Geography of New Zealand
volcanic activity, tsunamis | |
Exclusive economic zone | 4,083,744 km2 (1,576,742 sq mi) |
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New Zealand's landscapes range from the
About two-thirds of the land is economically useful, with the remainder being mountainous. The North Island is the most populous island with 4 million residents, and Auckland being by far the largest metropolitan area in the country by population and urban area. The South Island is the second-most populated island, with over 1.18 million people, but is geographically larger than the North.
New Zealand is situated on the boundary of the
The New Zealand mainland is about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 miles) east of the Australian mainland across the Tasman Sea, the closest foreign neighbour to its main islands being Norfolk Island (Australia) about 750 kilometres (470 miles) to the north west. Other island groups to the north are New Caledonia, Tonga and Fiji. It is the southernmost nation in Oceania. The relative close proximity of New Zealand to Antarctica has made the South Island a major gateway for scientific expeditions to the continent.
Physical geography
Overview
New Zealand is located in the
The South Island is the largest land mass of New Zealand, and is the 12th-largest island in the world. The island is divided along its length by the Southern Alps. The east side of the island has the Canterbury Plains while the West Coast is famous for its rough coastlines, high rainfall, very high proportion of native bush (forest), and glaciers.[8]
The North Island is the second-largest island, and the 14th-largest in the world. It is separated from the South Island by the Cook Strait, with the shortest distance being 23 kilometres (14 mi).[9][10] The North Island is less mountainous than the South Island,[8] although a series of narrow mountain ranges form a roughly north-east belt that rises up to 1,700 metres (5,600 ft). Much of the surviving forest is located in this belt, and in other mountain areas and rolling hills.[11] The North Island has many isolated volcanic peaks.
Besides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are
Extreme points
The phrase "From Cape Reinga to The Bluff" is frequently used within New Zealand to refer to the extent of the whole country.
The points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location in New Zealand are as follows:[17]
- The northernmost point is in Nugent Island in the Kermadec Islands (29°13′54″S 177°52′09″W / 29.231667°S 177.869167°W).
- The southernmost point is Campbell Island group (52°37′10″S 169°07′33″E / 52.619444°S 169.125833°E).
- The easternmost point is situated in a group of islands within the Chatham Islands called the Forty-Fours (43°57′48″S 175°49′53″W / 43.963306°S 175.831410°W).
- The westernmost point is Cape Lovitt on Auckland Island (50°47′59″S 165°52′12″E / 50.799838°S 165.870128°E).
Antipodes
New Zealand is largely antipodal to the
In Europe the term "Antipodes" is often used to refer to New Zealand and Australia (and sometimes other South Pacific areas),[20] and "Antipodeans" to their inhabitants.
Geology
New Zealand is part of
The New Zealand land mass has been uplifted due to transpressional tectonics between the Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific plates (these two plates are grinding together with one riding up and over the other).[22] This is the cause of New Zealand's numerous earthquakes.[23]
To the east of the North Island the Pacific Plate is forced under the Indo-Australian Plate. The North Island of New Zealand has widespread back-arc volcanism as a result of this subduction. There are many large volcanoes with relatively frequent eruptions. There are also several very large calderas, with the most obvious forming Lake Taupō. Taupō has a history of incredibly powerful eruptions, with the Oruanui eruption approx. 26,500 years ago ejecting 1,170 cubic kilometres (280 cubic miles) of material and causing the downward collapse of several hundred square kilometres to form the lake.[24] The most recent eruption occurred c. 180 CE and ejected at least 100 cubic kilometres (24 cubic miles) of material, and has been correlated with red skies seen at the time in Rome and China.[25] The associated geothermal energy from this volcanic area is used in numerous hydrothermal power plants.[26] Some volcanic places are also famous tourist destinations, such as the Rotorua geysers.[27]
The subduction direction is reversed through the South Island, with the Indo-Australian Plate forced under the Pacific Plate. The transition between these two different styles of continental collision occurs through the top of the South Island. This area has significant uplift and many
The subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate drives rapid uplift in the centre of the South Island (approx. 10 millimetres (0.39 in) per year). This uplift forms the Southern Alps. These roughly divide the island, with a narrow wet strip to the west and wide and dry plains to the east. The resulting
The rapid uplift and high erosion rates within the Southern Alps combine to expose high grade greenschist to amphibolite facies rocks, including the gemstone pounamu. Geologists visiting the West Coast can easily access high-grade metamorphic rocks and mylonites associated with the Alpine Fault, and in certain places can stand astride the fault trace of an active plate boundary.[32] The South Island also has two major goldfields in Otago and the West Coast.[33]
To the south of New Zealand the Indo-Australian Plate is subducting under the Pacific Plate, and this is beginning to result in back-arc volcanism. The youngest (geologically speaking) volcanism in the South Island occurred in this region, forming the Solander Islands (<2 million years old).[34] This region is dominated by the rugged and relatively untouched Fiordland, an area of flooded glacially carved valleys with little human settlement.[35]
Mountains, volcanoes and glaciers
The South Island is much more mountainous than the North, but shows fewer manifestations of recent volcanic activity. There are 18 peaks of more than 3,000 metres (9,800 feet) in the Southern Alps, which stretch for 500 kilometres (310 mi) down the South Island.
The
The lower mountain slopes are covered in native forest. Above this are shrubs, and then tussock grasses. Alpine tundra consists of cushion plants and herbfields; many of these plants have white and yellow flowers.[43]
Caves
New Zealand's cave systems have three main origins, the chemical weathering of limestone by water (
Lava caves (
The distribution of sea caves is more sporadic, with their location and orientation being controlled by weakness in the underlying rock. As cave systems take many thousands of years to develop they can now be isolated from the water that formed them, whether through change in sea level or groundwater flow.[48] If as a cave grows it breaks through to the surface somewhere else it becomes a natural arch, like the Ōpārara Basin Arches near Karamea.[49]
Rivers and lakes
The proportion of New Zealand's area (excluding
The mountainous areas of the North Island are cut by many rivers, many of which are swift and unnavigable. The east of the South Island is marked by wide
Lake Taupō, located near the centre of the North Island, is the largest lake by surface area in the country. It lies in a
Coastal wetlands
Wetlands support the greatest concentration of wildlife out of any other habitat. New Zealand has six sites covering almost 551 square kilometres (213 sq mi) that are included in the
A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 1,191 square kilometres (460 sq mi) of
Climate
The main geographic factors that influence New Zealand's climate are the temperate
Most settled, lowland areas of the country have between 600 and 1,600 mm (24 and 63 in) of rainfall, with the most rain along the west coast of the South Island and the least on the east coast of the South Island and interior basins, predominantly on the Canterbury Plains and the Central Otago Basin (about 350 mm (14 in) PA). Christchurch is the driest city, receiving about 640 mm (25 in) of rain PA, while Hamilton is the wettest, receiving more than twice that amount at 1,325 mm (52.2 in) PA, followed closely by Auckland. The wettest area by far is the rugged Fiordland region, in the south-west of the South Island, which has between 5,000 and 8,000 mm (200 and 310 in) of rain PA, with up to 15,000 mm in isolated valleys, amongst the highest recorded rainfalls in the world.[58]
The
The table below lists climate normals for the warmest and coldest months in New Zealand's six largest cities. North Island cities are generally warmest in February. South Island cities are warmest in January.
Location | Jan/Feb (°C) | Jan/Feb (°F) | July (°C) | July (°F) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Auckland | 23/16 | 74/60 | 14/7 | 58/45 |
Wellington | 20/13 | 68/56 | 11/6 | 52/42 |
Christchurch | 22/12 | 72/53 | 10/0 | 51/33 |
Hamilton | 24/13 | 75/56 | 14/4 | 57/39 |
Tauranga | 24/15 | 75/59 | 14/6 | 58/42 |
Dunedin | 19/11 | 66/53 | 10/3 | 50/37 |
The combined effects of climate change in New Zealand will result in a multitude of irreversible impacts; by the end of this century New Zealand will experience higher rainfalls, more frequent extreme weather events and higher temperatures.[61] In 2021, the Ministry for the Environment estimated that New Zealand's gross emissions were 0.17% of the world's total gross greenhouse gas emissions. However, on a per capita basis, New Zealand is a significant emitter, the sixth highest within the Annex I countries, whereas on absolute gross emissions New Zealand is ranked as the 24th highest emitter.[62][63]
Human geography
Political geography
New Zealand has no land borders.[1] However, the Ross Dependency, its claim in Antarctica, notionally borders the Australian Antarctic Territory to the west and unclaimed territory to the east. Most other countries do not recognise territorial claims in Antarctica.[64]
New Zealand
The
Population geography
Over the course of the 20th century, New Zealand's
New Zealand's peoples have been defined by their immigrant origin, the ongoing process of adaptation to a new land, being changed and changing those who came before. This process has led to a distinct distribution of culture across New Zealand. Here language and religion are used as markers for the far richer concept of culture. These metrics unfortunately exclude the political rural-urban divide
New Zealand's most widely spoken language is English (89.8%); however, language, dialect and accent vary spatially both within and between
A wide variety of other languages make up the remaining approximately 6 percent of New Zealanders—with Samoan, Hindi, French and various Chinese dialects being the most common.[1] These minority foreign languages are concentrated in the main cities, particularly Auckland where recent immigration groups have settled.[81]
Agricultural geography
A relatively small proportion of New Zealand's land is
As of 2007, almost 55 percent of New Zealand's total land area was being used for farming, which is standard compared to most developed countries. Three-fourths of it was pastoral land using for raising sheep, cows, deer and other animals. The amount of farmland has decreased since 2002.[84]
New Zealand's isolated location has simultaneously led to fewer
Almost half of New Zealand's climate change emissions are generated by greenhouse gases, mainly methane and nitrous oxide, which come from farming and agriculture. Organisms that grow inside of grazing animals' stomachs turn New Zealand's grass into methane. The increase of carbon dioxide in the air helps the plants to grow faster, but the long-term effects of climate change threaten farmers with the likelihood of more frequent and severe floods and droughts.[88] Growers of kiwifruit, a major export in the horticulture industry of New Zealand, have experienced difficulties as a result of climate change. In the 2010s, warm winters did not provide the adequate cool temperatures needed for the flowering of kiwifruit, and this resulted in a reduction of the yield sizes. Droughts have also decreased apple production by causing sunburns and a lack of water available for irrigation. In contrast, the dairy industry has not been affected, and has adjusted well to the effects of climate change.[89]
Natural hazards
Flooding is the most regular natural hazard.
New Zealand
Droughts are not regular and occur mainly in Otago and the Canterbury Plains and less frequently over much of the North Island between January and April. Forest fires were rare in New Zealand before the arrival of humans.[97] During a designated summer season, lighting a fire in the open is banned on public conservation land.[98]
Environment and ecology
New Zealand's geographic isolation for 80 million years
Many bird species, including the giant moa, became extinct after the arrival of Polynesians, who brought dogs and rats, and Europeans, who introduced additional dog and rat species, as well as cats, pigs, ferrets, and weasels.[108] Native flora and fauna continue to be hard-hit by invasive species. New Zealand conservationists have pioneered several methods to help threatened wildlife recover, including island sanctuaries, pest control, wildlife translocation, fostering, and ecological restoration of islands and other selected areas.[109]
Massive deforestation occurred after humans arrived,[110] with around half the forest cover lost to fire after Polynesian settlement.[111] Much of the remaining forest fell after European settlement, being logged or cleared to make room for pastoral farming, leaving forest occupying only 23% of the land.[112] New Zealand had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.12/10, ranking it 55th globally out of 172 countries.[113]
Pollution, particularly water pollution, is one of New Zealand's most significant environmental issues. Fresh water quality is under pressure from agriculture, hydropower, urban development, pest invasions and climate change,[114] although much of the country's household and industrial waste is now increasingly filtered and sometimes recycled.
Protected areas
Some areas of land, the sea, rivers or lakes are protected by law, so their special plants, animals, landforms and other distinctive features are sheltered from harm. New Zealand has three World Heritage Sites,[115] 13 national parks, 34 marine reserves, and thousands of scenic, historic, recreation and other reserves.[116] The Department of Conservation is responsible for managing 8.5 million hectares of public land (approximately 30% of New Zealand's total land area).[117]
Environmental agreements
New Zealand is party to several
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Popular culture
New Zealand's varied landscape has appeared in television shows, such as Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and Xena: Warrior Princess. An increasing number of feature films have been shot on location in New Zealand for its scenery, including the Lord of the Rings trilogy.[119]
New Zealand is often mistakenly omitted from world maps due to the country's physical geographic isolation, relatively small size (compared to Australia), and its positioning on the extreme bottom-right in many maps projections such as the Mercator.[120][121] The phenomenon has been popularly referenced and has a dedicated Reddit community.[122][121]
See also
- Australasian realm
- Geography of South Island
- Geography of North Island
- Natural history of New Zealand
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External links
- Statistics New Zealand
- New Zealand profile at World Atlas
- Natural Environment – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- New Zealand's Geological History – 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook.