George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland
George Clifford Anne Clifford, 14th Baroness de Clifford suo jure | |
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Parents | Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland Anne Dacre |
Sir George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, 13th Baron de Clifford, 13th Lord of Skipton,
Early life and wardship
George Clifford was born on 8 August 1558 at Brougham Castle in Westmorland,[3] the son and heir of Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland (d. January 1570) by his second wife, Anne Dacre, daughter of William Dacre, 3rd Baron Dacre.[4]
The Barons de Clifford, a junior branch of the Clifford feudal barons of Clifford of Clifford Castle in Herefordshire, had established themselves in the late 13th century at Appleby Castle in Westmorland, in the north of England.
George succeeded as
Life at court
Life at court meant that George spent an increasing amount of time in southern England, away from his family's estates. As a result, Brougham Castle, one of his properties in the north, was neglected and abandoned.[5] Although in 1589, he built the original Londesborough Hall, an Elizabethan country house located in East Riding of Yorkshire.[6] George's fellow courtier commented on his northern upbringing, writing to the steward of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, that he disliked Clifford as "the rudest Earll by reson of his northerly bringen up".[7]
George Clifford was described as a man of great personal beauty, strong and active, accomplished in all knightly exercises, splendid in his dress, and of romantic valour. On the other hand, he was a gambler and a spendthrift, a faithless husband, and later, for several years before his death, was separated from his wife.[1]
Queen's Champion and KG
Clifford rose in the world as an accomplished
Clifford was a man of irregular life, and having run through a great part of his very handsome property, seized on the opportunity offered by the war with Spain to re-establish himself. In 1588, he commanded the galleon Elizabeth Bonaventure in the Anglo-Spanish War,[1][9] during which he had had some success. His portrait was included in the Armada Tapestries.[10]
He led and invested in a number of expeditions, but many were turned back due to storms or lack of prizes. His first success was an
Clifford later commissioned the building of his own ship, the 38-gun
Clifford was often spoken of as a sort of nautical
Marriage, children and succession dispute
In 1577, George married Lady Margaret Russell (1560–1616), a daughter of his guardian Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford and Margaret St John. Earl Russell had acquired his valuable wardship, as well as the right to marry George off to whomsoever he chose.[clarification needed] By his wife Margaret, George had the following children:
- Robert Clifford (21 September 1585 – 24 May 1591), died young before the age of 5.
- Francis Clifford (1584 – 8 December 1589), died young before the age of 5.
- Lady Anne Clifford, suo jure 14th Baroness de Clifford (30 January 1590 – 22 March 1676), his daughter and sole heiress, and wife of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset.
Clifford's two sons, Robert and Francis, had both died young, before the age of 5, thus his only surviving child and daughter Anne became his sole heiress. She inherited the title Baron de Clifford suo jure, having been created by writ in 1299 to be able to descend in the female line. She also inherited £15,000. The vast majority of his estate, however, Clifford bequeathed to his brother Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland, who also inherited the earldom, which by the letters patent of its creation was precluded from passing to a female, as was usual. After lengthy litigation, Clifford's daughter Anne won much of the land, including Brougham and Appleby castles.
The Great Picture is a large
Death and burial
George Clifford died on 30 October 1605 at the duchy house of the
Suit of armour
George Clifford's tournament armour survives and is considered the finest surviving
The armour is of
The design of the New York armour is very different to the one he wears in the famous full-length
In literature
In
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The full armour in New York
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A full-body portrait of Clifford
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Engraved portrait by William Rogers
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Arms of de Clifford: Chequy or and azure, a fesse gules
Ancestry
Ancestors of George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Neither George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, other members of the Cliffords of Cumberland branch, nor any of the earl’s offspring, are known progenitors of the early New England settlers of the same surname. Much genealogical confusion has occurred due to the frequent repetition of first names amongst the various branches of the House of Clifford.
References
- vieuxpont.co.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2007
- ^ a b c d e f Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. .
- ^ Summerson 1999, p. 46.
- ^ Jessica L. Malay, Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writing, 1590-1676 (Manchester, 2018), p. 161.
- ^ Summerson, Trueman & Harrison 1998, pp. 33.
- ^ Summerson, Trueman & Harrison 1998, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Catford, Nick. "Disused Stations: Londesborough Park Station". www.disused-stations.org.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ G. Dyfnallt Owen, ed., HMC, Manuscripts Marquess of Bath, vol. 5 (London, HMSO, 1980), p. 257: Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine, vol. 18 (1879), p. 279
- ^ East India Company
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 620.
- ^ William Thomson, Tapestry weaving in England (London, 1914), p. 33
- OCLC 7225949.
- ^ a b Abbot Hall Art Gallery
- Bibliography
- Summerson, Henry (1999), Brougham and Brough Castles, London: ISBN 1-85074-729-6
- Summerson, Henry; Trueman, Michael; Harrison, Stuart (1998), "Brougham Castle, Cumbria", Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series (8), Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, ISBN 1-873124-25-2