Geography of Malaysia
Highest point | Mount Kinabalu (4,095.2 m) |
---|---|
Lowest point | Indian Ocean (0 m) |
Longest river | Rajang River |
Largest lake | Kenyir Lake (manmade) Bera Lake (natural) |
Exclusive economic zone | 334,671 km2 (129,217 sq mi) |
The geography of Malaysia includes both the physical and the human geography of Malaysia, a Southeast Asian country made up of two major landmasses separated by water—Peninsular Malaysia to the west and East Malaysia to the east—and numerous smaller islands that surround those landmasses. Peninsular Malaysia is on the southernmost part of the Malay Peninsula, south of Thailand, north of Singapore and east of the Indonesian island of Sumatra; East Malaysia comprises most of the northern part of Borneo, and shares land borders with Brunei to the north and Indonesian Borneo to the south.
Climate
Located near the
Malaysia faces two
Local climates are affected by the presence of mountain ranges throughout Malaysia, and climate can be divided into that of the highlands, the lowlands, and coastal regions. The coasts have a sunny climate, with temperatures ranging between 23 and 32 °C (73.4 and 89.6 °F), and rainfall ranging from 10 to 30 centimetres (4 to 12 in) a month. The lowlands have a similar temperature, but follow a more distinctive rainfall pattern and show very high humidity levels. The highlands are cooler and wetter, and display a greater temperature variation. A large amount of cloud cover is present over the highlands, which have humidity levels that do not fall below 75%.[3]
The highest temperature was recorded at Chuping, Perlis on 9 April 1998 at 40.1 °C (104.2 °F). The lowest temperature in Peninsula Malaysia was recorded at Cameron Highlands on 1 February 1978 at 7.8 °C (46.0 °F). The lowest temperature in East Malaysia was recorded on Mount Kinabalu at −4 °C (25 °F). The highest snowfall was recorded in a year was 1 cm (0.4 in) at Mount Kinabalu, Sabah in 1975, 1993, and 2022. The highest rainfall recorded in a day was 608 mm (23.9 in) in Kota Bharu, Kelantan on 6 January 1967. The highest rainfall recorded in a year was 5,687 mm (223.9 in) at Sandakan, Sabah in 2006. Meanwhile, the lowest rainfall recorded in a year was 1,151 mm (45.3 in) at Tawau, Sabah in 1997.[5] The wettest place in Malaysia is Kuching, Sarawak with an average rainfall of 4,159 mm (163.7 in) with 279 days of rain a year. The driest place in Malaysia is in Sitiawan, Perak with average rainfall of 1,787 mm (70.4 in) a year.[5]
Climate data for Kuala Lumpur (Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1963–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 38.0 (100.4) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.2 (99.0) |
38.5 (101.3) |
36.6 (97.9) |
36.3 (97.3) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.9 (96.6) |
37.0 (98.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.5 (95.9) |
38.5 (101.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.6 (90.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.7 (92.7) |
33.7 (92.7) |
33.6 (92.5) |
33.3 (91.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.9 (91.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.3 (81.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.8 (82.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 226.7 (8.93) |
192.8 (7.59) |
270.4 (10.65) |
301.5 (11.87) |
229.9 (9.05) |
145.8 (5.74) |
165.2 (6.50) |
174.3 (6.86) |
220.3 (8.67) |
283.8 (11.17) |
355.8 (14.01) |
280.6 (11.05) |
2,847.1 (112.09) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.6 | 11.9 | 15.0 | 16.8 | 13.2 | 9.6 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 13.3 | 16.3 | 19.7 | 16.3 | 167.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80 | 80 | 80 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 81 | 82 | 84 | 83 | 81 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 185.0 | 192.4 | 207.9 | 198.8 | 206.8 | 194.4 | 200.2 | 189.0 | 163.8 | 169.1 | 152.3 | 162.6 | 2,222.3 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[6] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Pogodaiklimat.ru[7] NOAA (sunshine hours, 1961–1990)[8] |
Climate data for Klang | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.7 (87.3) |
31.4 (88.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.8 (80.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.6 (70.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 179 (7.0) |
139 (5.5) |
207 (8.1) |
222 (8.7) |
173 (6.8) |
108 (4.3) |
107 (4.2) |
150 (5.9) |
179 (7.0) |
246 (9.7) |
265 (10.4) |
233 (9.2) |
2,208 (86.8) |
Source: Climate-Data.org[9] |
Climate data for Kuching (1991–2020 normals), extremes 1876–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 34.6 (94.3) |
34.7 (94.5) |
35.2 (95.4) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.6 (96.1) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.4 (97.5) |
36.5 (97.7) |
35.2 (95.4) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.7 (94.5) |
36.5 (97.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
32.4 (90.3) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.8 (89.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.9 (78.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.3 (66.7) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 672.3 (26.47) |
501.4 (19.74) |
340.2 (13.39) |
303.2 (11.94) |
267.8 (10.54) |
255.4 (10.06) |
200.9 (7.91) |
263.7 (10.38) |
245.3 (9.66) |
343.1 (13.51) |
341.5 (13.44) |
498.1 (19.61) |
4,232.7 (166.64) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 21.4 | 17.0 | 17.6 | 17.4 | 15.9 | 14.5 | 13.1 | 14.7 | 15.8 | 19.1 | 21.2 | 22.8 | 210.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
89 | 88 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 85 | 86 | 88 | 89 | 86 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 126 | 137 | 149 | 154 | 156 | 159 | 165 | 163 | 158 | 152 | 149 | 136 | 1,804 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[10] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Ogimet[11] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),[12] Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1975–1985)[13] |
Climate change
Geology
Malaysia is located on the
The total land area of Malaysia is 330,803 square kilometres (127,720 sq mi), the 66th
Malaysia has the 29th longest coastline in the world. The two distinct parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains.[15]
Peninsular Malaysia covers the southern half of the Malay Peninsula,[3] and extends 740 kilometres (460 mi) from north to south, and its maximum width is 322 kilometres (200 mi).[1] It is mountainous, with more than half of it over 150 metres (492 ft) above sea level.[3] About half of Peninsular Malaysia is covered by granite and other igneous rocks, a third more is covered by stratified rocks older than the granite, and the remainder is covered by alluvium.[16]
Harbours are only available on the peninsula's western side,[1] and the most fertile land occurs when river valleys flow out to the sea. The coastal plains bordering the Strait of Malacca are the most densely populated areas of Malaysia, and contains Malaysia's capital, Kuala Lumpur.[3]
East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, has a coastline of 2,607 kilometres (1,620 mi).[15] It is divided between coastal regions, hills and valleys, and a mountainous interior. There are only two major cities, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu. Much of southern Sarawak is coastal lowlands, which shifts to a series of plateaus going north, ending in the mountainous regions of Sabah.[3]
Mountain ranges
The highest mountain range in Malaysia is the
Mountain ranges in East Malaysia tend to follow north–south or northeast–southwest paths, and the highest ranges form the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. The mountains contain many jagged limestone peaks.
Peninsular Malaysia contains numerous mountain ranges running parallel from north to south along the peninsula.
Caves
Numerous caves run through the country due to the
Islands
Malaysia contains
Coasts
A recent global remote sensing analysis suggests that there were 1,713 km2 of tidal flats in Malaysia, making it the 19th ranked country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.[25]
Forests
Malaysian forests can be categorised as tropical rainforests. Approximately 58.2% of Malaysia's land is covered by forest. A large amount of lowland forest is present below an altitude of 760 metres (2,493 ft).[1] East Malaysia, like most of Borneo, was formerly covered by the Borneo lowland rain forests[26] with over 2000 tree species.[3] However, much of it has been cleared,[26] due to the increase in logging since the 1960s and the increase of shifting cultivation. Over 80% of Sarawak's forests have been felled, and the logging throughout East Malaysia has polluted waterways, increased erosion, and damaged agriculture.[3] Some state governments have now taken measures to halt the degradation of the rainforest.[26]
Malaysia's rainforests are made of a variety of types, mainly dipterocarp, swamps, and mangroves. The majority of the forest is dipterocarp forests.[26] Dipterocarps species are centred in Malaysia.[27] There are over 1,425 square kilometres (550 sq mi) of mangroves in Malaysia.[1] Some areas are designated as forest reserves, state parks, or national parks. The management of these reserves is done by the Department of Wildlife and National Park, the Forest Department of Sarawak, the Sabah Forestry Department, the Sabah Foundation, and Sabah Parks. As of 2000, there are two World Heritage Sites under the natural category – Kinabalu Park and Gunung Mulu National Park.[citation needed]
Ecoregions
Malaysia is divided into several tropical forest ecoregions.
Peninsular Malaysia is home to the
Eastern Malaysia is home to the Borneo lowland rain forests, Borneo montane rain forests, Borneo peat swamp forests, Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests, and Sundaland heath forests.[28]
Peninsular Malaysia's west coast is home to the Myanmar Coast mangroves. The Indochina mangroves fringe Peninsular Malaysia's east coast. The Sunda Shelf mangroves line Borneo's coast.
Extreme points
The southernmost point of Malaysia is located in the district of
Bodies of water
Between Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia is the
Off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia is the South China Sea,
Malaysia claims 12
Lakes
The Bera Lake in Pahang is one of the largest lakes in Malaysia, and one of the only two natural lakes in Malaysia with Chini Lake. Pedu Lake is a 12 kilometres (7 mi) long lake located 5 kilometres (3 mi) from the Malaysia–Thailand border. Kenyir Lake is the largest artificial lake in Southeast Asia.[citation needed]
Rivers
There are many systems of rivers found around Malaysia. The longest is the Rajang River in Sarawak with a length of 760 kilometres (472 mi). The second longest is the Kinabatangan River in Sabah with a length of 560 kilometres (348 mi). The longest river in Peninsular Malaysia is the Pahang River with a length of 435 kilometres (270 mi).[citation needed]
Wildlife
Malaysia is a
Natural disasters
Malaysia's geographical location protects the country from most major natural disasters. It is located on a seismically stable plate that minimises direct risks of earthquakes and volcanoes, is partially protected from tsunamis by surrounding landmasses, and is a rare target for tropical cyclones. However, the country's tropical climate opens the country to the risk of flooding, landslides and prolonged droughts.[citation needed] Global climate change may exacerbate the situation with extreme weather events in Southeast Asia raising the economic, political and social risks for Malaysia.[37]
Storms and flooding
With 189 water basins and an average rainfall of over 2,000–4,000 mm per year, Malaysia is prone to
Due to weak
Seismic activity
Malaysia is largely seismically stable with little modern history of volcanic activity, being situated entirely on the
Peninsular Malaysia is more accustomed to only light tremors caused by earthquakes along the Sumatran islands of Indonesia generated predominantly by the Great Sumatran fault and Sunda megathrust.[39] However, a pair of rare earthquakes that did not originate in Sumatra were felt in much of Malaya and Singapore on 31 January 1922 and 7 February 1922.[40] As is with Singapore, the effects of tremors are also felt more significantly on skyscrapers common in populated centres in Malaysia due to the effects of mechanical resonance. East Malaysian states, particularly Sabah, are at risk of more moderate interplate and intraplate earthquakes due to its closer proximity to active tectonic activities along the Ring of Fire, with record earthquakes in the country occurring in Sabah in 1923, 1951, 1976 and 2015 at an average of 6.0–6.5 Mw.[41] The fringes of Sabah also lay host to a series of the country's only volcanoes at the Tawau volcanic field and off the state's coast. Prominently, Mount Bombalai last erupted during the Holocene epoch, while the last major eruption in present-day Malaysia occurred during the formation of a chain of volcanic islands (prominently including Pulau Tiga) off Kimanis Bay in 1897.[citation needed]
Interest towards
Natural resources
Minerals and petroleum
Malaysia produces petroleum and is a net exporter.[43] Malaysia also produces liquefied natural gas as well as various other related products, most of which are found off the coasts of Terengganu, Sabah, and Sarawak. Other notable natural resources includes tin, timber, copper, iron, ore, and bauxite.[citation needed]
Malaysia was the largest exporter of tin until the industry-wide collapse in the 1980s. Tin deposits are found in areas in Selangor, Kinta valley in Perak, Pahang and Johor.[44] There are significant deposit of gold in the Pahang towns of Raub and Kuala Lipis and also Kelantan's district of Gua Musang.[45]
Coal is mostly concentrated in the Sarawak towns of Kapit, Mukah and Silantek.[citation needed]
Forestry
Land use
Large areas of land are used as
As of 2011, the percentage arable land in Malaysia is 5.44%. Croplands consists of 17.49% while other land uses consists of 77.07%.[48] As of 2009, irrigated land covers 3,800 km2. Total renewable water resource total 580 cubic km as of 2011.[citation needed]
Human geography
Peninsular Malaysia is more populated than East Malaysia with 79.2% of the population living in Peninsular Malaydia. In 2002, 59% of Malaysian population lived in
Rank | Name | State | Pop. | Rank | Name | State | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuala Lumpur Kajang |
1 | Kuala Lumpur | Federal Territory |
1,982,112 | 11 | Ipoh | Perak | 759,952 | Seberang Perai Subang Jaya |
2 | Kajang | Selangor | 1,047,356 | 12 | Seremban | Negeri Sembilan | 681,541 | ||
3 | Seberang Perai | Penang | 946,092 | 13 | Iskandar Puteri | Johor | 575,977 | ||
4 | Subang Jaya | Selangor | 902,086 | 14 | Kuantan | Pahang | 548,014 | ||
5 | Klang | Selangor | 902,025 | 15 | Sungai Petani | Kedah | 545,053 | ||
6 | Johor Bahru | Johor | 858,118 | 16 | Ampang Jaya | Selangor | 531,904 | ||
7 | Shah Alam | Selangor | 812,327 | 17 | Kota Kinabalu | Sabah | 500,425 | ||
8 | George Town | Penang | 794,313 | 18 | Malacca City | Malacca | 453,904 | ||
9 | Petaling Jaya | Selangor | 771,687 | 19 | Sandakan | Sabah | 439,050 | ||
10 | Selayang | Selangor | 764,327 | 20 | Alor Setar | Kedah | 423,868 |
Political geography
Malaysia is divided into
International borders between Malaysia and Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore and Brunei are defined mostly by geological features such as the Perlis River and Golok River between Malaysia and Thailand; Straits of Johor between Malaysia and Singapore; and Pagalayan Canal between Malaysia and Brunei. However, borders that extends to the seas are defined by agreements such as Straits Settlement and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement of 1927 which defines Malaysia and Singapore water borders.[citation needed]
Border disputes
Malaysia's
Malaysia and Indonesia have some overlapping maritime claims, notably in the area around Sabah. An ongoing series of meetings to resolve these claims has produced 16 border agreements (to September 2010).[51][52] Malaysia and Singapore also have disputes concerning some maritime borders.[15]
The
See also
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