Geography of the United Kingdom
54°0′N 2°30′W / 54.000°N 2.500°W
Continent | Europe |
---|---|
Region | Northwestern Europe |
Coordinates | 54°0′N 2°30′W / 54.000°N 2.500°W |
Area | Ranked 78th |
• Total | 242,495[Note 1] km2 (93,628 sq mi) |
• Land | 99.31% |
• Water | 0.69% |
Coastline | 12,429 km (7,723 mi) |
Borders | 499 km (310 mi) land border with Republic of Ireland |
Highest point | Ben Nevis 1,345 m (4,413 ft) |
Lowest point | The Fens −4 m (−13 ft) |
Longest river | River Severn 354 km (220 mi) |
Largest lake | Lough Neagh 392 km2 (151 sq mi) |
Climate | Temperate, with some areas of Scotland being Tundra, and Subarctic |
Terrain | Mountainous area to the north and west, lowland area to the south and east. |
Natural resources | Coal, oil (continental shelf of the North Sea), natural gas, tin, limestone, iron, salt, clay, lead |
Natural hazards | Storms, floods |
Environmental issues | Biodiversity loss, sulphur dioxide emissions from power plants, some rivers are contaminated by agricultural waste, wastewater into the sea |
Exclusive economic zone | In Europe: 773,676 km2 (298,718 sq mi) All overseas territories: 6,805,586 km2 (2,627,651 sq mi) |
The
The UK lies between the
The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are covered in their own respective articles, see below.
Area
The total area of the United Kingdom according to the Office for National Statistics is 248,532 square kilometres (95,960 sq mi), comprising the island of Great Britain, the northeastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland) and many smaller islands. This makes it the 7th largest island country in the world.[2] England is the largest country of the United Kingdom, at 132,938 square kilometres (51,330 sq mi) accounting for just over half the total area of the UK. Scotland at 80,239 square kilometres (30,980 sq mi), is second largest, accounting for about a third of the area of the UK. Wales and Northern Ireland are much smaller, covering 21,225 and 14,130 square kilometres (8,200 and 5,460 sq mi) respectively.[5]
The area of the countries of the United Kingdom is set out in the table below. Information about the area of England, the largest country, is also broken down by region.
Rank | Name | Area |
---|---|---|
1 | England ∟ South West[6] |
132,938 km2 23,837 km2 |
2 | Scotland | 80,239 km2 |
3 | Wales | 21,225 km2 |
4 | Northern Ireland | 14,130 km2 |
United Kingdom | 248,532 km2 | |
Overseas territories
|
1,727,570 km2 |
The British Antarctic Territory, which covers an area of 1,709,400 km2 (660,000 sq mi) is geographically the largest of the British Overseas Territories followed by the Falkland Islands which covers an area of 12,173 km2 (4,700 sq mi). The remaining twelve overseas territories cover an area 5,997 km2 (2,315 sq mi).
Other countries with very similar land areas to the United Kingdom include Guinea (slightly larger), Uganda, Ghana and Romania (all slightly smaller). The UK is the world's 80th largest country by land area and the 10th largest in Europe (if European Russia is included).
Physical geography
The physical geography of the UK varies greatly. England consists of mostly lowland terrain, with upland or mountainous terrain only found north-west of the Tees–Exe line. The upland areas include the Lake District, the Pennines, North York Moors, Exmoor and Dartmoor. The lowland areas are typically traversed by ranges of low hills, frequently composed of chalk, and flat plains. Scotland is the most mountainous country in the UK and its physical geography is distinguished by the Highland Boundary Fault which traverses the Scottish mainland from Helensburgh to Stonehaven. The faultline separates the two distinctively different regions of the Highlands to the north and west, and the Lowlands to the south and east. The Highlands are predominantly mountainous, containing the majority of Scotland's mountainous landscape, while the Lowlands contain flatter land, especially across the Central Lowlands, with upland and mountainous terrain located at the Southern Uplands. Wales is mostly mountainous, though south Wales is less mountainous than north and mid Wales. Northern Ireland consists of mostly hilly landscape and its geography includes the Mourne Mountains as well as Lough Neagh, at 388 square kilometres (150 sq mi), the largest body of water in the UK.[12]
The overall
The tallest mountain in the UK (and British Isles) is Ben Nevis, in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland. The longest river is the River Severn which flows from Wales into England. The largest lake by surface area is Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland, though Scotland's Loch Ness has the largest volume.
Geology
The geology of the UK is complex and diverse, a result of it being subject to a variety of
Precambrian
The oldest rocks in the British Isles are the
Palaeozoic
At 520 Ma, what is now Great Britain was split between two continents; the north of Scotland was located on the continent of Laurentia at about 20° south of the equator, while the rest of the country was on the continent of Gondwana near the Antarctic Circle. In Gondwana, England and Wales were largely submerged under a shallow sea studded with volcanic islands. The remains of these islands underlie much of central England with small outcrops visible in many places.
About 500 Ma southern Britain, the east coast of
Between 425 and 400 Ma
The collision between continents continued during the
Around 360 Ma Great Britain was lying at the equator, covered by the warm shallow waters of the
Around 280 Ma the Variscan orogeny mountain-building period occurred, again due to collision of continental plates, causing major deformation in south-west England. The general region of Variscan folding was south of an east–west line roughly from south Pembrokeshire to Kent. Towards the end of this period granite was formed beneath the overlying rocks of Devon and Cornwall, now exposed at Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor.
By the end of the Carboniferous period the various continents of the Earth had fused to form the super-continent of
Mesozoic
As Pangaea drifted during the Triassic, Great Britain moved away from the equator until it was between 20° and 30° north. The remnants of the Variscan uplands in France to the south were eroded down, resulting in layers of the New Red Sandstone being deposited across central England.
The modern continents having formed, the
Cenozoic
Between 63 and 52 Ma, the last volcanic rocks in Great Britain were formed. The major eruptions at this time produced the
The
.During the period the North Sea formed, Britain was uplifted. Some of this uplift was along old lines of weakness left from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies long before. The uplifted areas were then eroded, and further sediments, such as the London Clay, were deposited over southern England.
The major changes during the last 2 million years were brought about by
Amongst the most significant geological features created during the last twelve thousand years are the peat deposits of Scotland, and of coastal and upland areas of England and Wales.
At the present time Scotland is continuing to rise as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted. Southern and eastern England is sinking, generally estimated at 1 mm (1⁄25 in) per year, with the London area sinking at double the speed partly due to the continuing compaction of the recent clay deposits.
Mountains and hills
The ten tallest mountains in the UK are all found in Scotland. The highest peaks in each part of the UK are:
- Scotland: Ben Nevis, 1,345 metres (4,413 ft)
- Wales: Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), (Snowdonia), 1,085 metres (3,560 ft)
- England: Cumbrian Mountains), 978 metres (3,209 ft)
- Northern Ireland: Slieve Donard (Mourne Mountains), 852 metres (2,795 ft)
The ranges of mountains and hills in the UK include:
- Scotland:
- Wales: Preseli Hills(Y Preseli)
- England: Shropshire Hills, Yorkshire Wolds
- Northern Ireland: Sperrin Mountains
The lowest point of the UK is in the Fens of East Anglia, in England, parts of which lie up to 4 metres (13 ft) below sea level.
Rivers and lakes
- Main articles
- List of lakes and lochs in the United Kingdom;
- List of rivers of the United Kingdom;
- List of waterfalls of the United Kingdom.
The longest river in the UK is the River Severn (220 mi; 350 km) which flows through both Wales and England.
The longest rivers in the UK contained fully within each of its constituent nations are:
- England: River Thames (215 mi; 346 km)
- Scotland: River Tay (117 mi; 188 km)
- Northern Ireland: River Bann (76 mi; 122 km)
- Wales: River Usk (78 mi; 126 km)
The largest lakes (by surface area) in the UK by country are:
- Northern Ireland: Lough Neagh (147.39 sq mi; 381.7 km2)
- Scotland: Loch Lomond (27.46 sq mi; 71.1 km2)
- England: Windermere (5.69 sq mi; 14.7 km2)
- Wales: Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid) (1.87 sq mi; 4.8 km2)
The deepest lake in the UK is
Loch Ness is the UK's largest lake in terms of volume.
Artificial waterways
Main articles:
As a result of its industrial history, the United Kingdom has an extensive system of
Coastline
The UK has a
The UK claims jurisdiction over the continental shelf, as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries, an exclusive fishing zone of 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi), and territorial sea of 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi).
The UK has an Exclusive Economic Zone of 773,676 km2 (298,718 sq mi) in Europe. However, if all crown dependencies and overseas territories are included then the total EEZ is 6,805,586 km2 (2,627,651 sq mi) which is the 5th largest in the world.
Inlets
- Cardigan Bay
- Lyme Bay
- Bristol Channel
- Thames Estuary
- Morecambe Bay
- Solway Firth
- The Wash
- Humber Estuary
- Firth of Forth
- Firth of Tay
- Moray Firth
- Firth of Clyde
- Firth of Lorn
Headlands
The geology of the United Kingdom is such that there are many headlands along its coast. A list of headlands of the United Kingdom details many of them.
Tidal flats
A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 2,697 km2 (1,041 sq mi) of tidal flats in the United Kingdom, making it the 12th ranking country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.[15]
Islands
In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over one thousand small islands, the majority located off the north and west coasts of Scotland. About 130 of these are inhabited according to the 2001 census.
The largest island in the UK is Great Britain. The largest islands by constituent country are Lewis and Harris in Scotland at 841 sq mi (2,180 km2), Wales' Anglesey at 276 sq mi (710 km2), the Isle of Wight in England at 147 sq mi (380 km2), and Rathlin Island in Northern Ireland at roughly 6 sq mi (16 km2);
Climate
The climate of the UK is generally
The prevailing winds are southwesterly, from the North Atlantic Current. More than 50% of the days are overcast.[16] There are few natural hazards, although there can be strong winds and floods, especially in winter.
Average annual rainfall varies from over 3,000 mm (118.1 in) in the
The highest temperature recorded in the UK was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) at
Human geography
Rank | Urban area | Pop. | Principal settlement | Rank | Urban area | Pop. | Principal settlement | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Greater London |
9,787,426 | London | 11 | Bristol | 617,280 | Bristol | ||
2 | Greater Manchester |
2,553,379 | Manchester | 12 | Edinburgh | 512,150 | Edinburgh | ||
3 | West Midlands |
2,440,986 | Birmingham | 13 | Leicester |
508,916 | Leicester | ||
4 | West Yorkshire |
1,777,934 | Leeds | 14 | Belfast | 483,418 | Belfast | ||
5 | Greater Glasgow | 985,290 | Glasgow | 15 | Brighton & Hove | 474,485 | Brighton | ||
6 | Liverpool |
864,122 | Liverpool | 16 | South East Dorset | 466,266 | Bournemouth | ||
7 | South Hampshire | 855,569 | Southampton | 17 | Cardiff |
390,214 | Cardiff | ||
8 | Tyneside | 774,891 | Newcastle upon Tyne | 18 | Teesside | 376,633 | Middlesbrough | ||
9 | Nottingham | 729,977 | Nottingham | 19 | Stoke-on-Trent |
372,775 | Stoke-on-Trent | ||
10 | Sheffield |
685,368 | Sheffield | 20 | Coventry |
359,262 | Coventry |
Demographics
Political geography
National government
The UK is governed as a whole by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Of the four countries that make the UK, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved administrations and legislatures:
- Northern Ireland – Northern Ireland Assembly
- Scotland – Scottish Parliament
- Wales – Senedd (Welsh Parliament)
The devolved administrations and legislatures can make laws in a number of areas, such as culture, education, local government, and environment.
By contrast, England has no devolved system of government, that is, the Parliament of the United Kingdom makes laws for England, as well as for
The UK (specifically, Northern Ireland) has an international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland of 499 km.[3][4] There is also a boundary between the jurisdiction of France and the UK on the Channel Tunnel.
Local government
Each part of the UK is subdivided into further local governmental regions:
- England: parish councils
- Wales: Principal areas, communities
- Scotland: Council areas, communities
- Northern Ireland: Districts
Historically the UK was divided into counties or
Between 1889 (1890 in Scotland) and 1974, the political boundaries were based on the traditional counties, but due to changes in population centres, the traditional counties became impractical as local government areas in certain highly urbanised areas. The Local Government Act 1972 created a new system of administrative counties, designed to take account of the widely differing populations across different parts of the country.
In the 1990s further population growth led to more political changes on a local level. Unitary authorities were formed across the entirety of Scotland and Wales, and in larger cities in England. Many unpopular administrative counties were also abolished at this time, leading to a mixture of two-tier and single-purpose authorities. Further reorganisations are planned if and when regional assemblies in England are revisited in the future.
Economic geography
The economic geography of the UK reflects not only its current position in the global economy, but its long history both as a trading nation and an
The UK led the
Primary industry
The UK's primary industry was once dominated by the
Manufacturing
The UK's heavy manufacturing drove the industrial revolution. A map of the major UK cities gives a good picture of where this activity occurred, in particular
Finance and services
Once, every large city had a
Regional disparity
The effect of changing economic fortune has contributed to the creation of the so-called
Natural resources
Historically, much of the United Kingdom was
In 1993, it was estimated that land use was:
- Arable land: 25%
- Permanent crops: 0%
- Permanent pastures: 46%
- Forests and Woodland: 10%
- Other: 19%
- Irrigated: 1,080 km2
The UK has a variety of natural resources including:
- Geological: .
- Agricultural: sheep
The UK has large
Environment
Current issues
This section needs to be updated.(October 2022) |
England is one of the most densely populated countries/regions in the world, and the most densely populated major nation in Europe.[22] The high population density (especially in the southeast of England) coupled with a changing climate, is likely to put extreme pressure on the United Kingdom's water resources in the future.[23]
The United Kingdom is reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It has met Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010. By 2015, to recycle or compost at least 33% of household waste. Between 1998-99 and 1999–2000, household recycling increased from 8.8% to 10.3% respectively.
According to a 2018 survey for the World Wide Fund for Nature, the United Kingdom is one of the most nature-depleted countries in the world, coming in 189th place out of 218 countries.[24][25]
International agreements
The United Kingdom is a party to many international agreements, including: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-
The UK has signed, but not ratified, the international agreement on Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Geography of dependent territories
Crown dependencies
- Geography of the Isle of Man
- Geography of the Channel Islands
- Geography of Jersey
- Geography of Guernsey
- Geography of Alderney
- Geography of Sark
- Geography of Herm
Overseas territories
- Geography of Anguilla
- Geography of Bermuda
- Geography of the British Antarctic Territory
- Geography of the British Indian Ocean Territory
- Geography of the British Virgin Islands
- Geography of the Cayman Islands
- Geography of the Falkland Islands
- Geography of Gibraltar
- Geography of Montserrat
- Geography of the Pitcairn Islands
- Geography of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
- Geography of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
- Geography of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
- Geography of the Turks and Caicos Islands
See also
- British Overseas Territories
- Crown Dependencies
- City status in the United Kingdom
- Conservation in the United Kingdom
- Demographics of the United Kingdom
- Extreme points of the United Kingdom
- Centre points of the United Kingdom
- Geography of England
- Geography of Europe
- Geography of Ireland
- Geography of Scotland
- Geography of Wales
- List of caves in the United Kingdom
- List of conurbations in the United Kingdom
- List of places in the United Kingdom
- North-South divide in the United Kingdom
- Towns of the United Kingdom
- Transport in the United Kingdom
Notes
- ^ Does not include the three Crown Dependencies (768 km2 or 297 sq mi) and the 14 overseas territories (1,742,857 km2 or 672,921 sq mi), shown separately.
References
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (August 2009) |
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."
- ^ a b "Island Countries Of The World". WorldAtlas.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ a b Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland, 1999
- ^ a b MFPP Working Paper No. 2, "The Creation and Consolidation of the Irish Border" by KJ Rankin and published in association with Institute for British-Irish Studies, University College Dublin and Institute for Governance, Queen's University, Belfast (also printed as IBIS working paper no. 48)
- ^ "The Countries of the UK". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ^ "The South West – Key Facts". www.gosw.gov.uk. Government Office for the South West. Archived from the original on 22 March 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- ^ "Facts and Figures about the South East". www.gose.gov.uk. Government Office for the South East. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- ^ "Regional Profile". www.gonw.gov.uk. Government Office for the North West. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- ^ "Regional Profile". www.gowm.gov.uk. Government Office for the West Midlands. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- ^ "Regional Profile". www.gos.gov.uk/gone/. Government Office for the North East. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- ^ "Our Region". www.gol.gov.uk. Government Office for London. Archived from the original on 20 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- ^ "Geography of Northern Ireland". University of Ulster. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ISBN 1-85310-890-1.
- ^ The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (2009). "Factsheet Marine Conservation Zones" (PDF). www.defra.gov.uk. DEFRA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
- S2CID 56481043.
- ^ "25 September 2017".
- ^ "Record breaking temperatures for the UK".
- ^ "2011 Census - Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ^ "NRS – Background Information Settlements and Localities" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- ^ The UK's major urban areas Office for National Statistics (Urban area of Belfast and connected settlements, Table 3.1, page 47)
- ^ "1,800 new jobs to be created at Manchester Airport". ITV News. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ Khan, Urmee (16 September 2008). "England is most crowded country in Europe". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ McKie, Robin (22 January 2012). "Urgent action needed to prevent England's rivers drying up". The Observer. The Guardian. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ Hobson, Sam. "Is this the Future of UK nature?". World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ "The UK's nature in crisis - in pictures". The Guardian. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
External links