Geography of Croatia
Continent | Europe |
---|---|
Region | Southern Europe |
Coordinates | 45°8′30″N 16°13′45″E / 45.14167°N 16.22917°E |
Area | Ranked 127th |
• Total | 56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi) |
• Land | 99% |
• Water | 1% |
Coastline | 5,835.1 km (3,625.8 mi) |
Borders | 2,237 km (1,390 mi) |
Highest point | Dinara 1,831 m (6,007 ft) |
Lowest point | Adriatic Sea (sea level) |
Longest river | Sava 562 km (349 mi) |
Largest lake | Lake Vrana 30.7 km2 (11.9 sq mi) |
The geography of Croatia is defined by its location—it is described as located at the crossroads of
The
62% of Croatia's territory is encompassed by the
The permanent population of Croatia by the 2011 census reached 4.29 million. The
Area and borders
Croatia's territory covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles),
Croatia's 348-kilometre (216 mi) border with Hungary was inherited from
Pursuant to the
In the late 19th century,
Length of land borders of Croatia (including rivers)[1] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Length | |||
Slovenia | 600 km (370 mi) | |||
Hungary | 348 km (216 mi) | |||
Serbia | 314 km (195 mi) | |||
Bosnia–Herzegovina | 956 km (594 mi) | |||
Montenegro | 19 km (12 mi) | |||
Total | 2,237 km (1,390 mi) |
Extreme points
The geographical extreme points of
Extreme points of Croatia[1] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Point | Name | Part of | County | Note |
Northernmost | Žabnik | Sveti Martin na Muri | Međimurje | 46°33′N 16°22′E / 46.550°N 16.367°E |
Southernmost* | Galijula | Palagruža archipelago | Split-Dalmatia | 42°23′N 16°21′E / 42.383°N 16.350°E |
Cape Oštra | Prevlaka peninsula | Dubrovnik-Neretva | 42°24′N 18°32′E / 42.400°N 18.533°E | |
Easternmost | Rađevac | Ilok | Vukovar-Syrmia | 45°12′N 19°27′E / 45.200°N 19.450°E |
Westernmost | Cape Lako | Umag | Istria | 45°29′N 13°30′E / 45.483°N 13.500°E |
Highest | Dinara peak | Dinara | Šibenik-Knin | 1,831 m (6,007 ft) above sea level,
44°3′N 16°23′E / 44.050°N 16.383°E |
Lowest | Adriatic Sea | Mediterranean Sea | — | sea level, 43°N 15°E / 43°N 15°E |
*Cape Oštra is the southernmost point of the mainland, while Galijula is the southernmost point of Croatian territory. |
Maritime claims
Italy and Yugoslavia defined their delineation of the
Border disputes
Maritime border disputes
Croatia and Slovenia started negotiations to define maritime borders in the
The maritime boundary between Bosnia–Herzegovina and Croatia was formally settled in 1999, but a few issues are still contested—the
Land border disputes
The land border disputes pertain to comparatively small strips of land. The Croatia–Slovenia border disputes are: along the Dragonja River's lower course where Slovenia claims three hamlets on the river's left bank; the Sveta Gera peak of Žumberak where exact territorial claims were never made and appear to be limited to a military barracks on the peak itself; and along the Mura River where Slovenia wants the border to be along the current river bed instead of along a former one and claims a (largely if not completely uninhabited) piece of land near Hotiza.[25][26] These claims are likewise in the process of being settled by binding arbitration.[22][23][24]
There are also land
Physical geography
Geology
The geology of Croatia has some Precambrian rocks mostly covered by younger sedimentary rocks and deformed or superimposed by tectonic activity.[31]
The country is split into two main onshore provinces, a smaller part of the
The carbonate platform karst landscape of Croatia helped to create the weathering conditions to form bauxite, gypsum, clay, amphibolite, granite, spilite, gabbro, diabase and limestone.[32]
Topography
Most of Croatia is lowlands, with elevations of less than 200 metres (660 ft) above sea level recorded in 53.42% of the country. Most of the lowlands are found in the country's northern regions, especially in Slavonia, representing a part of the Pannonian Basin. Areas with elevations of 200 to 500 metres (660 to 1,640 ft) above sea level encompass 25.61% of Croatia's territory, and the areas between 500 and 1,000 metres (1,600 and 3,300 ft) above sea level cover 17.11% of the country. A further 3.71% of the land is 1,000 to 1,500 metres (3,300 to 4,900 ft) above sea level, and only 0.15% of Croatia's territory is elevated greater than 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level.[1] The greatest concentration of ground at relatively high elevations is found in the Lika and Gorski Kotar areas in the Dinaric Alps, but such areas are found in all regions of Croatia to some extent.[19] The Pannonian Basin and the Dinaric Alps, along with the Adriatic Basin, represent major geomorphological parts of Croatia.[33]
Adriatic Basin
Croatia's Adriatic Sea mainland coast is 1,777.3 kilometres (1,104.4 mi) long, while its
The shore is the most indented coastline in the Mediterranean.
In the Middle Adriatic Basin, there is evidence of Permian volcanism in the area of Komiža on the island of Vis, in addition to the volcanic islands of Jabuka and Brusnik.[42] Earthquakes are frequent in the area around the Adriatic Sea, although most are too faint to be felt; an earthquake doing significant damage happens every few decades, with major earthquakes every few centuries.[43]
Dinaric Alps
The Dinaric Alps are linked to a Late
Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps.[46] There are numerous caves in Croatia, 49 of which are deeper than 250 metres (820.21 ft), 14 deeper than 500 metres (1,640.42 ft) and 3 deeper than 1,000 metres (3,280.84 ft).[47] The longest cave in Croatia, Kita Gaćešina, is at the same time the longest cave in the Dinaric Alps at 20,656 metres (67,769 ft).[48]
Highest mountain peaks of Croatia[1] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mountain | Peak | Elevation | Coordinates |
Dinara | Dinara | 1,831 m (6,007 ft) | 44°3′N 16°23′E / 44.050°N 16.383°E |
Biokovo | Sveti Jure | 1,762 m (5,781 ft) | 43°20′N 17°03′E / 43.333°N 17.050°E |
Velebit | Vaganski Peak | 1,757 m (5,764 ft) | 44°32′N 15°14′E / 44.533°N 15.233°E |
Plješivica | Ozeblin | 1,657 m (5,436 ft) | 44°47′N 15°45′E / 44.783°N 15.750°E |
Velika Kapela | Bjelolasica -Kula |
1,533 m (5,030 ft) | 45°16′N 14°58′E / 45.267°N 14.967°E |
Risnjak | Risnjak | 1,528 m (5,013 ft) | 45°25′N 14°45′E / 45.417°N 14.750°E |
Svilaja | Svilaja | 1,508 m (4,948 ft) | 43°49′N 16°27′E / 43.817°N 16.450°E |
Snježnik | Snježnik | 1,506 m (4,941 ft) | 45°26′N 14°35′E / 45.433°N 14.583°E |
Pannonian Basin
The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and
The results are large plains in eastern Slavonia's
Hydrography
The largest part of Croatia—62% of its territory—is encompassed by the Black Sea drainage basin. The area includes the largest rivers flowing in the country: the Danube, Sava, Drava, Mura and Kupa. The rest belongs to the Adriatic Sea drainage basin, where the largest river by far is the Neretva.[52][53] The longest rivers in Croatia are the 562-kilometre (349 mi) Sava, 505-kilometre (314 mi) Drava, 296-kilometre (184 mi) Kupa and a 188-kilometre (117 mi) section of the Danube. The longest rivers emptying into the Adriatic Sea are the 101-kilometre (63 mi) Cetina and an only 20-kilometre (12 mi) section of the Neretva.[1]
The largest lakes in Croatia are 30.7-square-kilometre (11.9 sq mi)
Average annual precipitation and evaporation rates are 1,162 millimetres (45.7 in) and 700 millimetres (28 in), respectively. Taking into consideration the overall water balance, the total Croatian water resources amount to 25,163 cubic metres (888,600 cu ft) per year per capita, including 5,877 cubic metres (207,500 cu ft) per year per capita from sources inside Croatia.[54]
Climate
Most of Croatia has a moderately warm and rainy oceanic climate (Cfb) as defined by the Köppen climate classification. Mean monthly temperatures range between −3 °C (27 °F) (in January) and 18 °C (64 °F) (in July). The coldest parts of the country are Lika and Gorski Kotar where a snowy forested climate is found at elevations above 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). The warmest areas of Croatia are at the Adriatic coast and especially in its immediate hinterland, which are characterised by a Mediterranean climate since temperatures are moderated by the sea. Consequently, temperature peaks are more pronounced in the continental areas: the lowest temperature of −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) was recorded on 4 February 1929 in Gospić, and the highest temperature of 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) was recorded on 5 August 1981 in Ploče.
The mean annual precipitation is 600 to 3,500 millimetres (24 to 138 in) depending on the geographic region and prevailing climate type. The least precipitation is recorded in the outer islands (Vis, Lastovo, Biševo, and Svetac) and in the eastern parts of Slavonia; however, in the latter case it is mostly during the growing season. The most precipitation is observed on the Dinara mountain range and in Gorski Kotar, where some of the highest annual precipitation totals in Europe occur.
The prevailing winds in the interior are light to moderate northeast or southwest; in the coastal area, the prevailing winds are determined by local area features. Higher wind velocities are more often recorded in cooler months along the coast, generally as cool northeasterly
Climate characteristics in major cities in Croatia | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | Mean temperature (daily high) | Mean total rainfall | ||||||||
January | July | January | July | |||||||
°C | °F | °C | °F | mm | in | days | mm | in | days | |
Dubrovnik | 12.2 | 54.0 | 28.3 | 82.9 | 95.2 | 3.75 | 11.2 | 24.1 | 0.95 | 4.4 |
Osijek | 2.6 | 36.7 | 28.0 | 82.4 | 45.5 | 1.79 | 12.2 | 60.8 | 2.39 | 10.2 |
Rijeka | 8.7 | 47.7 | 27.7 | 81.9 | 134.9 | 5.31 | 11.0 | 82.0 | 3.23 | 9.1 |
Split | 10.2 | 50.4 | 29.8 | 85.6 | 77.9 | 3.07 | 11.1 | 27.6 | 1.09 | 5.6 |
Zagreb | 3.1 | 37.6 | 26.7 | 80.1 | 48.6 | 1.91 | 10.8 | 81.0 | 3.19 | 10.9 |
Source:World Meteorological Organization[55] |
Climate change
Croatia aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 45% by 2030 and phase out coal by 2033. However, the shift to a low-carbon economy will necessitate significant expenditures in new energy infrastructure and additional renewable energy resources.[56][57][58]
Croatia established a 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan to attain its aim. The national policy targets for a 36.4% renewable energy share by 2030, as well as major investment in the energy industry, including hydropower, wind farms, solar photovoltaic facilities, and hydrogen energy.[56][59]Biodiversity
Croatia can be subdivided between a number of
Croatia has 38,226 known taxa, 2.8% of which are endemic; the actual number (including undiscovered species) is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000.[62] The estimate is supported by nearly 400 new taxa of invertebrates discovered in Croatia in 2000–2005 alone.[62] There are more than a thousand endemic species, especially in the Velebit and Biokovo mountains, Adriatic islands and karst rivers. Legislation protects 1,131 species.[62] Indigenous cultivars of plants and breeds of domesticated animals are also numerous; they include five breeds of horses, five breeds of cattle, eight breeds of sheep, two breeds of pigs and a poultry breed. Even the indigenous breeds include nine endangered or critically endangered ones.[62]
Known and endemic taxa in Croatia[62] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Known taxa | Endemic taxa | Endemic taxa, % | |
Plants | 8,871 | 523 | 5.90% | |
Fungi |
4,500 | 0 | – | |
Lichens | 1,019 | 0 | – | |
Mammals | 101 | 5 | 4.95% | |
Birds | 387 | 0 | – | |
Reptiles | 41 | 9 | 21.95% | |
Amphibians | 20 | 7 | 35.00% | |
Freshwater fish | 152 | 17 | 12.00% | |
Marine fish |
442 | 6 | 1.36% | |
Terrestrial invertebrates | 15,228 | 350 | 2.30% | |
Freshwater invertebrates | 1,850 | 171 | 9.24% | |
Marine invertebrates | 5,655 | 0 | – | |
TOTAL | 38,266 | 1,088 | 2.84% |
There are 444
Habitat destruction represents a threat to biodiversity in Croatia, as developed and agricultural land is expanded into previous natural habitats, while habitat fragmentation occurs as roads are created or expanded. A further threat to biodiversity is the introduction of invasive species, with Caulerpa racemosa and C. taxifolia identified as especially problematic ones.[65] The invasive algae are monitored and regularly removed to protect the benthic habitat.[62] Agricultural monocultures have also been identified as a threat to biodiversity.[66][67]
Ecology
The ecological footprint of Croatia's population and industry varies significantly between the country's regions since 50% of the population resides in 26.8% of the nation's territory, with a particularly high impact made by the city of Zagreb and Zagreb County areas—their combined area comprises 6.6% of Croatia's territory while encompassing 25% of the population.[69] The ecological footprint is most notably from the increased development of settlements and the sea coast leading to habitat fragmentation. Between 1998 and 2008, the greatest changes of land use pertained to artificially developed areas, but the scale of development is negligible compared to EU member states.[65]
The Croatian Environment Agency (CEA), a public institution established by the Government of Croatia to collect and analyse information on the environment,[70] has identified further ecological problems as well as various degrees of progress in terms of curbing their environmental impact. These problems include inadequate legal landfills as well as the presence of illegal landfills; between 2005 and 2008, 62 authorised and 423 illegal landfills were rehabilitated. In the same period, the number of issued waste management licences doubled, while the annual municipal solid waste volume increased by 23%, reaching 403 kilograms (888 pounds) per capita. The processes of soil acidification and organic matter degradation are present throughout Croatia, with increasing soil salinity levels in the Neretva river plain and spreading areas of alkali soil in Slavonia.[65]
Croatian
Even though Croatia has sufficient
Land use
As of 2006, 46.8% of Croatia was occupied by 26,487.6 square kilometres (10,226.9 sq mi) of forest and shrub, while a further 22,841 square kilometres (8,819 sq mi) or 40.4% of the land was used for diverse agricultural uses including 4,389.1 square kilometres (1,694.6 sq mi), or 7.8% of the total, for
Because of the Croatian War of Independence, there are numerous leftover minefields in Croatia, largely tracing former front lines. As of 2006, suspected minefields covered 954.5 square kilometres (368.5 sq mi).[19] As of 2012, 62% of the remaining minefields are situated in forests, 26% of them are found in agricultural land, and 12% are found in other land; it is expected that mine clearance will be complete by 2019.[71]
This article needs to be updated.(June 2021) |
Regions
Croatia is traditionally divided into numerous, often overlapping geographic regions, whose borders are not always clearly defined. The largest and most readily recognisable ones throughout the country are
Human geography
Demographics
The
Croatia is inhabited mostly by
The
Political geography
Croatia was first subdivided into counties in the
Since the counties were re-established in 1992, Croatia has been divided into 20 counties and the capital city of
The EU
County | Seat | Area (km2) | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Bjelovar-Bilogora | Bjelovar | 2,652 | 119,743 |
Brod-Posavina | Slavonski Brod | 2,043 | 158,559 |
Dubrovnik-Neretva | Dubrovnik | 1,783 | 122,783 |
Istria | Pazin | 2,820 | 208,440 |
Karlovac | Karlovac | 3,622 | 128,749 |
Koprivnica-Križevci | Koprivnica | 1,746 | 115,582 |
Krapina-Zagorje | Krapina | 1,224 | 133,064 |
Lika-Senj | Gospić | 5,350 | 51,022 |
Međimurje | Čakovec | 730 | 114,414 |
Osijek-Baranja | Osijek | 4,152 | 304,899 |
Požega-Slavonia | Požega | 1,845 | 78,031 |
Primorje-Gorski Kotar | Rijeka | 3,582 | 296,123 |
Šibenik-Knin | Šibenik | 2,939 | 109,320 |
Sisak-Moslavina | Sisak | 4,463 | 172,977 |
Split-Dalmatia | Split | 4,534 | 455,242 |
Varaždin | Varaždin | 1,261 | 176,046 |
Virovitica-Podravina | Virovitica | 2,068 | 84,586 |
Vukovar-Srijem | Vukovar | 2,448 | 180,117 |
Zadar | Zadar | 3,642 | 170,398 |
Zagreb County | Zagreb | 3,078 | 317,642 |
City of Zagreb |
Zagreb | 641 | 792,875 |
Urbanisation
The average urbanisation rate in Croatia stands at 56%, with a growing urban population and shrinking rural population. The largest city and the nation's capital is Zagreb, with an urban population of 686,568 in the city itself. Zagreb's
Rank | Name
|
Counties | Pop. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zagreb Split |
1 | Zagreb | Zagreb | 790,017 | Rijeka Osijek | ||||
2 | Split | Split-Dalmatia | 178,102 | ||||||
3 | Rijeka | Primorje-Gorski Kotar | 128,624 | ||||||
4 | Osijek | Osijek-Baranja | 108,048 | ||||||
5 | Zadar | Zadar | 75,062 | ||||||
6 | Pula | Istria | 57,460 | ||||||
7 | Slavonski Brod | Brod-Posavina | 59,141 | ||||||
8 | Karlovac | Karlovac | 55,705 | ||||||
9 | Varaždin | Varaždin | 46,946 | ||||||
10 | Šibenik | Šibenik-Knin | 46,332 |
See also
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Works cited
- Biondich, Mark (2000). Stjepan Radić, the Croat Peasant Party, and the politics of mass mobilization, 1904–1928. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8294-7. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Blake, Gerald Henry; Topalović, Duško; Schofield, Clive H (1996). The maritime boundaries of the Adriatic Sea. IBRU. ISBN 978-1-897643-22-8. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
- Frucht, Richard C (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
External links
- Wikimedia Atlas of Croatia
- Geographic data related to Croatia at OpenStreetMap