Geography of the Philippines

Coordinates: 13°00′00″N 122°00′00″E / 13.000°N 122.000°E / 13.000; 122.000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Geography of the Philippines
ContinentAsia
RegionSoutheast Asia
Coordinates13°00'N 122°00'E
AreaRanked 72nd
 • Total300,000[1][2][3] km2 (120,000 sq mi)
 • Land99.38%
 • Water0.62%
Coastline36,289 km (22,549 mi)
BordersNone
Highest pointMount Apo
2,954 meters (9,692 ft)[4][5]
Lowest pointEmden Deep
10,540 meters (34,580 ft) (sea level)
Longest riverCagayan River
Largest lakeLaguna de Bay
Exclusive economic zone2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi)

The Philippines is an archipelago that comprises 7,641 islands,[8] and with a total land area of 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi), it is the world's fifth largest island country.[2][3][9] The eleven largest islands contain 95% of the total land area. The largest of these islands is Luzon at about 105,000 square kilometers (40,541 sq mi). The next largest island is Mindanao at about 95,000 square kilometers (36,680 sq mi). The archipelago is around 800 kilometers (500 mi) from the Asian mainland and is located between Taiwan and Borneo.

The Philippine archipelago is divided into three

Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Siquijor, Biliran, and Guimaras. The Mindanao islands include Mindanao itself, Dinagat, Siargao, Camiguin, Samal, plus the Sulu Archipelago, composed primarily of Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi
.

The Philippines lies between 4°23' and 21° North (N) latitude and between 116° and 127° East (E) longitude.

Physical geography

The Philippine archipelago lies in

better source needed
]

Off the coast of eastern Mindanao is the

Mount Mayon near Legazpi City, Taal Volcano south of Manila, and Mount Apo in Mindanao. All of the Philippine islands are prone to earthquakes. The northern Luzon highlands, or Cordillera Central, rise to between 2,500 meters (8,200 ft) and 2,750 meters (9,020 ft), and, together with the Sierra Madre in the northeastern portion of Luzon and the mountains of Mindanao, boast rain forests that provide refuge for numerous upland tribal groups. The rain forests also offer prime habitat for more than 500 species of birds, including the Philippine eagle (or monkey-eating eagle), some 1,100 species of orchids
, and some 8,500 species of flowering plants.

The longest river is the

Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, which runs 8.2 kilometers (5.1 mi) underground through a karst landscape before reaching the ocean, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[30]

Other extensive river systems are the

Mindanao Sea; and the Pampanga, which flows south from east Central Luzon into Manila Bay
. Several rivers have been harnessed for hydroelectric power.

A global remote sensing analysis suggested in 2018 that there were 2,126 km2 (821 sq mi) of tidal flats in the Philippines and is therefore ranked as the 15th country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.[31]

To protect the country's biological resources, the government has taken a first step of preparing a

Biodiversity Action Plan to address conservation of threatened species
.

Most of the islands used to be covered by tropical rainforests. However, illegal logging has reduced forest cover to less than 10% of the total land area.

Major volcanoes in the Philippines

Geology

The

better source needed
]

The islands are composed of volcanic, coral, principal rock formations.[

mossy forest, mangroves, and ultrabasic forest.[33] The highest mountain is Mount Apo. It measures up to 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao.[34] The second highest point can be found on Mindanao as well, at Mount Dulang-dulang, a peak 2,941 meters (9,649 ft) above sea level.[35]

Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific

Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano.[39] The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century.[40] The Philippines is the world's second-biggest geothermal energy producer behind the United States, with 18% of the country's electricity needs being met by geothermal power.[41]

Mount Mayon
is renowned for having an almost perfect cone, but has a violent history of 47 eruptions since 1616 and its VEI-4 eruption on June 23, 1897, rained fire for seven days.

Significant mineral deposits exist as a result of the country's complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity.[42][43] These deposites are considered highly valuable.[44] The country is thought to have the second-largest gold deposits after South Africa, along with a large amount of copper deposits.[45] Palladium, originally discovered in South America, was found to have the world's largest deposits in the Philippines too.[46] Romblon island is a source of high-quality marble.[47] Other minerals include chromite, nickel, and zinc. Despite this, a lack of law enforcement, poor management, opposition due to the presence of indigenous communities, and past instances of environmental damages and disasters, have resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped.[45][48]

Topography

Davao-Agusan Trough
25
Diwata mountains
26
Cotabato Basin
27
Central Mindanao highlands
28
Pacific Cordillera mountains
29
Tiruray highlands
30
Sulu archipelago


Luzon

Luzon in a satellite image
Legazpi
.

The Batanes and Babuyan islands

The Batanes and Babuyan Islands are situated on the northernmost extremity of the Philippines at Luzon Strait facing Taiwan. It contains the northernmost point of land, the islet of Y'Ami in the Batanes Islands, separated from Taiwan by the Bashi Channel (c.80.4672 kilometers (50.0000 mi) wide).

Western Luzon

This region stretches from

Mariveles, Bataan in the south. The terrain ranges from coastal plains to rugged mountains bordered by the South China Sea in the west and the Cordillera Central and Zambales mountain ranges
in the east. Western Luzon is known for its beaches, surf spots and historic towns.

Cagayan Valley

Further information:
Aparri
.

Cordilleras and Caraballos

Further information: Cordillera Central

The Cordilleras and Caraballos, together with the Sierra Madre Range, form the main mountain system in Northern Luzon.

The Cordilleras consists of two, sometimes three, mountain ranges that are found in northwestern central Luzon. The first, called Caraballo del Sur, forms the nucleus of the system and has its highest peaks in the border between the provinces of Abra, Ilocos Norte and Cagayan. Caraballo Occidentalles, is further divided into two ranges, the Cordillera Norte and Cordillera Central.[49] They line the central portions of the Cordillera Administrative Region.

The Caraballos (Caraballo de Baler) start where the Sierra Madre and the Cordilleras meet. They are found south of Cagayan Valley, northeast of the Central Luzon Plains.

Sierra Madre Mountains

Lying in the eastern portion of Luzon is the longest mountain range in the Philippines, the Sierra Madre, stretching from Quezon province in the south to Cagayan in the north. 80 percent of the mountain range is tropical rainforest, which is diminishing from rampant illegal logging activity. The range serves as the eastern wall of Luzon Island that protects inhabitants from tropical cyclones usually coming from the Pacific Ocean.

Central Luzon Plains

The largest plain of the nation is situated in the Central Luzon region and produces most of the national rice supply, earning itself the nickname "Rice Bowl of the Philippines". The plains encompass the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac and Pangasinan.

Manila-Katagalugan plains

South of the Central Luzon plains lies the largest inland freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, Laguna de Bay. To the east of the lake is a plain that stretches westward to Manila Bay. Large rivers from bays and mountain springs traverse the plain. In the northern part of the region, that is, Manila and Rizal, most of the plain had been converted into cities and towns, and are thus industrialized. Lying east of the lake is the southern terminus of the Sierra Madre mountain range at northern Quezon province.

To the southwest of Laguna de Bay is the nation's third largest lake, the Taal, bordered to the north by the Tagaytay Ridge, a ridge stretching from southern Cavite to northern Batangas provinces.

Bondoc Peninsula

Further information: Bondoc Peninsula

The Bondoc Peninsula is located in the southeastern part of Quezon Province.

Bicol Peninsula

Southeast of Laguna de Bay lies the

Mayon and Bulusan
.

The peninsula has an irregular

coastline that features large bays and gulfs, which include Lamon Bay, San Miguel Bay, Lagonoy Gulf, and Albay Gulf to the north, and the Tayabas Bay, Ragay Gulf and Sorsogon Bay
to the south.

Mindoro Island

Mindoro coastal plains

Mindoro's coastal plains are characterized by rice and corn fields, rivers, beaches, and extensive open space areas. Most of the population is concentrated on the northern and eastern coast of this island where the city of Calapan and Puerto Galera are located.

Mindoro highlands

The Mindoro mountain range begins with

Lake Naujan and the west follows the Mindoro Strait
.

Palawan

Kalayaan islands (Spratly Islands)

Further information:
Kalayaan Islands are located to the west of Palawan
. Kalayaan is a Filipino word meaning "freedom".

Visayas

Negros Island (green), Central Visayas (light blue), and Eastern Visayas
(pink).

Panay-Negros-Cebu Area

Panay is the third largest island in the Philippines, behind Mindanao and Luzon. Negros is home to the Canlaon Volcano, one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines. Cebu is a long and narrow island and is the 126th largest island in the world. Other islands nearby include: Guimaras to the south, Negros to the southeast, Bantayan Island and the Romblon island group to the north and Boracay nearby to the northeast.

Mindanao

An old map of Mindanao from the Atlas of the Philippine Islands (1900).

Eastern Pacific Cordillera

The eastern coast of Mindanao features a long mountain range, the

Eastern Pacific Cordillera, which stretches from Bilar Point at Surigao in the north to Cape San Agustin at Davao in the south. Forming its northern portion are the Diwata Mountains (also spelled Diuata), separated from the south by low passes situated at the middle. To the east of the range are narrow strips of lowland that feature several inlets and bays, the most prominent of which include the Lianga and Bislig bays.[50][51]

Davao-Agusan Trough

To the west of the Pacific Cordillera lies an extensive lowland, the

river basin of the Agusan River. The river flows in a northward direction and empties into Butuan Bay. Draining the southern portion of the lowland are several other rivers, which include the Tagum, flowing southward to Davao Gulf.[50][51]

Central Mindanao highlands

Situated west of the Davao-Agusan Trough is a complex series of mountain ranges called the

headwaters of several rivers which include the Rio Grande de Mindanao, Pulangi, Maridagao and Tagoloan rivers. Several tall mountains, such as Mount Apo, the country's highest are found within the range.[50]

Bukidnon-Lanao plateaus

The north-central portion of Mindanao is dominated by an extensive highland region, the

Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau, which includes the Kitanglad and Kalatungan mountain ranges. Within the plateau lies the country's second largest lake, Lake Lanao situated at an elevation of 2,296 feet, drained by the Agus River flowing northward to its river mouth at Iligan Bay.[50]

Cotabato Basin

South of the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau lies a large

Rio Grande de Cagayan (also known as the Mindanao River). Surrounded by three mountain ranges, the basin's only opening to the sea is to the northwest at Illana Bay, where the Mindanao River empties into the ocean.[50][51]

To the southeast of the main basin are two large valleys, the Koronadal and Allah valleys.[50]

Tiruray highlands

Situated south and west of the Cotabato Basin are a moderately high mountain range, the

Tiruray Highlands, which block off the Basin from the southern coastline.[51] South of the highlands are narrow strips of coastlines.[50]

Zamboanga peninsula

At the northwestern tip of Mindanao is the generally mountainous

Zamboanga Peninsula. The chain of mountain ranges in this region is called Zamboanga Cordilleras, with the highest elevation at Mount Dapi
, which is 2,617 meters (8,586 ft) high.

The southern coastline is irregular, featuring two smaller peninsulas, the Sibuguey and Baganian, extending southward to the Moro Gulf.[50]

Outlying islands of Mindanao

Dinagat and Siargao Islands

To the north of the Diwata Mountains at northeast Mindanao lie Siargao island and the Dinagat group of islands.[50]

Sulu Archipelago

Southwest of the Zamboanga Peninsula is the Sulu Archipelago, a chain of islands which comprise the smaller archipelago provinces of Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.[50]

Administrative geography

See also: List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines and List of cities in the Philippines
Further information: Administrative divisions of the Philippines

The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy of local government units (LGUs) with the 81

municipalities, both of which consist of barangays
, the smallest local government unit.

Regions

Further information:
provinces. The National Capital Region is divided into four special districts
.

Most government offices establish regional offices in a city to serve the constituent provinces. Such cities are designated as "regional centers". The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region.

Provinces

Further information:
provinces. Each province has a capital city or municipality
.

Landlocked and island provinces

Of the 82 provinces of the Philippines, 16 are

landlocked
, and 16 are island provinces.

Climate

Main article: Climate of the Philippines
Philippines map of Köppen climate classification zones

The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate that is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: tag-init or tag-araw, the hot dry season or summer from March to May; tag-ulan, the rainy season from June to November; and tag-lamig, the cool dry season from December to February. The southwest

subtropical climate
. Manila and most of the lowland areas are hot and dusty from March to May. Even at this time, however, temperatures rarely rise above 37 °C (98.6 °F). Mean annual sea-level temperatures rarely fall below 27 °C (80.6 °F). Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (196.9 in) in the mountainous east coast section of the country, but less than 1,000 millimeters (39.4 in) in some of the sheltered valleys.

The average yearly temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). In considering temperature, location in terms of latitude and longitude is not a significant factor. Whether in the extreme north, south, east, or west of the country, temperatures at sea level tend to be in the same range. Altitude usually has more of an impact. The average annual temperature of Baguio at an elevation of 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), making it a popular destination during hot summers.[52] Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) in the mountainous east coast section but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some of the sheltered valleys.[53] Monsoon rains, although hard and drenching, are not normally associated with high winds and waves. But the Philippines sit astride the typhoon belt, and it suffers an annual onslaught of dangerous storms from July through October. These are especially hazardous for northern and eastern Luzon and the Bicol and Eastern Visayas regions, but Manila gets devastated periodically as well.

In the last decade, the Philippines has been hit severely by natural disasters. In 2005 alone, Central Luzon was hit by both a drought, which sharply curtailed hydroelectric power, and by a typhoon that flooded practically all of low-lying Manila's streets. Still more damaging was the 1990 earthquake that devastated a wide area in Luzon, including Baguio and other northern areas. The city of Cebu and nearby areas were struck by a typhoon that killed more than a hundred people, sank vessels, destroyed part of the sugar crop, and cut off water and electricity for several days. The Philippines is prone to about six to nine storms which make landfall each year, on average. The 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption also damaged much of Central Luzon, the lahar burying towns and farmland, and the ashes affecting global temperatures.

Sitting astride the typhoon belt, the islands experience 15-20 typhoons annually from July to October,[53] with around nineteen typhoons[54] entering the Philippine area of responsibility in a typical year and eight or nine making landfall.[55][56] Historically typhoons were sometimes referred to as baguios.[57] The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped 2,210 millimeters (87 in) in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.[58] The Philippines is highly exposed to climate change and is among the world's ten countries that are most vulnerable to climate change risks.[59]

Building construction is undertaken with natural disasters in mind. Most rural housing has consisted of nipa huts that are easily damaged but are inexpensive and easy to replace. Most urban buildings are steel and concrete structures designed (not always successfully) to resist both typhoons and earthquakes. Damage is still significant, however, and many people are displaced each year by typhoons, earthquakes, and other natural disasters. In 1987 alone the Department of Social Welfare and Development helped 2.4 million victims of natural disasters.

Statistics

CIA Statistics

Unless otherwise indicated, the information below is taken from CIA Factbook information for the Philippines.[60]

Area

  • Total: 300,000 square kilometres (115,831 sq mi)
    • country rank in the world: 72nd
  • Land: 298,170 square kilometres (115,124 sq mi)
  • Water: 1,830 square kilometres (707 sq mi)
Area – comparative
  • Australia comparative: approximately 1+1/3 times the size of Victoria
  • Canada comparative: approximately 5/8 the size of the Yukon
  • United States comparative: slightly larger than Arizona
  • United Kingdom comparative: approximately 1+1/4 times the size of the United Kingdom
  • EU comparative: slightly smaller than Italy

Coastline

  • 36,289 kilometres (22,549 mi)

Maritime claims

(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)

  • Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation
  • Exclusive economic zone: 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi) with 200 nautical miles (370 km)
  • Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) from the coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since the late 1970s has also claimed the polygonal-shaped area in the South China Sea up to 285 nautical miles (528 km; 328 mi) in breadth.
Location map of oceans, seas, major gulfs, bays and straits in the Philippines
Lingayen Gulf
Lingayen Gulf
Balabac Strait
Balabac Strait
Basilan Strait
Basilan Strait
Cebu Strait
Cebu Strait
Guimaras Strait
Guimaras Strait
Baler Bay
Baler Bay
Mindoro Strait
Mindoro Strait
San Bernardino Strait
San Bernardino Strait
San Juanico Strait
San Juanico Strait
South China Sea
South China Sea
Surigao Strait
Surigao Strait
Bohol Sea
Bohol Sea
Camotes Sea
Camotes Sea
Philippine Sea (Pacific Ocean)
Philippine Sea (Pacific Ocean)
Samar Sea
Samar Sea
Sibuyan Sea
Sibuyan Sea
Sulu Sea
Sulu Sea
Visayan Sea
Visayan Sea
Celebes Sea
Celebes Sea
Tablas Strait
Tablas Strait
Tañon Strait
Tañon Strait
Balintang Channel
Balintang Channel
Davao Gulf
Davao Gulf
Lagonoy Gulf
Lagonoy Gulf
Leyte Gulf
Leyte Gulf
Panay Gulf
Panay Gulf
Ragay Gulf
Ragay Gulf
Manila Bay
Manila Bay
Luzon Strait
Luzon Strait
Butuan Bay
Butuan Bay
Iligan Bay
Iligan Bay
Illana Bay
Illana Bay
Lamon Bay
Lamon Bay
Macajalar Bay
Macajalar Bay
San Miguel Bay
San Miguel Bay
Moro Gulf
Moro Gulf
Sarangani Bay
Sarangani Bay
Sibuguey Bay
Sibuguey Bay
Honda Bay
Honda Bay
Jintotolo Channel
Jintotolo Channel
Tayabas Bay
Tayabas Bay
Verde Island Passage
Verde Island Passage
Canigao Channel
Canigao Channel
Babuyan Channel
Babuyan Channel
Polillo Strait
Polillo Strait
Linapacan Strait
Linapacan Strait
Tapiantana Channel
Tapiantana Channel
Asid Gulf
Asid Gulf
class=notpageimage|
Oceans and Seas in the Philippines

Natural resources

Land use

  • Arable land: 20%
  • Permanent crops: 16.67%
  • Other: 64.33% (2005)

Irrigated land

  • 15,500 square kilometers (5,985 sq mi) (2003)

Natural hazards

The Philippines sit astride typhoon belt and are usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis.

Environment - current issues

Main article: Environmental issues in the Philippines
  • Uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in Manila; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding grounds; severe water pollution that caused the death of one of the country's major rivers, though there are ongoing efforts at resuscitation.[61]

Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 caused major problems.

Environment - international agreements

  • Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
  • Signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification.

Subnational enclaves and exclaves

In

exclave
is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually contiguous with it. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but the two are not synonymous.

Exclaves and enclaves

Pene-enclaves/exclaves and inaccessible districts

Subnational quadripoint

A quadripoint is a point on the Earth that touches four distinct regions. Such points are often called "four corners", from the corners of the four regions meeting there.

  • Four provinces in Mindanao meet at a point at the summit of
    Cotabato Province of Soccsksargen

More than four

Four distinct geographic divisions converging at a single point is not uncommon in the Philippines, and there are other points of convergence between five or more divisions that can be found.

Geographic center

Further information: Extreme points of the Philippines

The island province of

National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA).[63] The Luzon Datum of 1911 in Marinduque is used as point number one for all map makers in the country.[64]

The boundaries of the

irregular polygon.[65] A box enclosing that polygon would have corners at 20°N 116°E, 20°N 127°E, 4.75°N 127°E, 4.75°N 116°E. The center of this box would lie at 121.5 E, 12.375 N. That point lies roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait between the islands of Tablas and Mindoro
.

Republic Act No. 9522, "An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines",[66] describes an irregular polygon which fits within a box with its center at 121°44'47.45"E 12°46'6.1252"N, a point also roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait.

The CIA Factbook locates the Philippines at 13°N 122°E.[60]

The extreme points under Philippine control as of 2010 are:

Direction Location Coordinates
Latitude (N) Longitude (E)
North
Amianan Island, Batanes
 21º7’18.41" 121º56’48.79"
East Pusan Point, Davao Oriental[a] 7º17’19.80" 126º36’18.26"
South Frances Reef, Tawi-Tawi 4º24’53.84" 119º14’50.71"
West Thitu Island[b], Kalayaan, Palawan 11°3’10.19" 114°16’54.66"
  • Benham Plateau is the easternmost unincorporated territory of the Philippines.
  • b Thitu island is the westernmost of all the Spratly Island features controlled by the Philippines as of December 2009
.

The center of a box enclosing these points would be located at 12°46’6.13"N, 120°26’36.46"E. That point is located in the

Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro
.

Mount Madja-as in Antique

See also

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External links

Further reading

13°00′00″N 122°00′00″E / 13.000°N 122.000°E / 13.000; 122.000

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