Georg Wilhelm Steller
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Georg Wilhelm Steller | |
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Born | |
Died | 14 November 1746 | (aged 37)
Alma mater | University of Halle |
Georg Wilhelm Steller (10 March 1709 – 14 November 1746) was a German-born
Steller pursued studies in theology and medicine before turning his attention to the natural sciences. In 1734, he joined the Russian Academy of Sciences as a physician, eventually being selected to accompany Bering's expedition to the uncharted waters between Siberia and North America. Steller's observations and record-keeping proved important during the journey.
Steller's name became synonymous with the discovery of new species, as he documented numerous plants and animals, many of which were previously unknown to Western science. Notable among his discoveries was the Steller's sea cow and Steller's sea eagle. His exploration of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Commander Islands significantly expanded scientific knowledge about the region's biodiversity.
Biography
Early Life
Steller was born in
Expeditions
Steller knew about
In September 1740, the expedition sailed to the
While the crew never even set foot on the mainland, Georg Steller is credited with being one of the first non-natives to have set foot upon Alaskan soil. The expedition never made mainland landfall because of a stubbornness and a "dull fear". They left with only a sketch of what they think the mainland would look like. On a remarkable journey, Steller became the first European naturalist to describe a number of North American plants and animals, including a jay later named Steller's jay.
Although Steller tried to treat the crew's growing scurvy epidemic with leaves and berries he had gathered, officers scorned his proposal.[2] Steller and his assistant were some of the very few who did not suffer from the ailment. On the return journey, with only 12 members of the crew able to move and the rigging rapidly failing, the expedition was shipwrecked on what later became known as Bering Island. Almost half of the crew had perished from scurvy during the voyage.[2] Steller nursed the survivors, including Bering, but he could not be saved and died. The remaining men made camp with little food or water, a situation made only worse by frequent raids by Arctic foxes. The crew hunted sea otters, sea lions, fur seals and sea cows to survive the winter.[4]
In early 1742, the crew used salvaged material from the St. Peter to construct a new vessel to return to Avacha Bay and nicknamed it The Bering. Steller spent the next two years exploring the Kamchatka peninsula. He was falsely accused of freeing Kamchadal rebels from prison by a jealous rival and recalled to St. Petersburg. At one point he was put under arrest and made to return to Irkutsk for a hearing. He was freed and again turned west toward St. Petersburg, but along the way he came down with a fever and died at Tyumen.
Some of his journals, which reached the academy and were later published by
Scientific Contributions
Of the six species of birds and mammals that Steller discovered during the voyage, two are extinct (Steller's sea cow and the spectacled cormorant) and three are near threatened and vulnerable (Steller sea lion, Steller's eider and Steller's sea eagle). The sea cow, in particular, a massive northern relative of the dugong, lasted only 27 years after Steller discovered and named it. The sea cow had a limited population that quickly became victim of overhunting by the Russian crews that followed in Bering's wake.
Steller's jay is one of the few species named after Steller that is not currently listed as endangered.[5] In his brief encounter with the bird, Steller was able to deduce that the jay was kin to the American blue jay, a fact which seemed proof that Alaska was indeed part of North America.
Despite the hardships the crew endured, Steller studied the flora, fauna, and topography of the island in great detail. Of particular note were the only detailed behavioral and anatomical observations of
Based on these and other observations, Steller later wrote De Bestiis Marinis ('On the Beasts of the Sea'), describing the fauna of the island, including the
Discoveries and namesakes
Georg Steller described a number of animals and plants, some of which bear his name, either in the common name or scientific:
- Steller's eider (Polysticta stelleri)
- Steller's jay (Cyanocitta stelleri)
- Sea otter (Enhydra lutris)
- Steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus)
- Short-tailed albatross
- Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas)
- Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)
- Steller's sculpin
- Gumboot chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri)
- Hoary mugwort (Artemisia stelleriana)
- Stellera L. (Thymelaeaceae)
- Stellerite (a mineral in the zeolite group)
- Restella Pobed. (Thymelaeaceae[6])
Steller Secondary School in Anchorage, Alaska is named for Steller, as is Mount Steller at 58°25′47″N 154°23′29″W / 58.42972°N 154.39139°W.
Popular culture
- In The Great North episode "Xmas With the Skanks Adventure" (s3e10 debuted 11 December 2022), Moon Tobin names a reindeer he finds "Wilhelm" after the zoologist
- T. Edward Bak's graphic novel ISBN 978-0-9886624-4-5) tells the story of Steller's journeys north and intertwines his social connections and context.
Works
- Stellers, Georg Wilhelm (1751). "De Bestiis Marinis". Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae (in Latin). 2: 289–398.
- Stellers, Georg Wilhelm (1753). Georg Wilhelm Stellers ausführliche Beschreibung von sonderbaren Meerthieren, mit Erläuterungen und Nöthigen Kupfern versehen (in German). Halle: In Verlag Carl Christian Kümmel. .
- Steller, Georg Wilhelm (1988). Journal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741-1742. Stanford University Press.
References
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d Steller, Georg Wilhelm (1988). Journal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741-1742. Stanford University Press.
- ^ Collins, Henry B. Jr. "Georg Wilhelm Steller". Encyclopedia Arctica. Dartmouth. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ Littlepage, Dean. Steller's Island: Adventures of a Pioneer Naturalist in Alaska.
- ^ "Steller's Jay". American Bird Conservancy. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
- ^ "Restella Pobed. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ International Plant Names Index. Steller.
Further reading
- Leonhard Stejneger – Georg Wilhelm Steller, the pioneer of Alaskan natural history. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1936.
- G. W. Steller – Reise von Kamtschatka nach Amerika mit dem Commandeur-Capitän Bering : ein Pendant zu dessen Beschreibung von Kamtschatka. St Petersburg, 1793. Full text
- Georg Steller – Journal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741–1742 edited by O. Frost. ISBN 0-8047-2181-5
- Walter Miller and Jennie Emerson Miller, translators – De Bestiis Marinis, or, The Beasts of the Sea) in an appendix to The Fur Seals and Fur-Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, edited by David Starr Jordan, Part 3 (Washington, 1899), pp. 179–218
- Andrei Bronnikov (2009). Species Evanescens [Ischezayushchi vid] (Russian Edition). Reflections, ISBN 978-90-79625-02-4(a book of poetry inspired by dramatic events of Steller's life).
- Ann Arnold (2008). Sea Cows, Shamans, and Scurvy Alaska's First Naturalist: Georg Wilhelm Steller. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Andreas Daum (2019). "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise", in Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I, eds. Hartmut Berghoff, Frank Biess and Ulrike Strasser. New York: Berghahn Books, 79–102.
- Erich Kasten (2020) „Georg Wilhelm Steller: Scientist, Humanist, and Most Significant Ethnographer for the ISBN 978-1-5275-6022-2
- Marcus Köhler: "Völker-Beschreibung". Die ethnographische Methodik Georg Wilhelm Stellers (1709–1746) im Kontext der Herausbildung der "russischen" ėtnografija. Saarbrücken 2008. (about Steller's importance for the development of modern ethnography as a science)
- Dean Littlepage (2006). Steller's Island: Adventures of a Pioneer Naturalist in Alaska. The Mountaineer's Books. ISBN 1-59485-057-7
- Barbara and Richard Mearns – Biographies for Birdwatchers ISBN 0-12-487422-3
- Corey Ford, Where the Sea Breaks its Back, 1966. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1992. ISBN 978-0-88240-394-6
- Steller's 1741 expedition from Kamchatka is covered in Orcutt Frost's Bering: the Russian discovery of America (Yale University Press, 2004).
- Steller is the subject of the second section of W. G. Sebald's book-length poem, After Nature (2002).
- A somewhat fictionalized account of Steller's time with Bering is contained in James A. Michener's, Alaska.
External links
- (in Russian) Commander (Komandorskie) Islands
- (in Russian) Steller, Georg Wilhelm
- (in Russian) Poetry on Steller
- (in German) German National Geographic magazine about the diary of Steller
- Extracts from De Bestiis Marinis, or, The Beasts of the Sea (1751)