Geography of Zimbabwe

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Area comparative

• Australia comparative: slightly less than half the size of New South Wales
• Canada comparative: slightly smaller than Newfoundland and Labrador
• United Kingdom comparative: approximately 3/5 larger than the United Kingdom
• United States comparative: slightly larger than Montana
• EU comparative: approximately 1/10 larger than Germany

Land boundaries

The country has borders with Botswana (813 km), Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa (225 km), Zambia 797 km and almost meets Namibia at its westernmost point.^[2]

Climate

The climate varies markedly with altitude with the Eastern Highlands at 1,878 metres or 6,161 feet above sea level being much wetter and cooler than lower altitudes. There is a dry season, including a short cool season during the period May to September, when the whole country has very little rain. The rainy season is typically a time of heavy rainfall from November to March. The whole country is influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone during January. In years when it is poorly defined there is below-average rainfall and a likelihood of serious drought in the country, as happened in 1983 and 1992. When it is well defined rainfall is average or well above average, as in 1981 and 1986. Zimbabwe’s climate can be categorised into three regions, hot region (lowveld and part of the middleveld), warm region (rest of the middleveld and high veld) and the cool region (Eastern Highlands)^{[citation needed][3][4]}

Examples

Terrain

Much of the country is on a plateau with a higher central plateau (high veld) forming a watershed between the

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m
highest point: Mount Nyangani 2,592 m^[19]

Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, diamond, platinum group metals

Land use:
arable land: 10.49%
permanent crops: 0.31%
other: 89.20% (2011)

Irrigated land: 1,735 km² (2003)

Total renewable water resources: 20 km³ (2011)

Natural hazards: droughts; floods and severe storms are rare

Environment — current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd – once the largest concentration of the species in the world – has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution^[20]

Environment — international agreements: ↵party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements.

Hydrology: ↵The country is divided into six

Main land use type:

1. Above 1,050 millimetres or 41 inches/annum with some precipitation in all months of the year Afforestation, fruit, tea, coffee and intensive livestock production.
2. 750 to 1,000 millimetres (30 to 40 in)/annum seasonally confined with well-defined dry season Large scale intensive crop and livestock production.
3. 650 to 800 millimetres (26 to 31 in)/annum with regular mid-season dry spells Livestock production with fodder crops. Marginal production of maize, tobacco and cotton.
4. 450 to 650 millimetres (18 to 26 in)/annum with periodic seasonal drought and severe rainy season dry spells. Livestock production and drought resistant crops.
5. Too low and erratic for even drought resistant fodder and grain crops. Extensive livestock and/or game ranching.^[21]

Extreme points

This is a list of the extreme points of Zimbabwe, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

• Northernmost point — unnamed location on the border with
  Mashonaland West
  province
• Easternmost point — unnamed location on the border with
  Manicaland
  province
• Southernmost point — the tripoint with South Africa and Mozambique, Masvingo Province
• Westernmost point — the tripoint with
  Matabeleland North province, about 150 meters from the easternmost point of Namibia at what is almost a quadripoint

The main weather hazards that have affected Zimbabwe include:[25]

• Drought
• Floods
• Lightning
• Frost
• Heat wave
• Wildfires^[26]

Drought

In Zimbabwe droughts carry many effects which include factors leading to economic struggles. Inflation rates go up as farmers undergo crop failure and loss of livestock a well as often wildfires. Due to drought the country is faced with serious water shortages as well as outrageous power cuts.^[28]

Mitigation

To limit the effects of drought the country can make use of cloud seeding, stocking of harvest in GMBs during fruitful years and/or practice irrigation.^[29]

Building and servicing dams and rivers that are no longer serving their purpose^[30]

Floods

Flooding refer to an abnormal overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is normally Drylands. These are caused by abnormal rainfall and cyclones.^[31]

Effects of Floods in Zimbabwe

The primary effects of flooding include loss of life and damage to buildings and other structures, including bridges, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals. Floods also frequently damage power transmission and sometimes power generation. As a common after-effect of severe flooding, Zimbabwe has also faced economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases.^[32][28][33]

Mitigation

In January 2022 the country's Department of Civil Protection (DCP) set up 394 evacuation centers in Manicaland province to deal with the impact of Cyclone Ana. This was the government's way of limiting the effects of the floods as it was noted that parts of Mutasa and Chimanimani districts were already receiving strong winds and heavy rains associated with the storm.^[34] Another way of mitigating the effects of flooding is relocating people before during and after the floods and ensuring that everyone is at safe place when the cyclone hits the arear. This is seen in Zimbabwe were the authorities announced that school children from the most vulnerable areas should not go to school but stay home on the days when cyclone Freddy was expected.^[35][36]

Lightning

Lightning is associated with weather patterns whereby there is a natural electrical discharge from the clouds which occurs for a very short period and it heats the ground or earth, it is usually accompanied by a bright flash and typical thunder. Lightning may damage a lot of things and may is dangerous to livelihood.^[37]

Effects of lightning in Zimbabwe

Lightning is very harmful; it affects both livelihood as well as the infrastructure. A number of people have been hospitalized and some died due to the effects of lightning this is evidenced when lightning bolt struck and wounded 13 male prisoners while they were having lunch at a jail in northwestern Zimbabwe,^[38] and in some arears especially game parks a number of animals have died due to lightning.^[39] Lightning also has a record of destroying infrastructure, one family in Beitbridge were left stranded as they lost their home to lightning.^[40]

Mitigation

To prevent and reduce the effects of lightning people are advised to avoid open space as well as standing under toll trees and to ensuring that buildings have lightning protection as this will help to protect the building from lightning hence minimal risk of being affected.^[41]

Frost

Frost occurs when weather patterns changes causing a deposit of small white ice crystals formed on the ground, windows, cars or other open surfaces when the temperature falls below freezing^[42]

Effects of Frost in Zimbabwe

In 2021 Zimbabwe Farmers Union director Paul Zakariya confirmed to herald that a number of farmers are affected by frost as he said they had received numerous reports of ground frost that had affected several crops across the Zimbabwean growers hit by frosty conditions.^[43] In some areas like Matobo wear frost often hits people are always affected by frostbites as they would have been affected by the cold.

Mitigation