Geography of Namibia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Geography of Namibia
Königstein
2,573 metres (8,442 ft)
Lowest pointAtlantic Ocean
0 metres (0 ft)
Longest riverFish River
650 km (400 mi)
Largest lakeLake Guinas
0.66 ha (1.6 acres)
Exclusive economic zone564,748 km2 (218,050 sq mi)
Location of Namibia
Detailed map of Namibia based on radar
Topographic map of Namibia.

At 824,292 km2 (318,261 sq mi),

Atlantic
. It is also known for its wildlife.

Geographical areas

The Namibian landscape consists generally of five geographical areas, each with characteristic

Namib Desert, the Great Escarpment, the Bushveld, and the Kalahari Desert
.

Central Plateau

The Central Plateau runs from north to south, bordered by the

Königstein elevation 2,606 metres (8,550 ft).[1] Within the wide, flat Central Plateau is the majority of Namibia's population and economic activity. Windhoek, the nation's capital, is located here, as well as most of the arable land. Although arable land accounts for only 1% of Namibia, nearly 1/3rd of the population is employed in agriculture.[2]

The abiotic conditions here are similar to those found along the Escarpment; however, the topographic complexity is reduced. Summer temperatures in the area can reach 40 °C (104 °F), and frosts are common in the winter.

Namib Desert

Main article: Namib

The

Namib Desert is a broad expanse of hyper-arid gravel, gravel with no moisture, plains, and dunes that stretches along the entire coastline, which varies in width between 100 and many hundreds of kilometres. Areas within the Namib include the Skeleton Coast and the Kaokoveld in the north and the extensive Namib Sand Sea along the central coast.[3] The sands that make up the sand sea are a consequence of erosional processes that take place within the Orange River valley and areas farther to the south. As sand-laden waters drop their suspended loads into the Atlantic, onshore currents deposit them along the shore. The prevailing southwest winds then pick up and redeposit the sand in the form of massive dunes in the widespread sand sea, the largest sand dunes in the world. In areas where the supply of sand is reduced because of the inability of the sand to cross riverbeds, the winds also scour the land to form large gravel plains. In many areas within the Namib Desert, there is little vegetation with the exception of lichens found in the gravel plains, and in dry river beds where plants can access subterranean water.[citation needed
]

"Fairy circles", which are circular patches of land barren of plants, varying between 22 and 12 metres (7 and 39 ft) in diameter and often encircled by a ring of stimulated growth of grass, are found in the Namib,[4] such as those near the Wolwedans desert camp.[5]

Great Escarpment

The

Great Escarpment swiftly rises to over 2,000 metres (6,562 ft). Average temperatures and temperature ranges increase as you move farther inland from the cold Atlantic waters, while the lingering coastal fogs slowly diminish. Although the area is rocky with poorly developed soils, it is nonetheless significantly more productive than the Namib Desert. As summer winds are forced over the Escarpment, moisture is extracted as precipitation.[6] The water, along with rapidly changing topography, is responsible for the creation of microhabitats which offer a wide range of organisms, many of them endemic. Vegetation along the escarpment varies in both form and density, with community structure ranging from dense woodlands to more shrubby areas with scattered trees. A number of Acacia
species are found here, as well as grasses and other shrub vegetation.

Bushveld

The Bushveld is found in northeastern Namibia along the

World Wildlife Fund as part of the Angolan mopane woodlands ecoregion, which extends north across the Cunene River into neighbouring Angola
.

Kalahari Desert

Thunderstorm in the Kalahari near Stampriet

The Kalahari Desert is perhaps Namibia's best-known geographical feature. Shared with South Africa and Botswana, it has a variety of localised environments ranging from hyper-arid sandy desert to areas that seem to defy the common definition of desert. One of these areas, known as the Succulent Karoo, is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them endemic; fully one-third of the world's succulents are found in the Karoo.

The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.[8] The Karoo apparently does not experience drought regularly, so even though the area is technically a desert, regular winter rains provide enough moisture to support the region's interesting plant community. Another feature of the Kalahari, indeed many parts of Namibia, are inselbergs, isolated mountains that create microclimates and habitats for organisms not adapted to life in the surrounding desert matrix.

Coastal Desert

Namibia's Coastal Desert is one of the oldest deserts in the world. Its sand dunes, created by the strong onshore winds, are the highest in the world.[9]

The Namib Desert and the

Diamond Coast. Because of the location of the shoreline—at the point where the Atlantic's cold water reaches Africa—there is often extremely dense fog.[10]

Sandy beach comprises 54% and mixed sand and rock add another 28%. Only 16% of the total length is rocky shoreline. The coastal plains are dune fields, gravel plains covered with lichen and some scattered salt pans. Near the coast, there are areas where the dunes are vegetated with hammocks.[11] Namibia has rich coastal and marine resources that remain largely unexplored.[12]

Weather and climate

Namib-Naukluft Park in June 2011.[17]

Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing

precipitation totalling 50 millimetres or 2 inches per year or less, frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country.[14] In winter, occasionally a condition known as Berg wind or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images.[18]

The Central Plateau and Kalahari areas have wide diurnal temperature ranges of up to 30 °C or 54.0 °F.[14]

Examples

Climate data for Windhoek (1,728 metres or 5,669 feet), Namibia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.0
(96.8) 		35.8
(96.4) 		34.9
(94.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.8
(89.2) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.7
(78.3) 		30.0
(86.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		35.1
(95.2) 		36.5
(97.7) 		36.6
(97.9) 		36.6
(97.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.0
(86.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.7
(87.3) 		26.1
(79.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.8
(60.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.1
(55.6) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.1
(66.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.8
(55.0) 		9.2
(48.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		16.9
(62.4) 		12.7
(54.9)
Record low °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		1.6
(34.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−3.9
(25.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 78.1
(3.07) 		80.3
(3.16) 		78.7
(3.10) 		37.7
(1.48) 		6.6
(0.26) 		1.2
(0.05) 		0.7
(0.03) 		0.9
(0.04) 		2.8
(0.11) 		11.8
(0.46) 		26.9
(1.06) 		41.7
(1.64) 		367.4
(14.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11.1 10.7 10.5 5.5 1.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.9 2.8 5.3 7.5 57.7
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		42 56 51 44 37 32 27 19 17 22 30 34 34
Mean monthly sunshine hours 288 254 282 273 310 309 326 341 321 319 297 285 3,605
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[19]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun only)[20]
Climate data for Pelican Point, Walvis Bay (7 metres or 23 feet), Namibia (1958–1984)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.3
(77.5) 		26.4
(79.5) 		34.5
(94.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		32.5
(90.5) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		31.3
(88.3) 		27.5
(81.5) 		28.3
(82.9) 		25.5
(77.9) 		36.0
(96.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.0
(68.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.6
(67.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		17.8
(64.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		16.6
(61.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.3
(64.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.2
(59.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		15.5
(59.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		14.7
(58.5) 		12.9
(55.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		11.4
(52.5) 		10.3
(50.5) 		10.1
(50.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		12.9
(55.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		12.6
(54.7)
Record low °C (°F) 10.5
(50.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		8.5
(47.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		6.1
(43.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.5
(47.3) 		9.6
(49.3) 		3.4
(38.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1.0
(0.04) 		2.0
(0.08) 		5.0
(0.20) 		1.0
(0.04) 		1.0
(0.04) 		2.0
(0.08) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.01) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.7
(0.03) 		0.1
(0.00) 		13.2
(0.52)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 0.6 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 6.2
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		87 87 89 89 86 81 82 86 89 88 88 88 87
Mean monthly sunshine hours 232 189 211 237 251 231 236 220 189 226 210 214 2,646
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[21]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute[22]
Climate data for Lüderitz
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.5
(90.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		34.1
(93.4) 		36.5
(97.7) 		33.0
(91.4) 		31.6
(88.9) 		30.7
(87.3) 		33.0
(91.4) 		35.1
(95.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		37.5
(99.5) 		30.6
(87.1) 		37.5
(99.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.4
(70.5) 		21.3
(70.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19.9
(67.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		20.5
(68.9) 		19.3
(66.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.7
(63.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		14.7
(58.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		15.7
(60.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2) 		14.3
(57.7) 		13.8
(56.8) 		12.6
(54.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		11.2
(52.2) 		10.4
(50.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		11.4
(52.5) 		12.3
(54.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		12.1
(53.8)
Record low °C (°F) 5.5
(41.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		0.2
(32.4) 		3.0
(37.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		3.4
(38.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		3.9
(39.0) 		0.2
(32.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0
(0) 		1
(0.0) 		2
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		3
(0.1) 		3
(0.1) 		1
(0.0) 		2
(0.1) 		1
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		17
(0.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 10.6
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		82 81 82 80 79 72 74 78 80 80 80 80 79
Mean monthly sunshine hours 198.4 203.4 257.3 216.0 213.9 144.0 170.5 201.5 216.0 201.5 189.0 176.7 2,388.2
Mean daily sunshine hours 6.4 7.2 8.3 7.2 6.9 4.8 5.5 6.5 7.2 6.5 6.3 5.7 6.5
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst[23]
Climate data for Keetmanshoop
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 34.8
(94.6) 		34.0
(93.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		28.8
(83.8) 		25.0
(77.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		27.2
(81.0) 		30.1
(86.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		34.5
(94.1) 		28.8
(83.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		10.4
(50.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		6.4
(43.5) 		7.5
(45.5) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.7
(56.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.3
(55.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 24
(0.9) 		42
(1.7) 		36
(1.4) 		15
(0.6) 		5
(0.2) 		2
(0.1) 		1
(0.0) 		1
(0.0) 		3
(0.1) 		6
(0.2) 		11
(0.4) 		13
(0.5) 		159
(6.1)
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		28 36 40 40 38 39 36 31 27 24 24 25 32
Mean monthly sunshine hours 353 300 312 306 304 287 305 323 319 343 348 370 3,870
Percentage possible sunshine 84 82 82 89 91 91 93 93 89 87 86 86 88
Source: Tabulation of Climate Statistics for Selected Stations in Namibia
Climate data for Katima Mulilo, Namibia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.3
(88.3) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.8
(85.6) 		29.1
(84.4) 		27.4
(81.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		29.1
(84.4) 		33.8
(92.8) 		33.0
(91.4) 		30.3
(86.5) 		29.8
(85.6) 		29.5
(85.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.1
(66.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		6.1
(43.0) 		4.6
(40.3) 		8.3
(46.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		14.2
(57.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 169.4
(6.67) 		160.6
(6.32) 		88.7
(3.49) 		17.7
(0.70) 		1.9
(0.07) 		0.5
(0.02) 		0
(0) 		0.2
(0.01) 		2.6
(0.10) 		18.8
(0.74) 		69.7
(2.74) 		151.8
(5.98) 		681.9
(26.85)
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		68 66 70 61 53 53 62 50 42 46 49 57 56.4
Source: Ministry of Works and Transport (Meteorological Service Division)

"Ministry of Works & Transport: Tabulation of Climate Statistics for Selected Stations in Namibia" (PDF). 2012.

Water sources

Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Namibia

Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about 350 mm (14 in) per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi in the northeast (about 600 mm (24 in) per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm (2 in) and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi. In the interior of the country, surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their runoff. Where people do not live near perennial rivers or make use of storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. Even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources, such as mining, agriculture, and tourism, can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.[24] The longest river in Namibia is the Fish River with a length of 650 km (400 mi).

More than 120,000 boreholes have been drilled in Namibia over the past century. One-third of these boreholes have been drilled dry.[25] An aquifer called "Ohangwena II", located on both sides of the Angola-Namibia border, was discovered in 2012. This aquifer has been estimated to be capable of supplying the 800,000 people in the North for 400 years, at the current (2018) rate of consumption.[26] Experts estimate that Namibia has 7,720 km3 (1,850 cu mi) of underground water.[27][28]

Efundja, the annual flooding of the northern parts of the country, often causes not only damage to infrastructure but loss of life.

Oshiwambo: flood plains) there. The worst floods so far occurred in March 2011 and displaced 21,000 people.[30]

Urbanization

Main articles: List of cities and towns in Namibia and Namibia § Urban settlements
The Road between Swakopmund and Walvis Bay, Namibia.

The capital and largest city, Windhoek, is in the centre of the country. It is home to the country's Central Administrative Region,

Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport
, and the country's railhead. Other important towns are:

Statistics

Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and South Africa

Geographic coordinates
: 22°00′S 17°00′E / 22.000°S 17.000°E / -22.000; 17.000

Area
  • Total: 824,292 km2[31]
    • country rank in the world: 34th
  • Land: 823,290 km2
  • Water: 1,002 km2
Area comparative
  • Australia comparative: slightly larger than New South Wales
  • Canada comparative: approximately ⁠1/8⁠ smaller than British Columbia
  • United States comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Nevada
  • EU comparative: slightly less than 2⁠1/2⁠ times the size of Finland

Land boundaries:
total: 4,220 km
border countries: Angola 1,427 km, Botswana 1,544 km, South Africa 1,005 km, Zambia 244 km

Coastline: 1,572 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
exclusive economic zone: 564,748 km2 (218,050 sq mi) and 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)

Terrain: Mostly high plateau;

World Wildlife Fund as part of the Angolan mopane woodlands ecoregion
.

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 1,414 m
highest point:

Königstein
2,573 m

Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, silver, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, tungsten, zinc, salt, hydropower, fish
note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore

Land use:
agricultural land: 47.2% (2018)
arable land: 1% (2018)
permanent crops: 0% (2018)
permanent pasture: 46.2% (2018)
forest: 8.8% (2018)
other: 44% (2018)

Irrigated land: 80 km2 (2012), 75.73 km2 (2003), 70 km2 (1998 est.), 60 km2 (1993 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 17.72 km3 (2011)

Natural hazards: prolonged periods of drought

Environment – current issues: depletion and degradation of water and aquatic resources;

loss of biodiversity and biotic resources; wildlife poaching

Environment – international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

Extreme points

This is a list of the extreme points of Namibia, the points that are farther north, south, east, or west than any other location.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Namibia.

Sources

References

  1. ^ Landsat.usgs.gov Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ World Almanac. 2004.
  3. ^ Spriggs, A. 2001.(AT1315)
  4. ^ "Enigma of Namibia's 'fairy circles'". BBC NEWS. 31 March 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  5. ^ Pinkstone, Joe (30 July 2020). "'Fairy circles' of Africa baffle scientists". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  6. ^ Spriggs, A. 2001.(AT1316)
  7. ^ Cowling, S. 2001.
  8. ^ Spriggs, A. 2001.(AT0709)
  9. ^ "NASA – Namibia's Coastal Desert". nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  10. ^ "An Introduction to Namibia". geographia.com. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  11. ^ "NACOMA – Namibian Coast Conservation and Management Project". nacoma.org.na. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  12. ^ Sparks, Donald L. "Namibia's Coastal and Marine Development Potential – Sparks 83 (333): 477 – African Affairs". afraf.oxfordjournals.org. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  13. ^ "The Rainy Season". Real Namibia. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  14. ^ a b c "Namibia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  15. ^ Olszewski, John (28 May 2009). "Climate change forces us to recognise new normals". Namibia Economist.
  16. ^ Namibian, The. "State of drought emergency extended". The Namibian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  17. ^ Smith, Jana-Mari (9 June 2011). "Snow sets another record". The Namibian. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012.
  18. ^ Olszewski, John (25 June 2010). "Understanding Weather – not predicting it". Namibia Economist.
  19. ^ "Klimatafel von Windhuk (Windhoek) / Namibia" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  20. ^ "Stationsnummer 68110" (PDF). Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  21. ^ "Klimatafel von Pelican Point / Walfisch-Bucht / Namibia" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  22. ^ "STATIONSNUMMER 68104" (PDF). Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  23. ^ "Klimatafel von Lüderitz-Diaz Point (Leuchtturm) / Namibia" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  24. ^ "Groundwater in Namibia". Integrated Water Resource Management. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016.
  25. ISBN 978-0-86976-571-5. Archived from the original
    on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2018 – via Namibian Hydrogeological Association.
  26. ^ McGrath, Matt (20 July 2012). "Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries". BBC World. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  27. ^ McGrath, Matt (20 April 2012). "'Huge' water resource exists under Africa". BBC World Service. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  28. S2CID 154336728
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  29. ^ Adams, Gerry (15 April 2011). "Debilitating floods hit northern and central Namibia". United Nations Radio. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  30. ^ van den Bosch, Servaas (29 March 2011). "Heaviest floods ever in Namibia". The Namibian.
  31. ^ "Rank Order – Area". CIA World Fact Book. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
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