Geography of Sweden
Continent | Europe |
---|---|
Region | Scandinavia |
Coordinates | 62°00′N 15°00′E / 62.000°N 15.000°E |
Area | Ranked 55th |
• Total | 450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi) |
• Land | 91.31% |
• Water | 8.69% |
Coastline | 3,218 km (2,000 mi) |
Borders | Norway (non-EU) 1,666 km (1,035 mi) Finland 545 km (339 mi) Denmark 118 km (73 mi) Latvia 100 km (62 mi) Poland 100 km (62 mi) Russia (non-EU)(EEZ)(Kaliningrad) 15 km (9.3 mi) Lithuania 18 km (11 mi) Germany 29 km (18 mi) Estonia 30 km (19 mi) |
Highest point | Kebnekaise 2,097 m (6,880 ft) |
Lowest point | Kristianstad −2.41 m (−7.9 ft) |
Longest river | Klarälven-Göta älv 720 km (450 mi) |
Largest lake | Vänern 5,648 km2 (2,181 sq mi) |
Climate | Temperate to subarctic |
Terrain | Flat lowlands, mountains |
Natural resources | Iron, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower |
Natural hazards | Ice floe |
Environmental issues | Acid rains, eutrophication |
Exclusive economic zone | 160,885 km2 (62,118 sq mi) |
Sweden is a country in Northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula. It borders Norway to the west (which is one of Sweden’s non-EU neighbours); Finland to the northeast; and the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia to the south and east. At 450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe, the fifth largest in Europe, and the 55th largest country in the world.
Sweden has a 3,218 km (2,000 mi) long coastline on its east, and the
Terrain
Much of Sweden is heavily forested, with 69%[1] of the country being forest and woodland, while farmland constitutes only 8% of land use.[2] Sweden consists of 39,960 km2
of water area, constituting around 95,700 lakes.
Most of northern and western central Sweden consists of vast tracts of hilly and mountainous land called the Norrland terrain.[5] From the south the transition to the Norrland terrain is not only seen in the relief but also in the wide and contiguous boreal forests that extend north of it[6] with till and peat being the overwhelmingly most common soil types.[7]
South of the Norrland terrain lies the
To the south of the Central Swedish lowland lies the South Swedish highlands[8] which except for a lack of deep valleys is similar to the Norrland terrain found further north in Sweden.[7] The highest point of the highlands lies at 377 m.[11] Poor soil conditions have posed significant difficulties for agriculture in the highlands, meaning that over time small industries became relatively important in local economies.[12]
Southernmost Sweden contains a varied landscape with both plains and hilly terrain. A characteristic chain of elongated hills runs across Scania from northwest to southeast. These hills are
The two largest
Political divisions
Provinces
Sweden has 25
While these provinces serve no political or administrative purpose, they play an important role for people's self-identification. The provinces are usually grouped together in three large lands (landsdelar): the northern Norrland, the central Svealand and southern Götaland. The sparsely populated Norrland encompasses almost 60% of the country.
Counties
Administratively, Sweden is divided into 21
In each county there is also a separate
- K = Blekinge County
- W = Dalarna County
- I = Gotland County
- X = Gävleborg County
- N = Halland County
- Z = Jämtland County
- F = Jönköping County
- H = Kalmar County
- G = Kronoberg County
- BD = Norrbotten County
- M = Skåne County
- AB = Stockholm County
- D = Södermanland County
- C = Uppsala County
- S = Värmland County
- AC = Västerbotten County
- Y = Västernorrland County
- U = Västmanland County
- O = Västra Götaland County
- T = Örebro County
- E = Östergötland County
The letters shown were on the vehicle registration plates until 1973.
Municipalities
Each county is further divided into municipalities or kommuner, ranging from only one (in Gotland County) to forty-nine (in Västra Götaland County). The total number of municipalities is 290.
The northern municipalities are often large in size, but have small populations – the largest municipality is Kiruna with an area as large as the three southern provinces in Sweden (Scania, Blekinge and Halland) combined, but it only has a population of 25,000, and its density is about 1 / km2.
Population
Sweden has a population of 10 million as of January 2017.[21] The mountainous north is considerably less populated than the southern and central regions, partly because the summer period lasts longer in the south, and this is where the more successful agricultural industries were originally established. Another historical reason is said to be the desired proximity to key trade routes and partners in continental Europe, e.g. Germany. As a result, all seven urban areas in Sweden with a population of 100,000 or more, are located in the southern half of the country.[22]
Cities
Cities and towns in Sweden are neither political nor administrative entities; rather they are localities or urban areas, independent of municipal subdivisions. The largest city, in terms of population, is the capital Stockholm, in the east, the dominant city for culture and media, with a population of 1,250,000. The second largest city is Gothenburg, with 510,500, in the west. The third largest is Malmö in the south, with 258,000. The largest city in the north is Umeå with 76,000 inhabitants.
Natural resources
Sweden's
.Environment
Climate
Most of Sweden has a temperate climate, despite its northern latitude, with largely four distinct seasons and mild temperatures throughout the year. The winter in the far south is usually weak and is manifested only through some shorter periods with snow and sub-zero temperatures, autumn may well turn into spring there, without a distinct period of winter. The northern parts of the country have a subarctic climate while the central parts have a humid continental climate. The coastal south can be defined as having either a humid continental climate using the 0 °C isotherm, or an oceanic climate using the –3 °C isotherm.
Due to the increased maritime moderation in the peninsular south, summer differences between the coastlines of the southernmost and northernmost regions are about 2 °C (4 °F) in summer and 10 °C (18 °F) in winter. This grows further when comparing areas in the northern interior where the winter difference in the far north is about 15 °C (27 °F) throughout the country. The warmest summers usually happen in the Mälaren Valley around Stockholm[23] due to the vast landmass shielding the middle east coast from Atlantic low-pressure systems in July compared to the south and west. Daytime highs in Sweden's municipal seats vary from 19 °C (66 °F) to 24 °C (75 °F) in July and −9 °C (16 °F) to 3 °C (37 °F) in January. The colder temperatures are influenced by the higher elevation in the northern interior. At sea level instead, the coldest average highs range from 21 °C (70 °F) to −6 °C (21 °F). As a result of the mild summers, the arctic region of Norrbotten has some of the northernmost agriculture in the world.[24]
Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the Gulf Stream[25][26] and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of planet Earth's rotation. Continental west-coasts (to which all of Scandinavia belongs, as the westernmost part of the Eurasian continent), are notably warmer than continental east-coasts; this can also be seen by comparing e.g. the Canadian cities of Vancouver and Halifax, Nova Scotia with each other, the winter in west coast Vancouver is much milder; also, for example, central and southern Sweden has much milder winters than many parts of Russia, Canada, and the northern United States.[27] Because of Sweden's high latitude, the length of daylight varies greatly. North of the Arctic Circle, the sun never sets for part of each summer, and it never rises for part of each winter. In the capital, Stockholm, daylight lasts for more than 18 hours in late June but only around 6 hours in late December. Sweden receives between 1,100 and 1,900 hours of sunshine annually.[28]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Sweden was 38 °C (100 °F) in Målilla in June 1947,[29] a record shared with Ultuna in Uppland.[29] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) in Vuoggatjålme on 2 February 1966.[30] Temperatures expected in Sweden are heavily influenced by the large Fennoscandian landmass, as well as continental Europe and western Russia, which allows hot or cool inland air to be easily transported to Sweden. That, in turn, renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain. In winter, however, the same high-pressure systems sometimes put the entire country far below freezing temperatures. There is some maritime moderation from the Atlantic which renders the Swedish continental climate less severe than that of nearby Russia. Even though temperature patterns differ between north and south, the summer climate is surprisingly similar all through the entire country in spite of the large latitudinal differences. This is due to the south's being surrounded by a greater mass of water, with the wider Baltic Sea and the Atlantic air passing over lowland areas from the south-west.
Apart from the ice-free Atlantic bringing marine air into Sweden tempering winters, the mildness is further explained by prevailing low-pressure systems postponing winter, with the long nights often staying above freezing in the south of the country due to the abundant cloud cover. By the time winter finally breaks through, daylight hours rise quickly, ensuring that daytime temperatures soar quickly in spring. With the greater number of clear nights, frosts remain commonplace quite far south as late as April. The cold winters occur when low-pressure systems are weaker. An example is that the coldest ever month (January 1987) in Stockholm was also the sunniest January month on record.[31][32]
The relative strength of low and high-pressure systems of marine and continental air also define the highly variable summers. When hot continental air hits the country, the long days and short nights frequently bring temperatures up to 30 °C (86 °F) or above even in coastal areas. Nights normally remain cool, especially in inland areas. Coastal areas can see so-called tropical nights above 20 °C (68 °F) occur due to the moderating sea influence during warmer summers.
On average, most of Sweden receives between 500 and 800 mm (20 and 31 in) of precipitation each year, making it considerably drier than the
It is predicted that as the Barents Sea gets less frozen in the coming winters, becoming thus "Atlantified", additional evaporation will increase future snowfalls in Sweden and much of continental Europe.[34]
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Swedish Meteorological Institute, SMHI's monthly average temperatures of some of their weather stations – for the latest scientific full prefixed thirty-year period 1961–1990 Next will be presented in year 2020. The weather stations are sorted from south towards north by their numbers.
stn.nr. | station | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5337 | Malmö | 0.1 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 6.4 | 11.6 | 15.8 | 17.1 | 16.8 | 13.6 | 9.8 | 5.3 | 1.9 | 8.4 |
6203 | Helsingborg | 0.6 | −0.1 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 11.2 | 15.3 | 16.7 | 16.6 | 13.6 | 9.9 | 5.2 | 1.8 | 8.3 |
6451 | Växjö | −2.8 | −2.8 | 0.0 | 4.7 | 10.2 | 14.3 | 15.3 | 14.9 | 11.2 | 7.0 | 2.3 | −1.2 | 6.1 |
7839 | Visby | −0.5 | −1.2 | 0.7 | 4.1 | 9.5 | 14.0 | 16.4 | 16.0 | 12.5 | 8.6 | 4.3 | 1.2 | 7.1 |
7447 | Jönköping | −2.6 | −2.7 | 0.3 | 4.7 | 10.0 | 14.5 | 15.9 | 15.0 | 11.3 | 7.5 | 2.8 | −0.7 | 6.3 |
7263 | Göteborg |
−0.9 | −0.9 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 11.6 | 15.5 | 16.6 | 16.2 | 12.8 | 9.1 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 7.8 |
8323 | Skövde | −2.8 | −2.9 | 0.0 | 4.6 | 10.6 | 15.0 | 16.2 | 15.2 | 11.1 | 7.1 | 2.2 | −1.1 | 6.3 |
8634 | Norrköping | −3.0 | −3.2 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 10.4 | 15.1 | 16.6 | 15.5 | 11.3 | 7.2 | 2.2 | −1.4 | 6.3 |
9516 | Örebro | −4.0 | −4.0 | −0.5 | 4.3 | 10.7 | 15.3 | 16.5 | 15.3 | 10.9 | 6.6 | 1.3 | −2.4 | 5.8 |
9720 | Stockholm Bromma | −3.5 | −3.7 | −0.5 | 4.3 | 10.4 | 15.2 | 16.8 | 15.8 | 11.4 | 7.0 | 2.0 | −1.8 | 6.1 |
9739 | Stockholm Arlanda | −4.3 | −4.6 | −1.0 | 3.9 | 9.9 | 14.8 | 16.5 | 15.2 | 10.7 | 6.4 | 1.2 | −2.6 | 5.5 |
10458 | Mora | −7.4 | −7.2 | −2.4 | 2.5 | 9.1 | 14.1 | 15.4 | 13.5 | 9.3 | 4.9 | −1.6 | −6.1 | 3.7 |
10740 | Gävle | −4.8 | −4.5 | −1.0 | 3.4 | 9.3 | 14.6 | 16.3 | 14.9 | 10.6 | 6.0 | 0.6 | −3.3 | 5.2 |
12724 | Sundsvall | −7.5 | −6.3 | −2.3 | 2.5 | 8.2 | 13.8 | 15.2 | 13.8 | 9.4 | 4.8 | −1.5 | −5.7 | 3.6 |
13410 | Östersund | −8.9 | −7.6 | −3.5 | 1.3 | 7.6 | 12.5 | 13.9 | 12.7 | 8.2 | 3.8 | −2.4 | −6.3 | 2.6 |
14050 | Umeå | −8.7 | −8.3 | −4.0 | 1.4 | 7.6 | 13.3 | 15.6 | 13.8 | 9.0 | 4.0 | −2.3 | −6.4 | 2.9 |
15045 | Skellefteå | −10.2 | −8.7 | −4.2 | 1.2 | 7.6 | 13.6 | 15.7 | 13.5 | 8.5 | 3.2 | −3.4 | −7.5 | 2.5 |
16288 | Luleå | −12.2 | −11.0 | −6.0 | 0.3 | 6.6 | 13.0 | 15.4 | 13.3 | 8.0 | 2.6 | −4.5 | −9.7 | 1.3 |
16395 | Haparanda | −12.1 | −11.4 | −6.8 | −0.5 | 6.1 | 12.8 | 15.4 | 13.2 | 8.0 | 2.5 | −4.2 | −9.5 | 1.1 |
16988 | Jokkmokk | −17.5 | −14.9 | −8.6 | −1.1 | 5.9 | 12.2 | 14.3 | 11.8 | 5.7 | −0.2 | −9.3 | −14.6 | -1.4 |
17897 | Tarfala (a mountain peak) |
−11.8 | −11.3 | −10.6 | −7.5 | −1.9 | 3.2 | 6.4 | 5.3 | 0.8 | −3.9 | −7.9 | −10.7 | -4.2 |
18076 | Gällivare | −14.3 | −12.5 | −8.4 | −1.9 | 5.0 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 10.7 | 5.6 | −0.6 | −8.1 | −12.2 | -1.1 |
18094 | Kiruna | −13.9 | −12.5 | −8.7 | −3.2 | 3.4 | 9.6 | 12.0 | 9.8 | 4.6 | −1.4 | −8.1 | −11.9 | -1.7 |
Extremes
Climate data for Sweden | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
28.8 (83.8) |
32.8 (91.0) |
38.0 (100.4) |
38.0 (100.4) |
36.2 (97.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
23.2 (73.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −49.4 (−56.9) |
−52.6 (−62.7) |
−45.8 (−50.4) |
−36.5 (−33.7) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
−30 (−22) |
−39.0 (−38.2) |
−48.9 (−56.0) |
−52.6 (−62.7) |
[citation needed] |
Extreme points
The extreme points of Sweden include the coordinates that are farthest north, south, east and west in Sweden, and the ones that are at the highest and the lowest elevations in the country. Unlike Norway and Denmark, Sweden has no external territories that can be considered either inside or outside the country depending on definition, meaning that the extreme points of Sweden are unambiguous.
The latitude and longitude are expressed in decimal degree notation, in which a positive latitude value refers to the Northern Hemisphere, and a negative value refers to the Southern Hemisphere. Additionally, a negative elevation value refers to land below sea level. The coordinates used in this article are sourced from Google Earth, which makes use of the World Geodetic System (WGS) 84, a geodetic reference system.
Latitude and longitude
Sweden's northernmost point is
Sweden's westernmost point is on Stora Drammen, an
Heading | Location | Province | Bordering entity | Coordinates[50] | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | Treriksröset, Kiruna
|
Lapland
|
Troms, Norway, and Lapland, Finland | 69°03′36″N 20°32′55″E / 69.06°N 20.548611°E | [41][44][51] |
South | Smygehuk, Trelleborg | Scania | Baltic Sea | 55°20′13″N 13°21′34″E / 55.336944°N 13.359444°E | [43][44][52] |
West | Stora Drammen, Strömstad | Bohuslän | Skagerrak | 58°55′43″N 10°57′27″E / 58.928611°N 10.9575°E | [44][53][54] |
West (mainland) | Stensvik, Strömstad | Bohuslän | Skagerrak | 58°59′50″N 11°06′47″E / 58.997222°N 11.113056°E | [48][55][56] |
East | Finnish border on north coast of Kataja, Haparanda | Norrbotten | Bothnian Bay | 65°42′39″N 24°09′21″E / 65.710833°N 24.155833°E | [44][57][58] |
East (mainland) | Sundholmen, Haparanda | Norrbotten | Torne River, and the Bothnian Bay | 65°48′54″N 24°09′02″E / 65.815°N 24.150556°E | [49][51][59] |
Elevation
The highest point in Sweden is Kebnekaise, which stands at 2,097 metres (6,880 ft) (August 2018). It is in the Scandinavian Mountains chain, in the province of Lapland.[60][61] The mountain has two peaks, of which the glaciated southern one is the highest at 2,097 metres (6,880 ft).[60] The northern peak, which stands at 2,096 metres (6,877 ft), is free of ice. Although the south top is traditionally said to be 2,097 metres (6,880 ft) high,[40] new measurements have shown that the glacier has shrunk fairly fast; therefore the summit is not as high as earlier. It was 2,104 metres (6,903 ft) in 2008.[60] Other points of comparable height in the vicinity of Kebnekaise include Sarektjåkka at 2,089 metres (6,854 ft), and Kaskasatjåkka at 2,076 metres (6,811 ft).[44] If the summers of 2016 and 2017 get as warm as the previous years, the northern peak will become the highest.[62]
Sweden's lowest point, which is 2.41 metres (7.91 ft) below sea level, is in the Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve in the city of Kristianstad.[40] The point is at the bottom of what was once Nosabyviken, a bay on the lake of Hammarsjön. The bay was drained in the 1860s by John Nun Milner, an engineer, to get more arable land for Kristianstad.[63]
Extremity | Name | Elevation | Location | Province | Coordinates[50] | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highest | Kebnekaise | 2,097 metres (6,880 ft) | Scandinavian Mountains | Lapland | 67°54′00″N 18°31′00″E / 67.9°N 18.516667°E | [60][61][64] |
Lowest | Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve | −2.41 metres (−7.91 ft) | Kristianstad | Scania (Skåne) | 56°01′18″N 14°10′44″E / 56.021581°N 14.178878°E | [40][46][63] |
Deepest lake (from its surface) | Hornavan | 221 metres (725 ft) | Arjeplog | Norrbotten |
Transportation
Only public transportation.
Heading | Airport | Railway station | Bus stop |
---|---|---|---|
North | Kiruna | Vassijaure (68°25′45″N 18°15′38″E / 68.4290934°N 18.2606904°E) | Karesuando bus station (68°26′29″N 22°28′45″E / 68.441474°N 22.4791197°E) |
South | Malmö | Trelleborg (55°22′18″N 13°09′33″E / 55.371783°N 13.159206°E | Smygehuk Hamnen (55°20′22″N 13°21′36″E / 55.339544°N 13.359984°E) |
West | Göteborg | Strömstad (58°56′11″N 11°10′24″E / 58.936509°N 11.173283°E) | Strömstad Color Line terminal (58°56′04″N 11°10′14″E / 58.934442°N 11.170618°E) |
East | Pajala
|
Haparanda (65°49′41″N 24°7′53″E / 65.82806°N 24.13139°E) | Haparanda-Tornio bus station (65°50′36″N 24°8′18″E / 65.84333°N 24.13833°E) |
Highest | Sälen , 490 m (1,610 ft)
|
Storlien, 592 m (1,942 ft) (63°18′57″N 12°6′2″E / 63.31583°N 12.10056°E )
|
Historically
Northernmost:
- before 1751: unclear (undefined border)
- 1751–1809: Nuorgam, Finland
Southernmost:
- Before 1648: south cape of Öland
- 1648-1815: Swedish Pomerania
Westernmost:
- Before 1658: Vinga
- 1638–1655: as a colony, New Sweden
Easternmost:
- 1617–1721: Ingria
See also
- Geographical center of Sweden
- List of cities in Sweden
- List of islands of Sweden
- List of lakes in Sweden
- List of municipalities of Sweden
- List of national parks of Sweden
- List of rivers in Sweden
- Climate of Sweden
Notes
- glacier erosion.[4]
References
- ^ "Swedes love nature". sweden.se. 2014-08-20. Archived from the original on 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
- ^ "Land use in Sweden 2010". Statistiska Centralbyrån (in Swedish). Retrieved 2018-02-09.
- ^ [1] Archived June 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-632-05311-9.
- ^ De Geer, Sten (1926). "Norra Sveriges landforms-regioner". Geografiska Annaler (in Swedish). 8. Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography: 125–136.
- ISBN 9780521472999.
- ^ Bonniers. pp. 64–67.
- ^ a b "Mellansvenska sänkan - Uppslagsverk - NE.se". www.ne.se. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ ISBN 9780495389507.
- ^ a b c Andersson, Gunnar (1915). "Ytbildning". In Guinchard, Joseph (ed.). Sveriges land och folk: historisk-statistisk handbok (in Swedish). pp. 13–14.
- .
- ^ "Kulturspår på sydsvenska höglandet". Skogskunskap (in Swedish). November 6, 2016. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
- ^ a b Behrens, Sven. "Skåne: Terrängformer". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- ^ Ahlberg, Per. "Skåne: Berggrund". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- ^ Granström, Birger. "Produktionsområden". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- ^ Olsson, Olle G.; Karlsson, Thomas. "Skåne: Växtliv". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- ^ "Skåne: Djurliv". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- ^ Behrens, Sven. "Gotland: Terrängformer". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- Nova Hedwigia. 63 (3): 433–470. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
- JSTOR 520895.
- ^ Radio, Sveriges (20 January 2017). "Swedish population hits 10-million mark - Radio Sweden". Sveriges Radio. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ "Varannan svensk bor nära havet". scb.se. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- SMHI. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ "Det norrländska klimatets fördelar" (in Swedish). Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ "BBC Climate and the Gulf Stream". BBC. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
- from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
- ^ "Global Climate Maps". Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006.
- ^ "Normal solskenstid för ett år" (in Swedish). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
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{{cite web}}
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