Geography of Ukraine
Kuyalnik Estuary −5 metres (−16 ft) | |
Longest river | Dnieper 981 kilometres (610 mi) |
---|---|
Largest lake | Lake Yalpuh 149 km2 (57.53 sq mi) |
Exclusive economic zone | 147,318 km2 (56,880 sq mi) |
Ukraine is the second-largest European country, after Russia. Its various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from highlands to lowlands, as well as climatic range and a wide variety in hydrography. Most of the country lies within the East European Plain.
Lying between latitudes 44° and 53° N, and longitudes 22° and 41° E, Ukraine covers an area of 603,628 square kilometres (233,062 sq mi), with a coastline of 2,782 kilometres (1,729 mi).[1]
The landscape of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile
Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such as the
Significant natural resources in Ukraine include lithium,
Geographic location
Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe: lying on the northern shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The country borders Belarus in the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in the west, Moldova and Romania in the south-west, and Russia in the east.[7]
The total geographic area of Ukraine is 603,700 square kilometers (233,100 sq mi). Ukraine has an
The land border of Ukraine totals 6,993 kilometers (4,345 mi).[8] The border lengths with each country are: Belarus 891 kilometers (554 mi)[failed verification], Hungary 103 kilometers (64 mi)[failed verification], Moldova 939 kilometers (583 mi)[failed verification], Poland 428 kilometers (266 mi)[failed verification], Romania 169 kilometers (105 mi) on the south and 362 kilometers (225 mi) on the west[failed verification], Russia 1,974 kilometers (1,227 mi), and Slovakia 90 kilometers (56 mi)[failed verification]. Ukraine is also bordered by 3,783 kilometers (2,351 mi) of coastline[failed verification]. The border with Russia, part of which runs through the Sea of Azov, is the country's longest border.[9]
The village of Vel'ké Slemence is split between Slovakia and Ukraine.[10]
Relief
Most of its territory lies within the
The western regions feature an alpine-like section of
Most of Ukraine's area is taken up by the steppe-like region just north of the Black Sea. Most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (or steppes) and plateaus. In terms of land use, 58% of Ukraine is considered arable land; 2% is used for permanent crops, 13% for permanent pastures, 18% is forests and woodland, and 9% is other.
Physiographic division of Ukraine
Most of Ukraine consists of regular plains with the average height
Plains are considered elevations of no more than 0–600 m (0–1,969 ft) among which there are recognized lowlands (plains) and uplands (plateaus, ridges, hill ridges).
Great European Plain (subregion East European Plain)
- Volhynia-Podillia Upland(Volhynia-Podillia Plateau)
- Volhynian Upland
- Podolian Upland
- Small Polesia Plain
- Khotyn Upland (part of Moldavian Plateau)
- Roztocze
- Sian-Dniester Lowland
- Eastern Carpathian Foothills
- Polesian Lowland
- Dnieper Upland
- Dnieper Lowland
- Central Russian Upland
- Donets-Azov Plateau
- Black Sea-Azov Lowland
Alpine system
- Transcarpathian Lowland (extension of Great Hungarian Plain, part of Eastern Pannonian Basin)
- Eastern Carpathians (part of Carpathian Mountains)
- Eastern Beskids and the Ukrainian Carpathians)
- Inner Eastern Carpathians (more Vihorlat-Gutin Area)
- Crimean Mountains
Soil
From northwest to southeast the soils of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:[11]
- a zone of sandy podzolized soils
- a central belt consisting of the extremely fertile Ukrainian black earth (chernozems)
- a zone of chestnut and salinized soils
As much as two-thirds of the country's surface land consists of black earth, a resource that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well known as a "breadbasket".[12] These soils may be divided into three broad groups:
- in the north, a belt of deep chernozems, about 1.5 metres (5 feet) thick and rich in humus
- south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary, chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about 90 centimetres (3 feet) thick
- the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus
Interspersed in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils, which together occupy much of Ukraine's remaining area. All these soils are very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion and gullying.
The smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.[11]
Hydrography
The territory of Ukraine is bordered by the waters of the
Climate
Location | July (°C) | July (°F) | January (°C) | January (°F) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kyiv | 27/17 | 80/62 | -1/-6 | 31/22 |
Kharkiv | 27/17 | 81/62 | -2/-7 | 28/20 |
Dnipro | 29/17 | 84/63 | -1/-6 | 30/21 |
Odesa | 28/19 | 82/66 | 2/-3 | 36/27 |
Donetsk | 27/16 | 81/61 | -1/-6 | 29/20 |
Zaporizhzhia | 28/16 | 83/61 | -0/-5 | 31/21 |
Lviv | 24/13 | 75/56 | -1/-8 | 32/21 |
Ukraine is firmly in the mid-latitudes, and generally has a
Water availability from the major river basins is expected to decrease, especially in summer. This poses risks to the agricultural sector.[17] The negative impacts of climate change on agriculture are mostly felt in the south of the country, which has a steppe climate. In the north, some crops may be able to benefit from a longer growing season.[18] The World Bank has stated that Ukraine is highly vulnerable to climate change.[19]
Climate data for Kyiv (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.2 (55.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
33.6 (92.5) |
35.5 (95.9) |
39.4 (102.9) |
39.3 (102.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
15.2 (59.4) |
39.4 (102.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.8 (30.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
24.6 (76.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
0.5 (32.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.2 (26.2) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.5 (22.1) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
15.7 (60.3) |
10.6 (51.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −31.1 (−24.0) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
−24.9 (−12.8) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
−21.9 (−7.4) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38 (1.5) |
40 (1.6) |
40 (1.6) |
42 (1.7) |
65 (2.6) |
73 (2.9) |
68 (2.7) |
56 (2.2) |
57 (2.2) |
46 (1.8) |
46 (1.8) |
47 (1.9) |
618 (24.3) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 9 (3.5) |
11 (4.3) |
7 (2.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.8) |
5 (2.0) |
11 (4.3) |
Average rainy days | 8 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 138 |
Average snowy days | 17 | 17 | 10 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 2 | 9 | 16 | 73 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
82.7 | 80.1 | 74.0 | 64.3 | 62.0 | 67.5 | 68.3 | 66.9 | 73.5 | 77.4 | 84.6 | 85.6 | 73.9 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 42 | 64 | 112 | 162 | 257 | 273 | 287 | 252 | 189 | 123 | 51 | 31 | 1,843 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[20] Central Observatory for Geophysics (extremes),[21][22] World Meteorological Organization (humidity 1981–2010)[23] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960)[24] and Weather Atlas[25] |
Climate data for Kharkiv (1991−2020, extremes 1936–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) |
14.6 (58.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
30.5 (86.9) |
34.5 (94.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
34.7 (94.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
5.2 (41.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.8 (80.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.5 (23.9) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
1.4 (34.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
15.1 (59.2) |
8.2 (46.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
8.7 (47.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.8 (19.8) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
4.8 (40.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
10.2 (50.4) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −35.6 (−32.1) |
−29.8 (−21.6) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
2.2 (36.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−20.9 (−5.6) |
−30.8 (−23.4) |
−35.6 (−32.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 37 (1.5) |
33 (1.3) |
36 (1.4) |
32 (1.3) |
54 (2.1) |
58 (2.3) |
63 (2.5) |
39 (1.5) |
44 (1.7) |
44 (1.7) |
39 (1.5) |
40 (1.6) |
519 (20.4) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 8 (3.1) |
11 (4.3) |
8 (3.1) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
4 (1.6) |
11 (4.3) |
Average rainy days | 10 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 143 |
Average snowy days | 19 | 18 | 12 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 2 | 9 | 18 | 80 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
85.6 | 83.0 | 77.3 | 65.7 | 60.9 | 65.2 | 65.3 | 62.9 | 70.2 | 77.6 | 85.7 | 86.5 | 73.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 41.5 | 63.3 | 123.5 | 166.7 | 252.9 | 266.6 | 278.0 | 262.4 | 176.6 | 112.8 | 51.0 | 31.4 | 1,826.7 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[26] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[27] |
Climate data for Dnipro (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
31.8 (89.2) |
36.1 (97.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
39.8 (103.6) |
40.9 (105.6) |
36.5 (97.7) |
32.6 (90.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
40.9 (105.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
0.6 (33.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.7 (83.7) |
22.4 (72.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
0.6 (33.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
2.5 (36.5) |
10.3 (50.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.1 (71.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.1 (21.0) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
5.2 (41.4) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −30.0 (−22.0) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−19.2 (−2.6) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−17.9 (−0.2) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 50 (2.0) |
43 (1.7) |
51 (2.0) |
39 (1.5) |
51 (2.0) |
64 (2.5) |
55 (2.2) |
45 (1.8) |
42 (1.7) |
39 (1.5) |
44 (1.7) |
46 (1.8) |
569 (22.4) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 7 (2.8) |
10 (3.9) |
5 (2.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
4 (1.6) |
10 (3.9) |
Average rainy days | 9 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 132 |
Average snowy days | 16 | 15 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 15 | 64 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
87.7 | 84.6 | 79.2 | 66.8 | 62.2 | 66.2 | 64.7 | 62.4 | 69.5 | 77.2 | 86.5 | 88.3 | 74.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 45.2 | 70.7 | 126.3 | 179.0 | 264.9 | 269.5 | 299.0 | 277.5 | 197.3 | 132.1 | 58.2 | 34.4 | 1,954.1 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[28] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[29] |
Climate data for Odesa (1991–2020, extremes 1894–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
33.2 (91.8) |
37.2 (99.0) |
39.3 (102.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.4 (95.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
39.3 (102.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
15.3 (59.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
1.5 (34.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.7 (27.1) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
1.6 (34.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.9 (62.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
8.9 (48.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −26.2 (−15.2) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
0.3 (32.5) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
7.9 (46.2) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
−19.6 (−3.3) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43 (1.7) |
35 (1.4) |
35 (1.4) |
28 (1.1) |
39 (1.5) |
47 (1.9) |
45 (1.8) |
40 (1.6) |
44 (1.7) |
37 (1.5) |
39 (1.5) |
38 (1.5) |
470 (18.5) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 2 (0.8) |
2 (0.8) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
2 (0.8) |
Average rainy days | 9 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 122 |
Average snowy days | 11 | 10 | 6 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 4 | 9 | 41 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
82.5 | 80.7 | 78.4 | 74.5 | 71.0 | 70.6 | 66.0 | 65.4 | 71.8 | 77.1 | 81.9 | 83.6 | 75.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 63.2 | 91.6 | 142.2 | 199.5 | 292.5 | 307.5 | 332.9 | 313.1 | 234.6 | 164.7 | 73.0 | 57.4 | 2,272.2 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru[30] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[31] |
Climate data for Yalta (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.5 (83.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.0 (95.0) |
39.1 (102.4) |
39.1 (102.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
31.5 (88.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
39.1 (102.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.8 (44.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
21.6 (70.9) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.0 (77.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
2.2 (36.0) |
4.1 (39.4) |
8.1 (46.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.1 (64.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
4.1 (39.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −12.2 (10.0) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 76 (3.0) |
56 (2.2) |
48 (1.9) |
29 (1.1) |
36 (1.4) |
35 (1.4) |
32 (1.3) |
43 (1.7) |
43 (1.7) |
52 (2.0) |
57 (2.2) |
84 (3.3) |
591 (23.3) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 1 (0.4) |
1 (0.4) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
Average rainy days | 14 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 134 |
Average snowy days | 6 | 6 | 4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 20 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
75.7 | 73.6 | 72.7 | 72.0 | 69.7 | 67.7 | 61.9 | 61.5 | 65.4 | 71.5 | 74.4 | 75.1 | 70.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 68.6 | 85.1 | 133.3 | 174.9 | 239.2 | 273.2 | 308.1 | 280.6 | 216.2 | 145.1 | 89.3 | 63.2 | 2,076.8 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[32] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[33] |
Natural resources
Significant natural resources in Ukraine include: iron ore, manganese, natural gas,[34] titanium, kaolin, uranium, and arable land.[5][35]
Environmental issues
Ukraine has many environmental issues.[36][37] Some regions lack adequate supplies of potable water.[38] Air and water pollution affects the country, as well as deforestation, and radiation contamination in the northeast stemming from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.[39]
See also
- Extreme points of Ukraine
- Maps of Ukraine
References
- CIA World Factbook. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
- ^ "Ukraine country profile". BBC News. 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ^ "Geographical location of Ukraine". www.ukrexport.gov.ua. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ^ a b c "Mining – UkraineInvest". Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ^ Nature, Preferred by. "Ukraine Timber Risk Profile". NEPCon - Preferred by Nature. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ^ a b "Ukraine". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Державна прикордонна служба України". www.pvu.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Ukraine on cooperation in the use of the sea of Azov and the strait of Kerch". www.ecolex.org. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ^ a b "Ukraine". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine: The land and its peoples. University of Toronto Press, 2010.
- ^ "Seas, Rivers and Lakes of Ukraine".
- ^ "Ukraine climate information". Weatherbase. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
- ^ "Ukraine". Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ a b c "Ukraine – Climate". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- S2CID 230613418.
- S2CID 233801987.
- ^ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org.
- ^ "Weather and Climate – The Climate of Kyiv" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "ЦГО Кліматичні дані по м.Києву". cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua (in Ukrainian). Central Observatory for Geophysics. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ "ЦГО Кліматичні рекорди". cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua (in Ukrainian). Central Observatory for Geophysics. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Ukraine – Kyiv" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 332. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^ "Kiev, Ukraine - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ^ "Weather and Climate - The Climate of Kharkiv" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- ^ "Климат Днепра (Climate of Dnipro)" (in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net. 2016. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- ^ Погода и Климат – Климат Одессы [Weather and Climate – The Climate of Odesa] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Климат Ялты" (in Russian). Погода и климат (Weather and Climate). Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- ^ "The Forgotten Potential of Ukraine's Energy Reserves". Harvard International Review. 2020-10-10. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ^ "How Ukraine war will impact its farming – agronomist's view". Farmers Weekly. 2022-02-28. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ^ "Ukraine invasion: rapid overview of environmental issues". CEOBS. 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ^ "Ukraine Country Environmental Analysis". World Bank. January 2016.
- ^ "Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ^ "Environmental issues in Ukraine". Naturvernforbundet. 16 July 2017.
Notes
External links
- Zastavnyi, F. D. Physical geography of Ukraine: lowlands and uplands of Ukraine. "Heohrafiya".