sultan from 2019 to 2022. Kazakhstan's legislature passed a law on 20 March 2019 to rename the Central Asian nation's capital city from Astana to Nur-Sultan. The act came one day after Nursultan Nazarbayev's resignation as president of the country.
  • Attock, Pakistan, was known as Campbellpur.
  • Atyrau, Kazakhstan, formerly from 1708 to 1992 as Guriev (or Gur'yev, Gurjev, or Guryev)
  • Banda Aceh, Indonesia – formerly known as Kutaraja.
  • Bengaluru
    with state government approval in 2006 but yet to be ratified by the central government
  • Banjul, formerly Bathurst.
  • Beijing, China, usually spelled Peking until the 1980s. Named Peiping (Beiping in Pinyin) from 1927 to 1949.
  • Bengkulu, Indonesia – formerly known as Bencoolen.
  • Bin Qasim, Pakistan – formerly known as Pipri.
  • Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, between 1926 and 1991 called Frunze.
  • Bogor, Indonesia – formerly known as Buitenzorg.
  • Bogotá – Changed to Santa Fé de Bogotá D.C. (Distrito Capital) in 1991 from Bogotá D.E. (Distrito Especial). Changed back to the simplified Bogotá D.C. (Distrito Capital) in 2000.
  • Bratislava, Slovakia, formerly Pozsony or Pressburg
  • Revised Romanization by the South Korean Government in 2000. During the Korean War it was the temporary capital. Named Dongrae (동래/東萊) until 1910.[citation needed] In 1920, renamed Busan.[citation needed
    ]
  • Châlons-en-Champagne, formerly Châlons-sur-Marne until 1998.
  • Chemnitz, Germany – from 1953 to 1990 named Karl-Marx-Stadt after Karl Marx.
  • Chennai, called Madras until 1996.
  • Ciudad Altamirano
    , Mexico. Formerly known as Pungarabato until 1936.
  • Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. Formerly Santo Tomás de la Nueva Guayana de la Angostura del Orinoco (briefed as just Angostura) until 1846.
  • Ciudad del Este, Paraguay. Founded as Puerto Flor de Lis in 1957, later renamed as Puerto Presidente Stroessner. Received its current name after his fall in 1989.
  • Ciudad Guerrero
    , Mexico. Formerly known as Concepción de Papigochi until 1859.
  • Ciudad Guzmán, Mexico. Formerly Zapotlán el Grande until 1856.
  • Ciudad Hidalgo, Mexico. Formerly known as Taximaroa until 1908, and Villa Hidalgo until 1922.
  • Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Formerly known as Paso del Norte until 1888.
  • Ciudad Lerdo
    , Mexico. Formerly known as San Fernando until 1864.
  • Ciudad Victoria, Mexico. Formerly known as Santa María de Aguayo until 1863.
  • Cobh, Ireland – formerly known as Queenstown
  • Constância, Portugal was known as Punhete until 1833. The name change was justified by the resemblance of the old toponym with the word punheta (Portuguese for "hand job").
  • Dhaka, Bangladesh – previously Dacca
  • Revised Romanization
    by the South Korean Government in 2000. In ancient times, Dalgubeol (달구벌/達句伐)
  • Dnipro, Ukraine, was officially changed from Dnipropetrovsk in 2016, following Ukraine's decommunization laws (the former name is a contraction of the Ukrainian name of the river Dnieper and the surname of Soviet leader Hryhoriy Petrovsky). Previous names include Katerynoslav, Sicheslav, and Novorossiysk.
  • Dobrich – known as Bazargic between 1913 and 1940, Tolbuhin between 1945 and 1990. It was known Hacıoğlu Pazarcık during Ottoman rule
  • Donetsk – founded as Yuzovka (after John Hughes) in 1870, called Stalino 1924-–1961, renamed Donyetsk in Russian (Donetsk in Ukrainian) after the De-Stalinization period in the USSR
  • Dushanbe – known as Stalinabad between 1929–1961 and renamed Dushanbe after the De-Stalinization period in the Soviet Union.
  • Dún Laoghaire, Ireland – formerly known as Kingstown
  • Eisenhüttenstadt, Germany, was founded as Stalinstadt after World War II to settle displaced people from the former eastern German territories, and was renamed during the De-Stalinization period in the Soviet Union.
  • Faisalabad was known as Lyallpur (until the 1970s) in Pakistan.
  • Flores, Guatemala. Formerly known as Santa María de los Remedios until 1831.
  • Florianópolis was known as Desterro until 1893, when the president of recent-founded Brazilian republic, Marshal Floriano Peixoto, crushed the Naval Revolts, and the supporters of Peixoto, after the imprisonment of all his opponents, changed the name of the city to honor the Marshal.
  • Fugging – two places in Austria were called Fucking.
  • Gagarin, town in Russia; formerly Gzhatsk, took current name after cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin's death in 1968
  • Gdańsk – in German Danzig, when part of Kingdom of Prussia or Germany (1793–1920 and 1940–5) and as a Free City (1920–39).
  • Guadalupe Hidalgo
    . Got its current name in 1931.
  • place names in Zimbabwe
    also changed.
  • Heraklion in Crete, Greece: Its ancient name was Heraklion. In 824 it was named "Handaq" (The Moat) from which derived the Greek name "Chandax" in Byzantine times (961–1204) and later the Italian "Candia" during the Venetian period (1212–1669) when Candia eventually became the name of the whole island of Crete. In Turkish times (1669–1898) it was called "Kandiye" by the Ottomans but from the locals "Megalo Kastro" (Great Castle) or simply "Kastro". During the time of the autonomous Cretan State (1898–1913) scholars proposed to reuse the ancient name "Heraklion" which eventually was accepted by the locals.
  • Hermosillo, Mexico. Known as Villa del Pitic until 1828.
  • Ho Chi Minh City – formerly Saigon, changed in 1975 after the fall of South Vietnam (see also Names of Ho Chi Minh City)
  • Huambo, formerly Nova Lisboa, changed in 1975 after the independence of Angola
  • Istanbul – since 28 March 1930, formerly Byzantium (under Greek rule) then Constantinople (under Roman and Ottoman rule); the latter name change inspired the popular song "Istanbul (Not Constantinople)" (see also Names of Istanbul)
  • Nunavut Territory
    in Canada, known as Frobisher Bay until 1987.
  • Ivano-Frankivsk, founded as polish Stanisławów in 1662, changed to Stanislau in 1772, under Austria. After World War I it returned to its original name. Then it was known as Stalislav (1939–41), Stanislau (1941–45) and again Stanislav, until 1962, when it has been renamed to its current name, to honour Ivan Franko.
  • İzmir – since 28 March 1930, formerly Smyrna (under Roman and Ottoman rule).
  • Jakarta, Indonesia – formerly Batavia, Jayakarta, and Sunda Kelapa.
  • Jayapura, Indonesia – formerly known as Hollandia and Sukarnopura.
  • Jerusalem – renamed Aelia Capitolina by the Romans in 135 and was restored to Jerusalem in 325.
  • João Pessoa – formerly known as Cidade da Parahyba, as Frederikstad and as Filipéia de Nossa Senhora das Neves.[14]
  • Kabwe in Zambia – formerly Broken Hill.
  • Kaliningrad from Königsberg in 1946 (along with other cities in East Prussia)
  • Kanpur, India – formerly known as Cawnpore.
  • Katowice in Silesia, Poland was Stalinogród between 1953 and 1956, and Kattowitz when under German rule
  • Kenora, Ontario, Canada from Rat Portage in 1905.
  • Khujand, Tajikistan from Leninabad between 1939 and 1992. Khodjend before 1939.
  • Kimchaek, North Korea, formerly known as Songjin. Renamed during the Korean War after the chief of staff of the North Korean army killed during the war.
  • Kingisepp, Russia, named after an Estonian communist Viktor Kingissepp, formerly named Yamburg, Yam, and Yama (Yamsky Gorodok).
  • Kinshasa – formerly Léopoldville, changed in 1966.
  • Kirov, Russia – formerly Vyatka
  • Berlin to Kitchener name change
    )
  • Kisangani, formerly Stanleyville
  • Klaipėda from Memel in 1945
  • Kochi, India
    – formerly Cochin.
  • Kota Kinabalu from Jesselton.
  • Kolkata, India – formerly Calcutta.
  • Kollam, India – formerly Quilon.
  • Krasnodar – formerly Yekaterinodar.
  • Kuito
    formerly Silva Porto, changed in 1975 after the independence of Angola
  • Kuressaare, Estonia – was named Kingissepa after an Estonian communist Viktor Kingissepp during the Soviet occupation, but was renamed Kuressaare again in 1988.
  • East Gary, to disassociate itself from the adjacent city of Gary
    .
  • Libres, Mexico. Formerly known as San Juan de los Llanos until 1860.
  • Londonderry, Northern Ireland – known as Derry until 1623 when it received a royal charter. The previous name still remains in use in certain areas. (See Derry/Londonderry name dispute)
  • Lubumbashi, formerly Élisabethville.
  • Lüshun – formerly Port Arthur in English, or Ryojun during the Japanese occupation in the 1930s and 1940s.
  • Lviv, Ukraine – originally called Lviv. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Ruthenia from 1272 until 1349, when it was conquered by Polish Kingdom and became Lwów. Then became Lemberg under Austro-Hungarian rule (1772–1918), reverted to Lviv for a short time of existence of West Ukrainian Republic (1918), reverted to Lwów (1918–1945), then Lvov under Soviet rule (1945–1991); restored current name on Ukrainian independence
  • Latina – (Italy, Latium), whose former original fascist name was Littoria.
  • Makassar, Indonesia – formerly known as Ujung Pandang.
  • Malabo – formerly Santa Isabel.
  • Maputo – formerly Lourenço Marques.
  • Marijampolė, Lithuania – was named Kapsukas after a Lithuanian communist Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas during the Soviet occupation, but was renamed Marijampolė again in 1991.
  • Matamoros, Mexico. Founded as San Juan de los Esteros in 1774, renamed Nuestra Señora del Refugio de los Esteros (shortened to Villa del Refugio) in 1793. Received its current name in 1826.
  • Mbala, Zambia – formerly Abercorn
  • Mexico City – formerly the two altepetls (or polities) of Mexihco-Tlatelolco and Mexihco-Tenochtitlan.
  • Montana, Bulgaria – known as Kutlovitsa until 1890, Ferdinand between 1890 and 1945, Mihaylovgrad between 1945 and 1993.
  • Montemorelos, Mexico. Formerly known as San Mateo del Pilón until 1825.
  • Morelia, Mexico. Formerly known as Valladolid de Michoacán until 1827.
  • Mumbai, India – formerly known as Bombay.
  • Natal; known as New Amsterdam between 1633 and 1654 during the Dutch occupation.
  • New York – formerly New Amsterdam (see History of New York City)
  • Nizhniy Novgorod
    was Gorkiy during the Soviet Union from 1932 to 1990.
  • North Little Rock
    , Arkansas – formerly Argenta until 1917
  • Novohrad-Volynskyi
    known to 1796 as Zwiahel, or Zvyahel.
  • Nuuk renamed from Godthåb in 1979, following the introduction of the Home Rule.
  • Orenburg was renamed Chkalov from 1938 to 1957, after Valery Chkalov and renamed Orenburg in 1957.
  • Oslo, Norway renamed Christiania when rebuilt after fire in 1624. Spelled Kristiania between 1877 and 1925 when the name returned to Oslo.
  • Ottawa, Ontario known as Bytown until 1855.
  • Parramatta, Australia was known as Rose Hill from establishment in 1788 until 1791.
  • Perm, known as Molotov from 1945 to 1957, after Vyacheslav Molotov and renamed Perm in 1957.
  • Podgorica, known as Titograd 1945–1992
  • Polokwane, changed from Pietersburg in 2003, along with some other towns
  • Port Klang, changed from Port Swettenham, the port of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Portlaoise, Ireland – formerly Maryborough.
  • Prayagraj, India; formerly Allahabad
  • Priozersk, Russia – in Finnish Käkisalmi, when part of Finland, until 1944.
  • Puebla de Zaragoza
    , Mexico, known as Puebla de los Ángeles until 1862.
  • Recife, Brazil – formerly Mauritsstad.
  • Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada from Pile O' Bones or Pile-of-bones in 1882 in what was then the North-West Territory.
  • Rijeka from Fiume in 1945
  • Royal Tunbridge Wells, changed from Queen's-Wells to Tunbridge Wells in 1797. Renamed in 1909 to its current name after receiving a royal charter.
  • Royal Wootton Bassett – known as Wootton Bassett until 2011 when it received a royal charter.
  • Sahiwal – formerly known as Montgomery in Pakistan.
  • Saint Petersburg – originally Saint Petersburg (in 1703), then Petrograd (in 1914), Leningrad (in 1924) and back to Saint Petersburg in 1991
  • Saltcoats, Saskatchewan, Canada from Stirling in what was then the North-West Territories.
  • Samara, Russia
    – renamed Kuibyshev from 1935 to 1991, after Valerian Kuibyshev and renamed Samara in 1991.
  • San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico, formerly known ad Ciudad Real de Chiapa or Chiapa de Españoles until the end of Spanish rule.
  • San Felipe Torres Mochas, recovered its original name in 1948; from 1889 until that year it was known as Villa Hernández Álvarez.
  • San Pablo del Monte, Mexico. The original name before 1940, became known as Villa Vicente Guerrero until 2016.
  • Rafael Leónidas Trujillo that also affected Pico Duarte
    (renamed Pico Trujillo), several provinces, and other Dominican features.
  • Seoul – formerly Hanyang (from 1392), then Hanseong (from 1395), Keijō or Gyeongseong (from 1914) and renamed Seoul in 1946. (See also Names of Seoul)
  • Sasmuan – formerly Sexmoán, renamed in 1991 after a referendum due to perceived sexual connotations of its former name.[15][16]
  • Shenyang – formerly Mukden, Fengtian (奉天) or Shengjing (盛京).
  • Staines-upon-Thames formerly Staines, renamed in 2012 with the aim of promoting its riverside location, boosting the local economy and to disassociate itself from the character Ali G.
  • Sucre formerly known as La Plata (1539-mid 17th century), Charcas (mid 17th century to early 18th century) and Chuquisaca (until 1831), current name in honour of Antonio José de Sucre.
  • Szczecin – in German Stettin, when part of Germany, until 1945.
  • Tallinn – known as Reval until 1917.
  • Tel Aviv-Yafo – renamed Tel Aviv from Ahuzat Bayit. Renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in 1950 after the annexation of Jaffa (Yafo).
  • Thiruvananthapuram, India – formerly Trivandrum.
  • Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada in 1970 from the merger of twin cities of Fort William and Port Arthur.
  • capital
    of Japan in 1868.
  • Tolyatti – formerly known as Stavropol-on-Volga and Stavropol. In 1964, it was renamed Tolyatti after Palmiro Togliatti
  • Toronto – known as York at the time of the War of 1812.
  • Tskhinvali, Georgia – also known as Tskhinval or Ch'reba in present time, formerly named Staliniri (1934–1961)
  • Tver – known as Kalinin from 1931 to 1990.
  • Ulyanovsk in Russia, formerly Simbirsk
  • Ürümqi – formerly known as Tihwa (迪化; Dǐhuà in pinyin), which means "to enlighten" in Chinese. In 1954, renamed Ürümqi, which means "beautiful pasture" in Dzungar Mongolian.
  • Varanasi, India – formerly known as Benares (or Banaras) and Kashi.
  • Veles
    , known as Titov Veles between 1945 and 1991.
  • Ventura, California, originally San Buenaventura, New Spain and Mexico.
  • Vilnius – the capital of Lithuania was known as Vilna or Wilno when it was under Polish rule (1920–1939).
  • Villahermosa, Mexico. Formerly known as San Juan Bautista until 1916.
  • Virden, Manitoba, Canada from Manchester.
  • Volgograd – formerly Tsaritsyn (1589–1925), Stalingrad (1925–1961).
  • Vyborg – in Finnish Viipuri, when part of Finland, until 1944.
  • Wanganui
    , New Zealand. Originally called Petre, now known dually as Wanganui and Whanganui.
  • Wrocław – in German Breslau, when part of Germany, until 1945.
  • Xi'an – Usually spelt Sian until the 1980s. Formerly Chang'an (長安), the ancient name for the city when it was the capital of China until the name was changed to Xi'an in the Ming dynasty.
  • Xiangyang, named Xiangfan between 1950 and 2010.
  • Yangon – renamed Yangon after being known as Rangoon (1852–1988). Still known as Rangoon in many English-speaking countries.
  • Yekaterinburg – known as Sverdlovsk in the Soviet Union.
  • Yonashiro – changed from Okinawan "Yonagusuku" to a Japanese name and elevated to town status in 1994.
  • Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk – named Toyohara under Japanese rule between 1905 and 1946, but before that was Vladimirovka, a Russian settlement before the Russo-Japanese War (1882–1905).
  • Zhob, Pakistan – renamed from Fort Sandeman in 1976.[17]
  • Zlín, Czech Republic – renamed Gottwaldov between 1949 and 1989 after Klement Gottwald, a Czechoslovak communist politician, before reverting to Zlín.
  • Zmiiv, Ukraine – renamed Gotwald between 1976 and 1990 after Klement Gottwald, a Czechoslovak communist politician, before reverting to Zmiiv.

Unusual name changes

Naming disputes

Main article: List of geographical naming disputes

See also

Footnotes

  1. Protestant residents of the city. Apart from this local government decision, the city is usually known as Londonderry in official use within the United Kingdom. In the Republic of Ireland, the city and county are almost always referred to as Derry, on maps, in the media and in conversation.[citation needed
    ]

References

  1. SBS News
    . Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  2. ^ Sutter, John D. "Topeka 'renames' itself 'Google, Kansas'". CNN.
  3. ^ "yax-491 Road names as markers of history". yawningbread.org. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  4. Xinhua
    . 24 October 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  5. ^ "Which Name to Use for Vietnam's Largest City". TripSavvy. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  6. ^ "Timeline of country name changes in HMG use: 1919 to 2023". GOV.UK. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  7. ^ "Türkiye The Republic of Türkiye changed its official name from The Republic of Turkey on 26 May 2022 in a request submitted to the Secretary-General by the country's Minister of Foreign Affairs". United Nations.
  8. ^ Mahadi Al Hasnat (2 April 2018). "Mixed reactions as govt changes English spellings of 5 district names". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  9. ^ Mahadi Al Hasnat (2 April 2018). "Mixed reactions as govt changes English spellings of 5 district names". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  10. ^ "História de Rondônia". Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  11. ^ "Agenda da UFRR - 17.04.16".
  12. ^ "Newfoundland's name change now official". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 December 2001. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  13. ^ Haida Nation; Her Majesty the Queen in Her Right of the Province of British Columbia (Autumn 2015). "Amending Agreement of the Kunst'aa guu - Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol" (PDF). Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  14. ^ "História Nomes". Paraibanos.com (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  15. ^ "Santa Lucia Church, Sasmuan, Pampanga". Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  16. ISBN 978-1439167182
    .
  17. ^ "Balochistan Police Official Site". Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  18. ^ Bryant, Nick (18 February 2011). "Australian town becomes SpeedKills in safety campaign". BBC News. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  19. ^ Haines, Lester (24 November 2005). "Idaho town becomes Secretsanta.com". The Register. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  20. ^ Robb Jackson, Mary (27 January 2006). "Washington Temporarily Renames Town – Steeler, PA". KDKA.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2006.
  21. ^ "Chatological Humor (Updated 11.16.07)". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2 April 2017.

Bibliography

External links

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