Jakarta

Coordinates: 6°10′30″S 106°49′39″E / 6.17500°S 106.82750°E / -6.17500; 106.82750
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Jakarta
Jakarta Old Town
Sanskrit)
"Victorious and Great"
Slogan: Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia[a]
"Jakarta's Success for Indonesia"
Map
Interactive map outlining Jakarta
(parts of Thousand Islands not visible)
Jakarta is located in Java
Jakarta
Jakarta
Location in Java
Jakarta is located in Indonesia
Jakarta
Jakarta
Location in Indonesia
Jakarta is located in Southeast Asia
Jakarta
Jakarta
Location in Southeast Asia
Jakarta is located in Asia
Jakarta
Jakarta
Location in Asia
Coordinates: 6°10′30″S 106°49′39″E / 6.17500°S 106.82750°E / -6.17500; 106.82750
Country Indonesia
RegionJava
Administrative cities and regencies
Originated397 CE as Sunda Kelapa
Founded22 June 1527; 496 years ago (1527-06-22)[3]
Established as Batavia30 May 1619; 404 years ago (1619-05-30)[4]
City status4 March 1621; 403 years ago (1621-03-04)[3]
Province status28 August 1961; 62 years ago (1961-08-28)[3]
CapitalCentral Jakarta (de facto)
Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council
Area
 • Province-level Autonomous Region661.23 km2 (255.30 sq mi)
 • Urban
3,540 km2 (1,367 sq mi)
 • Metro
7,062.5 km2 (2,726.8 sq mi)
 • Rank38th in Indonesia
Elevation
8 m (26 ft)
Population
 (2023)[5]
 • Province-level Autonomous Region11,350,328
 • Rank6th in Indonesia
 • Density17,000/km2 (44,000/sq mi)
 • Urban34,540,000
 • Urban density9,800/km2 (25,000/sq mi)
 • Metro33,430,285
 • Metro density4,700/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
DemonymJakartan
Demographics
 • Ethnic groups
List
  • 7.08% others
  •  • Religion (2022)[8]
    List
    US$ 841.6 billion[12] (PPP)
    HDI (2023)Increase 0.827[13] (1st) – very high
    Websitejakarta.go.id Edit this at Wikidata

    Jakarta (/əˈkɑːrtə/; Indonesian pronunciation: [dʒaˈkarta] , Betawi: Jakarté), officially the Special Region of Jakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Jakarta, abbreviated to DK Jakarta or DKJ) and formerly known as Batavia until 1949, is the financial centre and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta is the largest metropole in Southeast Asia, and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN. Jakarta is bordered by two provinces: West Java to the south and east; and (since 2000, when it was separated from West Java) Banten to the west. Its coastline faces the Java Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. Jakarta's metropolitan area is ASEAN's second largest economy after Singapore.

    Jakarta is the economic, cultural, and political centre of Indonesia. It possesses a province-level status and has a population of 10,679,951 as of mid-2022.[14] Although Jakarta extends over only 661.23 km2 (255.30 sq mi) and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province, its metropolitan area covers 9,957.08 km2 (3,844.45 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang, and Bekasi, and has an estimated population of 35 million as of 2022, making it the largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo). Jakarta ranks first among the Indonesian provinces in the human development index. Jakarta's business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures.

    Jakarta is one of the

    GRP
    PPP was estimated at US$602.946 billion.

    Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding due to subsidence (sea level rise is relative, not absolute). Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) annually, which has made the city more prone to flooding and one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced plans to move the capital from Jakarta to the planned city of Nusantara, in the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The MPR approved the move on 18 January 2022.

    Name

    Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements. Below is the list of names used during its existence:

    Sunda Kelapa (397–1527)
    Jayakarta (1527–1619)
    Dutch East Indies Batavia (1619–1949)
    Indonesia Djakarta (1942–1972)
    Indonesia Jakarta (1972–present)

    The name 'Jakarta' is derived from the word Jayakarta (

    his magnum opus as Jacatra or Jacarta[18] during his journey to the East Indies
    .

    In the 17th century, the city was known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), a name that was given for the urban beauty of

    downtown Batavia's canals, mansions and ordered city layout.[19] After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas.[20] During the Japanese occupation, the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakarta Special City).[21]

    History

    Precolonial era

    Luso-Sundanese padrão, a monument with a cross of the Order of Christ, commemorating a treaty between Portugal and Hindu Sunda kingdoms.

    The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric

    Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia.[23] The area of North Jakarta around Tugu became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The Tugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, North Jakarta, mentions that King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital.[24] Following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula and western Java (Sunda).[25] The source says the port of Sunda is strategic and thriving, mentioning pepper from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles.[26] The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa, (Sundanese
    : ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom.

    The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from

    made an alliance treaty with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of Demak Sultanate from central Java.[17] In 1527, Fatahillah, a Pasai-born military commander of Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta,[17] and became a fiefdom of the Banten Sultanate
    , which became a major Southeast Asian trading centre.

    Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, the British East India Company's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of British trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682.[28] Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the British merchants, rivals of the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.[27]

    Colonial era

    Batavia circa 1780
    Jakarta Old Town
    .

    When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and the British, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen. The Dutch burned the British fort and forced them to retreat on their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city Batavia in 1619.

    Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls.[29] At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities.[30]

    Coat of Arms of Batavia during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1930.

    The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port. The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913,[31] and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area.[29] By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants,[32] including 37,067 Europeans.[33] The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern Jatinegara.[34]

    On 5 March 1942, the Japanese captured Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi), under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.

    Independence era

    Sukarno reading Proclamation of Indonesian Independence at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur Number 56.

    After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945,[35] and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the Indonesian National Revolution, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied-occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta.

    After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950.

    The National Monument, Hotel Indonesia, a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of CONEFO. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating a violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese.[37] The event marked the beginning of Suharto's New Order. The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro until he was replaced by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo
    as governor.

    In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province.[38] Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces.[39] Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family,[40]— and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty.[41] Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta.[42] The boom ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis, putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring.

    A rough outline of the situation at Jakarta during the 1998 tragedy.

    After three decades in power, support for President

    Chinese Indonesians.[44] In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia.[45] Jemaah Islamiyah-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005,[29] with another in 2009.[46] In August 2007, Jakarta held its first-ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by the city's legislative body.[47]

    During the

    Jokowi presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to Nusantara after 17 August 2024.[48]

    Between 2016 and 2017, a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. In suspicion to its links, the Islamic State, the perpetrator led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for the attacks.

    Geography

    Panorama of Jakarta as seen from the Monas in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from south-west to north-east, left to right)

    Jakarta covers 661.23 km2 (255.30 sq mi), the smallest among any

    Greater Jakarta area includes three bordering regencies (Bekasi Regency, Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency) and five adjacent cities (Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang
    ).

    Aerial view of North Jakarta

    Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of

    Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, an inlet of the Java Sea. It is strategically located near the Sunda Strait. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level,[50] and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with East Timor's Dili). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 661.23 km2 (255 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km2 (2,694 sq mi) of sea area.[51] The Thousand Islands
    , which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.

    The northern part of Jakarta is below sea level, having been built on tidal flats and reclaimed swamp land.

    Jakarta lies in a low and flat

    Ciliwung River
    divides the city into the western and eastern districts.

    These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to

    flooding
    .

    Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) each year, and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring

    Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease flooding in the city.[56] Nowadays, a 1.2 km (0.75 mi), with capacity 60 m3 (2,100 cu ft) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows.[57] In 2023, the New York Times reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30 cm) annually.[58]

    Environmental advocates point out that subsidence is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had a groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally.[59] This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue.[60] The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water.[61]

    Architecture

    Betawi traditional house at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

    Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese and Dutch influences.[62] External influences inform the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood (Artocarpus integrifolia) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo.[63] Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased.[64]

    Kota Tua

    Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods: the

    Jakarta Art Building, the Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Ministry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designed Bank Indonesia Museum and Mandiri Museum. In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in Neo-Renaissance style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of rationalism and modernism, particularly art deco architecture. The elite suburb Menteng, developed during the 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating an ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate.[65] These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established by P.A.J. Moojen
    .

    Wisma 46, in post-modernist architecture, also an iconic skyscraper in Jakarta and tallest in Indonesia from 1996 until 2016.

    After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The

    parliament building features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts.[66] Built-in 1996, Wisma 46
    soars to a height of 262 m (860 ft) and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy.

    The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. The

    CBD's in the Asia-Pacific region.[67] According to CTBUH and Emporis, there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed 150 m (490 ft), which puts the city in the top 10 of world rankings.[68] It has more buildings taller than 150 metres than any other Southeast Asian or Southern Hemisphere
    cities.

    Landmarks

    Bundaran HI, a 1960s landmark of Jakarta located at the west end of Menteng District

    Most landmarks, monuments and statues in Jakarta were begun in the 1960s during the

    Legislature Building, and the Gelora Bung Karno stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in the capital city.[69]

    Monas, Jakarta's symbol

    The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the 132 m-tall (433 ft) obelisk of the National Monument (Monumen Nasional or Monas) in the centre of Merdeka Square. On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata-themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin, one of the main avenues, the Selamat Datang monument stands on the fountain in the centre of the Hotel Indonesia roundabout. Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral and the Immanuel Church. The former Batavia Stadhuis, Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is another landmark. The Autograph Tower in Central Jakarta, at 382.9 metres is the tallest building in Indonesia. The most recent landmark built is the Jakarta International Stadium.

    Some of the statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation Monument, the Tugu Tani, the Youth statue and the Dirgantara Monument. Some statues commemorate Indonesian national heroes, such as the Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square. The Sudirman and Thamrin statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of Sukarno and Hatta at the Proclamation Monument as well as at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport.

    Parks and lakes

    Merdeka Square is a Park in Centre of Jakarta

    In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces.[70] There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019.[71] As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported the greater Jakarta area.[72]

    • Monas or Monumen Nasional (National Monument). Until 2000, it was the world's largest city square. The square was created by Dutch Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels (1810) and was originally named Koningsplein (King's Square). On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square. Features include a deer park and 33 trees that represent the 33 provinces of Indonesia.[73]
    • Lapangan Banteng (Buffalo Field) is located in Central Jakarta near Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and Jakarta Central Post Office. It covers about 4.5 hectares. Initially, it was called Waterlooplein and functioned as a ceremonial square during the colonial period. Colonial monuments and memorials erected on the square during the colonial period were demolished during the Sukarno era. The most notable monument in the square is the Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat (Monument of the Liberation of West Irian). During the 1970s and 1980s, the park was used as a bus terminal. In 1993, the park was again turned into a public space. It became a recreation place for people and now serves as an exhibition place or for other events.[74] 'Jakarta Flona' (Flora dan Fauna), a flower and decoration plants and pet exhibition, is held in this park around August annually.
    Ancol Gondola
    Tebet Eco Park is the one of largest parks in Jakarta.

    Climate

    Climate data for Jakarta (Kemayoran) (1991–2020 normals)
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Record high °C (°F) 36.9
    (98.4)
    34.8
    (94.6)
    36.0
    (96.8)
    35.9
    (96.6)
    36.1
    (97.0)
    36.3
    (97.3)
    35.6
    (96.1)
    35.6
    (96.1)
    37.1
    (98.8)
    37.9
    (100.2)
    37.1
    (98.8)
    36.7
    (98.1)
    37.9
    (100.2)
    Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.0
    (87.8)
    30.8
    (87.4)
    32.1
    (89.8)
    32.8
    (91.0)
    33.2
    (91.8)
    32.9
    (91.2)
    32.7
    (90.9)
    33.0
    (91.4)
    33.4
    (92.1)
    33.4
    (92.1)
    32.8
    (91.0)
    32.0
    (89.6)
    32.5
    (90.5)
    Daily mean °C (°F) 27.5
    (81.5)
    27.3
    (81.1)
    28.0
    (82.4)
    28.4
    (83.1)
    28.7
    (83.7)
    28.4
    (83.1)
    28.2
    (82.8)
    28.3
    (82.9)
    28.6
    (83.5)
    28.8
    (83.8)
    28.4
    (83.1)
    28.0
    (82.4)
    28.2
    (82.8)
    Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 25.2
    (77.4)
    25.2
    (77.4)
    25.5
    (77.9)
    25.6
    (78.1)
    25.8
    (78.4)
    25.5
    (77.9)
    25.3
    (77.5)
    25.3
    (77.5)
    25.5
    (77.9)
    25.6
    (78.1)
    25.6
    (78.1)
    25.5
    (77.9)
    25.5
    (77.9)
    Record low °C (°F) 20.6
    (69.1)
    20.6
    (69.1)
    20.6
    (69.1)
    20.6
    (69.1)
    21.1
    (70.0)
    19.4
    (66.9)
    19.4
    (66.9)
    19.4
    (66.9)
    18.9
    (66.0)
    20.6
    (69.1)
    20.0
    (68.0)
    19.4
    (66.9)
    18.9
    (66.0)
    Average precipitation mm (inches) 373.3
    (14.70)
    381.4
    (15.02)
    210.4
    (8.28)
    164.1
    (6.46)
    103.2
    (4.06)
    80.4
    (3.17)
    77.7
    (3.06)
    51.5
    (2.03)
    61.0
    (2.40)
    112.2
    (4.42)
    134.8
    (5.31)
    183.3
    (7.22)
    1,933.3
    (76.11)
    Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17.5 17.9 14.1 11.5 8.2 6.2 4.8 3.3 4.0 7.4 10.4 12.8 118.1
    Average
    relative humidity
    (%)
    85 85 83 82 82 81 78 76 75 77 81 82 81
    Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[85]
    Source 2: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial[86]Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity)[87]
    Climate data for Jakarta
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Average sea temperature °C (°F) 28.0
    (82.0)
    28.0
    (82.0)
    29.0
    (84.0)
    30.0
    (86.0)
    30.0
    (86.0)
    29.0
    (84.0)
    29.0
    (84.0)
    29.0
    (84.0)
    29.0
    (84.0)
    29.0
    (84.0)
    29.0
    (84.0)
    29.0
    (84.0)
    29.0
    (84.0)
    Mean daily daylight hours 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
    Average Ultraviolet index 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 12 13 13 13 13 12
    Source: Weather Atlas[88]

    Demographics

    Jakarta population pyramid in 2021
    Historical population
    YearPop.±%
    187065,000—    
    187599,100+52.5%
    1880102,900+3.8%
    188397,000−5.7%
    1886100,500+3.6%
    1890105,100+4.6%
    1901115,900+10.3%
    1905138,600+19.6%
    1918234,700+69.3%
    1920253,800+8.1%
    1925290,400+14.4%
    1928311,000+7.1%
    1930435,184+39.9%
    1940530,000+21.8%
    1945600,000+13.2%
    19501,800,000+200.0%
    19592,814,000+56.3%
    19602,678,740−4.8%
    19612,906,533+8.5%
    19703,915,406+34.7%
    19806,700,000+71.1%
    19857,900,000+17.9%
    19908,174,756+3.5%
    20008,389,759+2.6%
    20109,625,579+14.7%
    202010,562,088+9.7%
    202110,609,681+0.5%
    202210,679,951+0.7%
    Note: Census figures cover the actual and projected populations of the largest Asian urban agglomerations.[89] According to the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics, 23 per cent of urban residents live in poverty. With a population of 7.9 million in 1985, Jakarta accounted for 19 per cent of the total Indonesia urban population. [90]
    Source: [91][92]

    Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta.[93] Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs.[39] Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri) tabulates its own data, which has improved since ID card requirements in last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 in yearend 2021.

    Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%.

    Greater Jakarta was 30 million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population.[99] It is predicted to reach 35.6 million people by 2030 to become the world's biggest megacity.[100] The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010,[101] and 101.3 in 2014.[102]

    Ethnicity

    Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population were

    and others 7.08%.

    Betawi people are the "natives" of Jakarta.

    The 'Betawi' (Orang Betawi, or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant descendants of the old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs.[103] They are thus a creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia. Over generations, most have intermarried with one or more ethnicities, especially people of Chinese, Arab and European descent.[104] Most Betawis lived in the fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta.[105] It is thus a conundrum for some Javanese people, especially multi-generational Jakarta residents, to identify as either Javanese or Betawi since living in a Betawi-majority district and speaking more of that creole and adapting is a matter of preference for such families.

    A significant

    Pinangsia, PIK, Pluit and Glodok (Jakarta's Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in the old Chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara. As of 2001 they self-identified as being 5.5%, which was thought of as under-reported;[106]
    this explains the 6.6% figure ten years later.

    The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2020 census, roughly 361,000

    Malays lived in the city. The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Toba Batak is the largest subset in Jakarta.[107] Working Minangkabau in the 1980s in high proportions were well-embedded merchants, artisans, doctors, teachers or journalists.[108][109] Minang merchants are found in traditional markets, such as Tanah Abang and Senen.[110]

    Language

    Chinese, and Arabic. Over time, many Betawi words and phrases became integrated into Indonesian as Jakartan slang
    , and is used by most people regardless of their ethnic background.

    The Chinese in Jakarta mainly speak Indonesian and English due to a strict language ban during

    Cantonese. Hokkien, which is mainly from Sumatra (Medan, Bagansiapiapi, Batam) is mostly spoken in Northern Jakarta, such as in Pantai Indah Kapuk, Pluit, and Kelapa Gading, meanwhile Hakka and Teochew, which are derived from the Chinese communities in Pontianak and Singkawang, are mainly spoken in West Jakarta, like in Tambora and Grogol Petamburan
    .

    The Batak in Jakarta mostly speak Indonesian, while the older generation tends to speak their native languages, such as

    Karo, depending on which ancestral towns and places in North Sumatra they come from. The Minangkabau mainly speak Minangkabau
    together with Indonesian.

    Religion

    Religion in Jakarta (2022)[112]

      
    Catholicism (3.89%)
      Buddhism (3.48%)
      Hinduism (0.18%)
      Confucianism (0.016%)
    (0.004%)

    In 2022, Jakarta's religious composition was distributed over

    Catholicism (3.89%), Buddhism (3.48%), Hinduism (0.18%), Confucianism (0.016%), and about 0.004% of population claimed to follow folk religions.[112]

    Most pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) in Jakarta are affiliated with the traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama,[113] modernist organisations mostly catering to a socioeconomic class of educated urban elites and merchant traders. They give priority to education, social welfare programs and religious propagation.[114] Many Islamic organisations have headquarters in Jakarta, including Nahdlatul Ulama, Indonesian Ulema Council, Muhammadiyah, Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah, and Jaringan Islam Liberal.

    The

    Hindu community, which mainly are from Balinese and Indian people. There is also a Sikh and Baháʼí Faith community presence in Jakarta.[115]

    Education

    University of Indonesia

    Jakarta is home to numerous educational institutions. The

    Bina Nusantara University,[121] Jayabaya University,[122] Persada Indonesia "YAI" University,[123] and Pancasila University.[124]

    School buses for Jakartan students, free to ride as long as one is wearing school uniform.

    Sekolah Pelita Harapan.[131]

    Economy

    Bank Indonesia Headquarters

    Jakarta GDP share by sector (2022)[132]

      Agriculture (0.08%)
      Manufacturing (12.28%)
      Other Industrial (11.71%)
      Service (75.93%)

    Indonesia is the largest economy of

    GRP per capita of Jakarta will rank 28th among the 77 cities in 2030 from 41st in 2015, the largest in Southeast Asia.[135] Savills Resilient Cities Index has predicted Jakarta to be within the top 20 cities in the world by 2028.[136][137]

    Jakarta's economy depends highly on manufacturing and service sectors such as banking, trading and financial. Industries include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences. The head office of

    Alibaba have regional cloud centers in Jakarta.[141] In 2017, the economic growth was 6.22%.[142] Throughout the same year, the total value of the investment was Rp 108.6 trillion (US$8 billion), an increase of 84.7% from the previous year.[143] In 2021, nominal GDP per capita was estimated at Rp 274.710 million (US$19,199).[133] The most significant contributions to GRDP were by finance, ownership and business services (29%); trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20%), and manufacturing industry sector (16%).[39]

    The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth of at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.[144] The cost of living continues to rise. Both land prices and rents have become expensive. Mercer's 2017 Cost of Living Survey ranked Jakarta as 88th costliest city in the world for expatriates.[145] Industrial development and the construction of new housing thrive on the outskirts, while commerce and banking remain concentrated in the city centre.[146] Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market. Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons.[147]

    Shopping

    Grand Indonesia is one of the largest malls in Jakarta.

    As of 2015, with a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta had the largest

    ÆON Mall Jakarta Garden City and Tanjung Barat, Mall Taman Anggrek, Central Park Mall, as well as Pondok Indah Mall.[150] Fashion retail brands in Jakarta include Debenhams at Senayan City and Lippo Mall Kemang Village,[151] Japanese Sogo,[152] Seibu at Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, and French brand, Galeries Lafayette, at Pacific Place. The Satrio-Casablanca shopping belt includes Kuningan City, Mal Ambassador, Kota Kasablanka, and Lotte Shopping Avenue.[153] Shopping malls are also located at Grogol and Puri Indah in West Jakarta
    .

    Traditional markets include

    Blok M, Mayestik, Tanah Abang, Senen, Pasar Baru, Glodok, Mangga Dua, Cempaka Mas, and Jatinegara. Special markets sell antique goods at Jalan Surabaya and gemstones in Rawabening Market.[154]

    Tourism

    a Beach at Thousand Islands

    Though Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories,[155] and ranked eighth most-posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image-sharing site Instagram,[156] it is not a top international tourist destination. The city, however, is ranked as the fifth fastest-growing tourist destination among 132 cities according to MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.[157]

    Chinese Pagoda at PIK

    The

    MICE tourism, by arranging increasing numbers of conventions.[161][162]
    In 2012, the tourism sector contributed Rp. 2.6 trillion (US$268.5 million) to the city's total direct income of Rp. 17.83 trillion (US$1.45 billion), a 17.9% increase from the previous year 2011.

    Culture

    Ondel-ondel puppets are the mascot of the city and the symbol of Betawi culture.

    As the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta is a melting pot of cultures from all ethnic groups of the country. Though Betawi people are an indigenous community of Jakarta, the city's culture represents many languages and ethnic groups, supports differences regarding religion, traditions and linguistics, rather than any single and dominant culture.

    Arts and festivals

    Tanjidor music demonstrates European influence
    Ondel-ondel puppet performance attraction on the street of Jakarta

    The Betawi culture is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming a language island in the surrounding area. Betawi arts have a "low profile" in Jakarta, and most Betawi people have moved to the suburbs. The cultures of the Javanese and other Indonesian ethnic groups have a "higher profile" than that of the Betawi. There is a significant Chinese influence in Betawi culture, reflected in the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, firecrackers and Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.

    Some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival, Kemang Festival, Festival Condet and Lebaran Betawi include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to display performances.

    Gedung Kesenian Jakarta near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in the Plaza Semanggi area, Bentara Budaya Jakarta in the Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in Ancol, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including Wayang and Gamelan performances. Javanese Wayang Orang
    performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata theatre.

    Arts and culture festivals and exhibitions include the annual ARKIPEL – Jakarta International Documentary and Experimental Film Festival,

    Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival
    (JJF) is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world, the biggest in the Southern hemisphere, and is held annually in March.

    Several foreign art and culture centres in Jakarta promote culture and language through learning centres, libraries and art galleries. These include the Chinese

    .

    Cuisine

    Soto Betawi, mainly consisting of offal in creamy milk or coconut milk
    soup

    All varieties of Indonesian cuisine have a presence in Jakarta. The local cuisine is Betawi cuisine, which reflects various foreign culinary traditions. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by Malay-Chinese Peranakan cuisine, Sundanese and Javanese cuisine, which is also influenced by Indian, Arabic and European cuisines. One of the most popular local dishes of Betawi cuisine is Soto Betawi which is prepared from chunks of beef and offal in rich and spicy cow's milk or coconut milk broth. Other popular Betawi dishes include soto kaki, nasi uduk (mixed rice), kerak telor (spicy omelette), nasi ulam, asinan, ketoprak, rujak and gado-gado Betawi (salad in peanut sauce).

    Jakarta cuisine can be found in modest street-side warung food stalls and Hawkers travelling vendors to high-end fine dining restaurants.[166] Live music venues and exclusive restaurants are abundant.[167] Many traditional foods from far-flung regions in Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditional Padang restaurants and low-budget Warteg (Warung Tegal) food stalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Other popular street foods include nasi goreng (fried rice), sate (skewered meats), pecel lele (fried catfish), bakso (meatballs), bakpau (Chinese bun) and siomay (fish dumplings).

    Roti buaya, crocodile-shaped bread is often served in festive occasions.

    Blok M has many Japanese style restaurants and bars.[173]

    Trendy restaurants, cafe and bars can be found at

    .

    Monas and Kemayoran.[178] Thamrin 10 is a food and creative park located at Menteng, where varieties of food stall are available.[179]

    Global fast-food chains are present, and usually found in

    , and modern fusion food restaurants can all be found in Jakarta.

    Sports

    Gelora Bung Karno Stadium

    Jakarta hosted the

    Southeast Asian Games in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011 (supporting Palembang). Gelora Bung Karno Stadium[183] hosted the group stage, quarterfinal and final of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup along with Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.[184][185] The largest capacity retractable roof stadium in Asia, Jakarta International Stadium, is located at Tanjung Priok
    district, completed in 2022.

    The Senayan sports complex has several sports venues, including the Bung Karno football stadium,

    Rawamangun, which was used as a venue for the 2018 Asian Games. It has a seating capacity of 3,500 for track cycling, and up to 8,500 for shows and concerts,[186] which can also be used for various sports activities such as volleyball, badminton and futsal. Jakarta International Equestrian Park is an equestrian sports venue located at Pulomas, which was also used as a venue for 2018 Asian Games.[187]

    Asian Para Games closing ceremony in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, 2018

    The Jakarta

    bicycling, skateboarding, badminton, karate, on-street library and musical performances take over the roads and the main parks.[188]

    Jakarta's most popular home football club is

    Persitara which competes in Liga 3 and plays in Tugu Stadium
    .

    IAAF. It was established in 2013. It brings sports tourism. In 2015, more than 15,000 runners from 53 countries participated.[189][190][191][192][193]

    Jakarta successfully hosted the first Jakarta ePrix race of the Formula E championship in June 2022 at Ancol Circuit, North Jakarta.[194]

    Media and entertainment

    The main TV tower of TVRI at its headquarters in Jakarta

    Jakarta is home to most of the Indonesian national newspapers, besides some local-based newspapers. Daily local newspapers in Jakarta are

    Warta Kota, as well as the now-defunct Indopos. National newspapers based in Jakarta include Kompas and Media Indonesia, most of them have a news segment covering the city. A number of business newspapers (Bisnis Indonesia, Investor Daily and Kontan) and sports newspaper (Super Ball
    ) are also published.

    Newspapers other than in Indonesian, mainly for a national and global audience, are also published daily. Examples are English-language newspapers The Jakarta Post and online-only The Jakarta Globe. Chinese language newspapers also circulate, such as Indonesia Shang Bao (印尼商报), Harian Indonesia (印尼星洲日报), and Guo Ji Ri Bao (国际日报). The only Japanese language newspaper is The Daily Jakarta Shimbun (じゃかるた新聞).

    Around 75 radio stations broadcast in Jakarta, 52 on the FM band, and 23 on the AM band. Radio entities are based in Jakarta, for example, national radio networks MNC Trijaya FM, Prambors FM, Trax FM, I-Radio, Hard Rock FM, Delta FM, Global FM and the public radio RRI; as well as local stations Gen FM, Radio Elshinta and Z99,9.

    Jakarta is the headquarters for Indonesia's public television TVRI as well as private national television networks, such as Metro TV, tvOne, Kompas TV, RCTI and NET. Jakarta has local television channels such as TVRI Jakarta, JakTV, Elshinta TV and KTV. Many TV stations are analogue PAL, but some are now converting to digital signals using DVB-T2 following a government plan to digital television migration.[195]

    Government and politics

    The Jakarta governor's office at the Jakarta City Hall

    Jakarta is administratively equal to a

    Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, DPRD DKI Jakarta) is the legislative branch with 106 directly elected members. The Jakarta City Hall at the south of Merdeka Square
    houses the office of the governor and the vice governor, and serves as the main administrative office.

    Executive governance consists of five administrative cities (

    administrative regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Administrasi) headed by a regent
    (bupati). Unlike other cities and regencies in Indonesia where the mayor or regent is directly elected, Jakarta's mayors and regents are chosen by the governor. Each city and regency is divided into administrative districts.

    Aside from representatives to the provincial parliament, Jakarta sends 21 delegates to the

    national lower house parliament. The representatives are elected from Jakarta's three national electoral districts, which also include overseas voters.[196] It also sends 4 delegates, just like other provinces, to the national upper house parliament
    .

    The Jakarta Smart City (JSC) program was launched on 14 December 2014 with the goal for smart governance, smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart living and a smart environment in the city using the web and various smartphone-based apps.[197]

    Public safety

    The

    Inspector General of Police) with the title of "Greater Jakarta Regional Police Chief" (Indonesian
    : Kepala Kepolisian Daerah Metro Jaya, abbreviated Kapolda Metro Jaya). Its office is located at Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 55, Senayan, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta and their hotline emergency number is 110.

    The

    VVIP security, and riot control
    .

    Municipal finances

    The Jakarta provincial government relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of its income. Local (non-central government) sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees, among others.[198] The ability of the regional government to respond to Jakarta's many problems is constrained by limited finances.

    The provincial government consistently runs a surplus of between 15 and 20% of planned spending, primarily because of delays in procurement and other inefficiencies.[199] Regular under-spending is a matter of public comment.[200] In 2013, the budget was around Rp 50 trillion ($US5.2 billion), equivalent to around $US380 per citizen. Spending priorities were on education, transport, flood control, environment and social spending (such as health and housing).[201] Jakarta's regional budget (APBD) was Rp 77.1 trillion ($US5.92 billion), Rp 83.2 trillion ($US6.2 billion), and Rp 89 trillion ($US6.35 billion) for the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.[202][203][204]

    Administrative divisions

    Kecamatan
    ).

    Jakarta consists of five Kota Administratif (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and one Kabupaten Administratif (

    Administrative regency
    ). Each city and regency is divided into districts (kecamatan). The administrative cities/municipalities of Jakarta are:

    The only administrative regency (kabupaten) of Jakarta is the Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu), formerly a district within North Jakarta. It is a collection of 105 small islands located on the Java Sea. It is of high conservation value because of its unique ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycling, and windsurfing, are the primary tourist activities in this territory. The main mode of transportation between the islands is speed boats or small ferries.[210]

    Jakarta's cities/municipalities (Kota Administratif)
    Kode
    Wilayah
    Name of
    City or
    Regency
    Area
    in
    km2
    Pop'n
    2010
    census[211]
    Pop'n
    2020
    census[212]
    Pop'n
    mid 2022
    estimate[14]
    Pop'n
    density
    (per km2)
    in mid 2022
    HDI
    [213] 2021 estimates
    31.74 South Jakarta 144.94 2,062,232 2,226,812 2,244,623 15,487 0.849 (Very High)
    31.75 East Jakarta 185.54 2,693,896 3,037,139 3,083,883 16,621 0.829 (Very High)
    31.71 Central Jakarta 47.56 902,973 1,056,896 1,079,995 22,708 0.815 (Very High)
    31.73 West Jakarta 124.97 2,281,945 2,434,511 2,448,975 19,597 0.817 (Very High)
    31.72 North Jakarta 147.46 1,645,659 1,778,981 1,793,550 12,162 0.805 (Very High)
    31.01 Thousand Islands 10.73 21,082 27,749 28,925 2,696 0.721 (High)

    Infrastructure

    To transform the city into a more livable one, a ten-year urban regeneration project was undertaken, for Rp 571 trillion ($40.5 billion). The project aimed to develop infrastructure, including the creation of a better integrated public transit system and the improvement of the city's clean water and wastewater systems, housing and flood control systems.[214]

    Transportation

    KRL
    MRT
    LRT
    Airport rail link
    Various rail-based means of transport in Jakarta; from top left to right: Commuter rail, MRT, LRT, and Airport rail link
    TransJakarta is the longest BRT system in the world (251.2 km).[215]
    Batavia map of Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara)

    As a metropolitan area of about 30 million people, Jakarta has a variety of transport systems.[216] Jakarta was awarded 2021 global Sustainable Transport Award (STA) for integrated public transportation system.[217]

    The city prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.

    electronic road pricing
    .

    There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of

    Greater Jakarta and to cities across the island of Java. The biggest of the bus terminal is Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal, which is arguably the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia.[219] Main terminus for long distance train services are Gambir and Pasar Senen. Whoosh High-speed railways is connecting Jakarta to Bandung and another one is at the planning stage from Jakarta to Surabaya
    .

    A skybridge at CSW-ASEAN TOD

    As of September 2023, Jakarta's public transport service coverage has reached 86 percent, which is targeted to Increase to 95 percent. Rapid transit in

    Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link. The city administration is building transit oriented development like Dukuh Atas TOD and CSW-ASEAN TOD
    in several area across Jakarta to facilitate commuters to transfer between different mode of public transportation.

    Privately owned bus systems like

    Taxicabs and ojeks (motorcycle taxis) are available in the city. As of January 2023, about 2.6 million people use public transportation daily in Jakarta.[221]

    The city administration has undertaken a project to build about 500 kilometers of bicycle lanes. As of June 2021, Jakarta already has 63 kilometers of bicycle lanes, and another 101 kilometers will be added by the end of the year 2021.[222][223]

    Jakarta metropolitan area include Pondok Cabe Airport and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the Thousand Island archipelago
    .

    Indonesia's busiest and Jakarta's main seaport
    Tanjung Priok serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. The old port Sunda Kelapa only accommodate pinisi, a traditional two-masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Muara Angke is used as a public port to Thousand Islands (Indonesia), while Marina Ancol is used as a tourist port.[224]

    Jakarta is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean and there to the Upper Adriatic region.[225][226][227]

    Healthcare

    Jakarta has many of the country's best-equipped private and public

    Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), which is run by BPJS Kesehatan.[229] KJS is being integrated into JKN,[230] and KJS cards are still valid as of 2018.[231] As of 2021, 85.55% of the people of Jakarta is covered by JKN.[232]

    Government-run hospitals are of a good standard but are often overcrowded. Government-run specialised hospitals include Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, as well as community hospitals and puskesmas. Other options for healthcare services include private hospitals and clinics. The private healthcare sector has seen significant changes, since the government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010. While some private facilities are run by nonprofit or religious organisations, most are for-profit. Hospital chains such as Siloam, Pondok Indah Hospital Group, Mayapada, Mitra Keluarga, Medika, Medistra, Ciputra, Radjak Hospital Group, RS Bunda Group, and Hermina operate in the city.[233][234][235]

    Water supply

    Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. Eighty per cent of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on the

    Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water
    International. Both companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the first seven years of the concessions had been lower than before, possibly because of substantial inflation-adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005, tariffs were frozen, leading private water companies to cut down on investments.

    According to PALYJA, the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% (1998) to 65% (2010) in the western half of the concession.

    Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta had a crisis over clean water.[240]

    International relations

    International organisations

    Jakarta hosts foreign

    Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Headquarters and is ASEAN's diplomatic capital.[241]

    Jakarta is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and ASEAN Smart Cities Network.

    Twin towns – sister cities

    Jakarta signed sister city agreements with other cities, including Casablanca. To promote friendship between the two cities, the main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. No street in Casablanca is named after Jakarta. However, the Moroccan capital city of Rabat has an avenue named after Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship.[242]

    Jakarta's sister cities are:[243]

    Cooperation and friendship

    Jakarta has established a partnership with Rotterdam, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity-building and knowledge exchange.[244] This cooperation is mainly because both cities are dealing with similar problems; they lie in low-lying flat plains and are prone to flooding. Additionally, they have both implemented drainage systems involving canals, dams, and pumps vital for both cities for below-sea-level areas.

    In addition to its sister cities, Jakarta cooperates with:[243]

    Notable people

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ Collaboration with the "Plus Jakarta" Wordmark.[2]
    2. ^ Jakarta is a city with province-level Special Region comprising five Kota Administrasi (administrative cities/municipalities) and one Kabupaten Administrasi (administrative regency). It has no de jure capital, but many governmental buildings are located at Central Jakarta.

    References

    1. ^ "A Day in J-Town". Jetstar Magazine. April 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
    2. ^ Bhwana, Petir Garda; Muthiariny, Dewi Elvia (12 December 2022). "Jakarta Introduces New Slogan 'Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia'". en.tempo.co. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
    3. ^ a b c "Provinsi – Kementerian Dalam Negeri – Republik Indonesia" [Province – Ministry of Home Affairs – Republic of Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
    4. .
    5. ^ "Provinsi DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka 2021". Badan Pusat Statistik. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
    6. ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF) (16th annual ed.). February 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
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    8. ^ "ArcGIS Web Application".
    9. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022-2023" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
    10. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). "[Seri 2010] Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022-2023" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
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      (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.
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    18. ^ Cortesão 1990, pp. 27–32.
    19. ^ Kampen 1831, p. 291.
    20. ^ (in Dutch) "Batavia zoals het weent en lacht", (17 October 1939), Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië, p. 6
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    23. ^ Ayatrohaédi 2005, p. ?.
    24. ^ Hellman, Thynell & Voorst 2018, p. 182.
    25. ^ Bunge & Vreeland 1983, p. 3.
    26. ^ Ayatrohaédi 2005, p. 60.
    27. ^ a b Heuken 1999, p. ?.
    28. ^ Ricklefs 1981, p. ?.
    29. ^ a b c d Witton 2003, pp. 138–39.
    30. ^ Nas & Grijns 2000, p. 145.
    31. ^ "Menteng: Pelopor Kota Taman" (in Indonesian). Badan Perencanaan Kotamadya Jakarta Pusat. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009.
    32. ^ Henderson 1970, pp. 81–82.
    33. ^ Bakker et al. 2008, p. 1891.
    34. ^ Sejarah perkembangan Kota Jakarta (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Propinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Dinas Museum dan Pemugaran. 2000. p. 56.
    35. ^ Waworoentoe 2013.
    36. ^ Kusno 2000, p. 56; Schoppert & Damais 1997, p. 105?
    37. ^ "Why ethnic Chinese are afraid Archived 24 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine". BBC News. 12 February 1998.
    38. ^ "Jakarta". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
    39. ^ from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
    40. ^ Douglass 1989, pp. 211–38; Douglass 1992, pp. 9–32
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    Bibliography

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    Preceded by History of Jakarta
    17 August 1945 – present
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    Preceded byas Capital of the Dutch East Indies Capital of Indonesia
    17 August 1945 – 4 January 1946
    Succeeded by
    Preceded by Capital of Indonesia
    17 August 1950 – present
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    Nusantara
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