Geography of South Dakota
South Dakota has a
In 2011, the population of South Dakota was estimated to be 824,082, and the state ranks fifth-lowest in both total population as well as population density in the United States. Sioux Falls, with a population of just over 200,000 is the largest city in the state. Rapid City ranks as South Dakota's second-largest city, and Pierre is the state capital. Historically a very agricultural state, the service and tourism sectors have grown in economic importance in recent years.
Location and size
South Dakota is situated in the north-central United States, and is considered to be a part of the
South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota; to the south by Nebraska; to the east by Iowa and Minnesota; and to the west by Wyoming and Montana. The western border is the Black Hills meridian, a north-south line set out at a certain distance from Washington, D.C., to separate South Dakota from Montana and Wyoming during the transition to statehood.[5] The northern border is the 46th parallel north and was originally marked by 720 quartzite monuments over 360 miles (580 km) of prairie.[6][7][8]
Two
The North American
Regions
South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions: eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills.[11] The Missouri River serves as a somewhat stark boundary in terms of geographic, social and political differences between eastern and western South Dakota, and the geography of the Black Hills differs from its surroundings to such an extent that it can be considered separate from the rest of western South Dakota. South Dakotans also at times combine the Black Hills with the rest of western South Dakota, and refer to the two resulting regions, divided by the Missouri, as West River and East River.[2][3]
Eastern South Dakota is generally wetter and features lower topography than the western part of the state. Smaller geographic regions of this area include the Coteau des Prairies, the Dissected Till Plains, and the James River Valley. The Coteau des Prairies is a higher region bordered on the east by the Minnesota River Valley and on the west by the James River Basin.[12] Numerous glacial lakes cover the Coteau, and it is largely drained by the Big Sioux River, a tributary of the Missouri. Further to the west, the James River Basin is mostly low, flat, highly eroded land, following the flow of the James River through South Dakota from north to south. The Dissected Till Plains, an area of rolling hills and fertile soil that covers much of Iowa and Nebraska, also extends into the southeastern corner of South Dakota.
The Missouri Coteau lies between the James River Basin of the Drift Prairie and the Missouri River.[13] This region is the southern section of a large plateau extending into Canada.[14]
The Great Plains cover most of the western two-thirds of South Dakota. West of the Missouri River the landscape becomes more rugged and consists of rolling hills, plains, ravines, and steep flat-topped hills called buttes. These buttes sometimes rise 400 to 600 feet (120 to 180 m) above the plains. In the south, east of the Black Hills, lie the South Dakota Badlands.
The Black Hills are in the southwestern part of South Dakota and extend into Wyoming. This range of low mountains covers 6,000 sq. miles (15,500 km2.) with mountains that rise from 2,000 to 4,000 feet (600 to 1,200 m) above their bases. The highest point in South Dakota, Black Elk Peak (formerly named Harney Peak) is 7,242 ft or 2,207 m above sea level and is in the Black Hills.[15] This is the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.[16] Other Black Hills mountains that are over 7,000 ft (2,133 m) in elevation include Bear Mountain, Crooks Tower, Terry Peak, and Crows Nest Peak.[16] The Black Hills are rich in minerals such as gold, silver, copper, and lead. The Homestake Mine, the largest and deepest gold mine in North America, was located in the Black Hills and produced over $1 billion in gold since it started operation in 1876.[17] The mine is now a scientific laboratory.
Geology
South Dakota geologic formations and deposits range in age from several billion to several thousand years, and the age of the rocks generally decreases as one moves from west to east across the state. The oldest geologic formations in the state were created over two billion years ago during the
Outside of the Black Hills, much of western South Dakota features rock formed during the
Layers deposited during the Pleistocene epoch, starting around two million years ago, cover most of eastern South Dakota.[18] These are the youngest rock and sediment layers in the state, and are the product of several successive periods of glaciation which deposited a large amount of rocks and soil, known as till, over the area.[23] The thickness of the glacial till layer ranges between 100 and 900 feet (30 and 270 m).[18] This till is also what makes agriculture more prevalent in eastern South Dakota as it is extremely fertile.
Much of the human history of South Dakota was shaped by its geology. Gold seekers founded most of the larger cities around the Black Hills, and quarrying was an important economic activity in several areas in eastern South Dakota. Mines and quarries in present-day South Dakota produce gold,
Rivers and lakes
The
The vast majority of South Dakota's natural lakes are located in the eastern half of the state, and most are the product of the most recent ice age.[26] The title of largest natural lake is somewhat disputed; Lake Thompson is larger than Lake Poinsett, but Lake Poinsett has maintained its current size for a much longer period of time.[27] Other major natural lakes include Lake Kampeska, Waubay Lake, Lake Madison, Lake Whitewood, and Lake Herman. Additionally, two large lakes, Big Stone Lake and Lake Traverse, form part of the border between South Dakota and Minnesota. The continental divide separating the drainage basin of Hudson Bay from that of the Gulf of Mexico is situated between these two lakes.[28]
Ecology
Much of South Dakota, with the notable exception of the Black Hills, is dominated by a temperate
Tall grass prairies
With the state's highest precipitation, southeastern South Dakota once had 3-foot (0.91 m) to 6-foot (1.8 m)-tall grasses, herbs, and low shrubs. The region has plenty of groundwater and, because of common spring floods, does not have many burrowing animals. Before modern agriculture, the tall grass prairies had large numbers of
Mid and tall grass prairies
Plants in the mid and tall grass prairies grow 1 foot (0.30 m) to 3 feet (0.91 m) tall. Precipitation here averages 18 inches (460 mm) to 22 inches (560 mm) per year. This region is a transition zone between the tall grasses to the southeast and the mid and short grasses to the west. In this zone, the eastern portion and river valleys have characteristics of the tall grass region, and the western part as well as well-drained land have similarities to the mid and short grass prairies. Common grasses here are
Mid and short grass prairies
Plants in the mid and short grass prairies average about 6 inches (150 mm) with a maximum height of about 1 foot (0.30 m). Short grasses live in well-drained regions and mid grasses are in lowlands. Porcupine grass, needlegrass, western wheatgrass and prairie June grass are the predominant grasses, while the lead plant and prairie rose are the most common shrubs. Prairie clover and goldenrod are herbs in this region; the pineapple flower and
Short and mid grass prairies
The coniferous Black Hills
Due to higher elevation and precipitation, the ecology of the Black Hills differs significantly from that of the plains. The mountains are thickly blanketed by coniferous needleleaf evergreens: various types of
Black Hills mammals include
Birds
South Dakota's varied geography is inhabited by many species of birds. The state bird, the ring-necked pheasant, has adapted particularly well to the area after being introduced from China,[39] and growing populations of bald eagles are spread throughout the state, especially near the Missouri River.[40] The wild turkey is another large bird found in many areas of the state.[41] The numerous lakes and wetlands of eastern South Dakota support migratory populations of Canada geese, snow geese, mallards, pelicans, and wood ducks.[31] The prairie serves as home to songbirds such as meadowlarks (both the eastern and western varieties), goldfinches, and bluebirds, and the open landscape of the plains also suits many carnivorous birds, such as hawks, falcons, and owls.[31]
Climate
South Dakota has a continental climate, semi-arid in the west outside of the Black Hills, with four distinct seasons, ranging from very cold winters to hot summers. During the summers, the average high temperature throughout the state is often close to 90 °F or 32.2 °C, although it generally cools down to near 60 °F or 15.6 °C at night. It is not unusual for South Dakota to have severe hot, dry spells in the summer with the temperature climbing above 100 °F or 37.8 °C several times every year. Winters are cold with January high temperatures averaging below freezing and low temperatures averaging below 10 °F (−12.2 °C) in most of the state, although especially in the west winter temperatures are extremely variable and chinook winds will raise temperatures above 50 °F or 10 °C several times during most winters. The highest temperature recorded in the state was 120 °F (48.9 °C) on July 5, 1936, in Gann Valley, and the lowest was −58 °F (−50 °C) on February 17, 1936, in McIntosh.[42]
Average annual
South Dakota summers bring frequent
Climate data
City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aberdeen[48] | 21/1 | 29/9 | 40/21 | 57/33 | 70/46 | 79/55 | 85/60 | 84/57 | 73/47 | 59/34 | 39/20 | 26/6 |
Huron[49] | 25/4 | 31/11 | 43/22 | 58/34 | 70/46 | 80/55 | 86/61 | 84/59 | 75/47 | 61/35 | 41/21 | 29/8 |
Rapid City[50] | 34/10 | 38/14 | 45/21 | 55/31 | 65/42 | 75/52 | 83/58 | 82/55 | 73/45 | 61/34 | 44/21 | 37/13 |
Sioux Falls[51] | 25/3 | 32/10 | 44/21 | 59/33 | 71/45 | 81/55 | 86/60 | 83/58 | 74/48 | 61/35 | 42/21 | 29/8 |
Climate data for Sioux Falls (Köppen Dfa) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 66 (19) |
70 (21) |
88 (31) |
98 (37) |
104 (40) |
110 (43) |
110 (43) |
109 (43) |
104 (40) |
94 (34) |
82 (28) |
63 (17) |
110 (43) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 47 (8) |
53 (12) |
70 (21) |
82 (28) |
88 (31) |
93 (34) |
95 (35) |
94 (34) |
90 (32) |
82 (28) |
67 (19) |
50 (10) |
97 (36) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 27.2 (−2.7) |
32.0 (0.0) |
45.0 (7.2) |
59.0 (15.0) |
70.8 (21.6) |
80.9 (27.2) |
85.3 (29.6) |
82.8 (28.2) |
75.6 (24.2) |
61.1 (16.2) |
45.0 (7.2) |
31.6 (−0.2) |
58.0 (14.4) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 17.9 (−7.8) |
22.3 (−5.4) |
34.7 (1.5) |
47.2 (8.4) |
59.1 (15.1) |
69.9 (21.1) |
74.4 (23.6) |
72.0 (22.2) |
63.8 (17.7) |
49.6 (9.8) |
34.8 (1.6) |
22.5 (−5.3) |
47.4 (8.6) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 8.5 (−13.1) |
12.6 (−10.8) |
24.3 (−4.3) |
35.5 (1.9) |
47.5 (8.6) |
58.8 (14.9) |
63.4 (17.4) |
61.1 (16.2) |
51.9 (11.1) |
38.1 (3.4) |
24.5 (−4.2) |
13.4 (−10.3) |
36.6 (2.6) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −16 (−27) |
−10 (−23) |
−1 (−18) |
18 (−8) |
31 (−1) |
44 (7) |
49 (9) |
47 (8) |
34 (1) |
20 (−7) |
4 (−16) |
−9 (−23) |
−19 (−28) |
Record low °F (°C) | −38 (−39) |
−42 (−41) |
−23 (−31) |
4 (−16) |
17 (−8) |
32 (0) |
34 (1) |
34 (1) |
13 (−11) |
−5 (−21) |
−17 (−27) |
−31 (−35) |
−42 (−41) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.60 (15) |
0.83 (21) |
1.60 (41) |
3.00 (76) |
3.86 (98) |
4.23 (107) |
3.25 (83) |
3.34 (85) |
2.73 (69) |
2.36 (60) |
1.22 (31) |
0.83 (21) |
27.85 (707) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.0 (20) |
8.6 (22) |
7.2 (18) |
5.1 (13) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.4 (3.6) |
6.2 (16) |
8.7 (22) |
45.3 (115) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.0 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 9.0 | 9.4 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 6.2 | 7.0 | 103.9 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 7.3 | 6.8 | 5.1 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 32.8 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
71.7 | 73.3 | 72.1 | 64.5 | 63.5 | 65.4 | 65.4 | 67.9 | 69.5 | 67.2 | 73.4 | 75.5 | 69.1 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 6.4 (−14.2) |
12.6 (−10.8) |
23.4 (−4.8) |
33.6 (0.9) |
44.8 (7.1) |
55.2 (12.9) |
60.6 (15.9) |
58.8 (14.9) |
49.5 (9.7) |
36.9 (2.7) |
24.4 (−4.2) |
12.0 (−11.1) |
34.9 (1.6) |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV index)[55] |
Climate data for Pierre (Köppen Dfa) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 68 (20) |
75 (24) |
88 (31) |
98 (37) |
105 (41) |
112 (44) |
117 (47) |
114 (46) |
108 (42) |
98 (37) |
87 (31) |
77 (25) |
117 (47) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 29.0 (−1.7) |
33.7 (0.9) |
45.7 (7.6) |
58.5 (14.7) |
69.5 (20.8) |
80.0 (26.7) |
88.3 (31.3) |
86.6 (30.3) |
77.5 (25.3) |
60.7 (15.9) |
44.9 (7.2) |
32.4 (0.2) |
58.9 (14.9) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 19.1 (−7.2) |
23.2 (−4.9) |
34.3 (1.3) |
45.9 (7.7) |
57.2 (14.0) |
67.8 (19.9) |
74.9 (23.8) |
73.0 (22.8) |
63.6 (17.6) |
48.5 (9.2) |
34.1 (1.2) |
22.8 (−5.1) |
47.0 (8.3) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 9.3 (−12.6) |
12.6 (−10.8) |
22.9 (−5.1) |
33.3 (0.7) |
44.9 (7.2) |
55.6 (13.1) |
61.6 (16.4) |
59.4 (15.2) |
49.7 (9.8) |
36.2 (2.3) |
23.2 (−4.9) |
13.2 (−10.4) |
35.2 (1.8) |
Record low °F (°C) | −33 (−36) |
−35 (−37) |
−20 (−29) |
0 (−18) |
21 (−6) |
34 (1) |
42 (6) |
39 (4) |
21 (−6) |
2 (−17) |
−18 (−28) |
−31 (−35) |
−35 (−37) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.45 (11) |
0.74 (19) |
0.96 (24) |
1.93 (49) |
3.25 (83) |
3.69 (94) |
2.39 (61) |
1.95 (50) |
1.74 (44) |
1.69 (43) |
0.77 (20) |
0.64 (16) |
20.20 (513) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 5.1 (13) |
8.0 (20) |
5.0 (13) |
5.3 (13) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.3 (3.3) |
6.3 (16) |
6.2 (16) |
37.2 (94) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 8.7 | 11.0 | 11.4 | 9.1 | 7.9 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 89.5 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 5.6 | 5.3 | 3.3 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 3.9 | 5.2 | 26.0 |
Source: |
Protected areas
South Dakota contains several sites that are protected by the National Park Service. Two
South Dakota also contains numerous state parks, all of which are managed by the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks.
.Human geography
According to the
The five largest ancestry groups in South Dakota are:
Rural areas in South Dakota are experiencing a trend of falling populations, despite an overall increase in population. The effect of rural flight has not been spread evenly through South Dakota, however. Although most rural counties and small towns have lost population, the Sioux Falls area and the Black Hills have gained population. In fact, Lincoln County, near Sioux Falls, is the ninth fastest-growing county (by percentage) in the United States.[72] The growth in these areas has compensated for losses in the rest of the state, and South Dakota's total population continues to increase steadily, albeit at a slower rate than the national average.[73]
Cities and counties
South Dakota is relatively notable for its lack of large urban centers. Sioux Falls, the largest city in the state, only ranks as the 135th largest in the country,[74] and the state's third-largest city, Aberdeen, has a population of less than 25,000. However, because the population in many rural areas has decreased over the last 50 years, and many cities in the state have grown at a rapid pace; the population has become more concentrated and less rural than it once was.[75] According to 2007 census estimates, the three most populous counties in the state, Minnehaha, Pennington, and Lincoln, were home to 38.8% of South Dakotans,[76] while in 1910, those counties held only 9.3% of the population.[77]
Sioux Falls is the largest city in South Dakota, with an estimated 2019 population of 184,000,[78] and a metropolitan area population of 227,171.[79] The city is located in the southeast corner of the state, and was founded in 1856.[80] The economy of Sioux Falls, originally focused on agri-business and quarrying, has recently become largely centered on retail and financial services. Rapid City, with a 2007 estimated population of 63,997,[78] and a metropolitan area population of 120,279,[79] is the second-largest city in the state. It is located on the eastern edge of the Black Hills in western South Dakota, and was founded in 1876.[81] Rapid City's economy is largely based on tourism and defense spending, due to the close proximity of tourist attractions in the Black Hills and Ellsworth Air Force Base. The next eight largest cities in the state, in order of descending 2007 population, are Aberdeen (24,410), Watertown (20,530), Brookings (19,463), Mitchell (14,832), Pierre (14,032), Yankton (13,643), Huron (10,902), and Vermillion (10,251).[82] Pierre is the state capital, and Brookings and Vermillion are the locations of the state's two largest universities. Of the ten largest cities in the state, Rapid City is the only one located west of the Missouri River.
Economy
South Dakota's early economy relied heavily on the soil, minerals and ecology of the area, as nearly all of the earliest white settlers in the area were farmers, miners, or trappers. Although other economic sectors have risen in prominence in recent years, early dependence on the land laid the foundation for the future economic activity of the state.
Agriculture has historically been a key component of the South Dakota economy. Although other industries have expanded rapidly in recent decades, agricultural production is still very important to the state's economy, especially in rural areas. The five most valuable agricultural products in South Dakota are cattle,
Another important sector in South Dakota's economy is tourism. Many travel to visit the national parks, state parks, and national monuments in the state, particularly those of the Black Hills region. South Dakota's location between national parks in the west and large cities to the east also contributes to the state's tourism and hospitality industry. In 2006, tourism provided an estimated 33,000 jobs in the state and contributed over two billion US$ to the economy of South Dakota.[85]
Transportation
South Dakota has a total of 83,609 miles (134,556 km) of highways, roads, and streets, along with 679 miles (1,093 km) of
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) South Dakota Business Review. March 2008. (accessed October 6, 2008) - ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
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Bibliography
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