George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney

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George Macartney should not be confused with Sir George Macartney, a later British statesman.
The Earl Macartney
Governor of Grenada
In office
1776–1779
MonarchGeorge III
Preceded bySir William Young
Succeeded byJean-François, comte de Durat
Governor of Madras
In office
22 June 1781 – 14 June 1785
MonarchGeorge III
Preceded bySir Thomas Rumbold
Succeeded bySir Archibald Campbell
Governor of the Cape Colony
In office
1797–1798
MonarchGeorge III
Preceded byAbraham Josias Sluysken
Succeeded byFrancis Dundas
Personal details
Born(1737-05-14)14 May 1737
Loughguile, County Antrim, Ireland
Died31 May 1806(1806-05-31) (aged 69)
Chiswick, Middlesex, England
Alma materTrinity College Dublin

George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney,

Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War and subsequent territorial expansion at the Treaty of Paris that Britain now controlled "a vast Empire, on which the sun never sets
".

Early years

He was born in 1737 as the only son of George Macartney, High Sheriff of Antrim and Elizabeth Winder. Macartney descended from a Scottish family with origins in Ireland, who were granted land in Scotland for serving under Edward Bruce, brother of Robert the Bruce. The Macartneys of Auchenleck, Kirkcudbrightshire settled in Lissanoure County Antrim, Ireland, where he was born.

After graduating from Trinity College Dublin, in 1759, he became a student of the Temple, London. Through Stephen Fox, elder brother of Charles James Fox, he was taken up by Lord Holland.[1]

Appointed envoy extraordinary to Russia in 1764,

Catherine II. In 1768, he returned to the Irish House of Commons as a Member of Parliament for Armagh Borough, in order to discharge the duties of Chief Secretary for Ireland. On resigning this office, he was knighted.[4][5][1]

In 1775, he became governor of the British West Indies[6] and was created Baron Macartney in the Peerage of Ireland in 1776.[7] He was elected to a seat in the British parliament (Bere Alston) from 1780 to 1781.

Grenada

Macartney was the

Comte d'Estaing
.

After losing control of the fortifications on Hospital Hill — an essential defence position located on a prominence overlooking the island capital St. George's—Macartney chose to surrender unconditionally and was taken prisoner to France.

Madras

Macartney was the governor of Madras (now known as Chennai) from 1781 to 1785. During his tenure as governor, renovation and strengthening of the walls of Fort St. George was commenced after the siege by Thomas Lally, and completed in 1783. It was also during this time that most of the buildings and barracks in the western portion of the Fort were erected. The Palace Street, the Arsenal, the Hanover square and the Western Barracks were constructed during this time. The streets on the eastern side of the Fort were also altered.

It was also during this time that idea of a police force for Madras was thought of. Stephen Popham, another British resident and the developer of Pophams Broadway, submitted a plan to Macartney for the establishment of a regular police force for Madras and for the building of direct and cross drains in every street. Popham also advocated measures for the naming and lighting of streets, for the regular registration of births and deaths and for the licensing of liquor, arrack and toddy shops. A Board of Police assisted by a Kotwal was subsequently formed. The Kotwal was to be the officer of the markets under the Superintendent of Police.[9]

He negotiated the

British East India Company
—and returned to Britain in 1786.

Ambassador to China

Lord Macartney

After being created Earl Macartney in the Irish peerage in 1792, he was appointed the first envoy of Britain to Qing China, after the failure of a number of previous embassies, including Cathcart's. He led the Macartney Embassy to Beijing in 1792, with a large British delegation on board a 64-gun man-of-war, HMS Lion under the command of Captain Sir Erasmus Gower. The embassy was ultimately not successful in its primary aim to open trade with China, although numerous secondary purposes were attained, including a first-hand assessment of the strength of the Chinese empire.

The failure to obtain trade concessions was not due to Macartney's refusal to

vassalage. In comparison, the European states were used to the order that came out of the Peace of Westphalia. Under that order, all states were formally treated as equals. For this reason, Macartney was negotiating as an equal in the European style, while the Qianlong Emperor was used to conducting diplomacy under Chinese hegemony.[11]

After the conclusion of the embassy, the Qianlong Emperor sent a letter to

incomplete short citation
] The Macartney Embassy is historically significant because it marked a missed opportunity by the Chinese to move toward some kind of accommodation with the West. This failure would continue to plague China as it encountered increasing foreign pressures and internal unrest during the 19th century.

The policies of the

President of the Royal Society, was responsible for selecting and arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record.[14]

Macartney was expected to lead an embassy to Japan after he completed his mission to China, but his hopes of being able to proceed to Japan were ended by the confirmation when he returned to Canton of news of the outbreak of war with France and consequently of the vulnerability of his ships to attack by French cruisers operating from Batavia.[15] On 23 December, Macartney recorded in his journal: "I have given up my projected visit to Japan, which (though now less alluring in prospect) has always been with me a favourite adventure as a possible opening of a new mine for the exercise of our industry and the purchase of our manufactures".[16]

Later life

On his return from a confidential mission to Italy in 1795, he was raised to the British peerage as Baron Macartney, of Parkhurst in the County of Surrey and Auchinleck in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright,

Cape Colony,[18] where he remained until ill health compelled him to resign in November 1798.[1]

In early 1797, he was requested to assist with the proposed plan to send an attacking force from the Cape under Major-General J. H. Craig to the South West coast of Spanish America by way of the British colony in New South Wales.[19]

He died at Chiswick, Middlesex, on 31 May 1806, the title becoming extinct. After the death of his widow (Lady Jane Stuart, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Bute; they were married in 1768), his property passed to his niece, whose son took the name.[1]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
  2. ^ "No. 10478". The London Gazette. 11 December 1764. p. 1.
  3. ^ "No. 10492". The London Gazette. 29 January 1765. p. 1.
  4. ^ "No. 11255". The London Gazette. 6 June 1772. p. 1.
  5. ^ "No. 11262". The London Gazette. 30 June 1772. p. 1.
  6. ^ "No. 11622". The London Gazette. 12 December 1775. p. 8.
  7. ^ "No. 11679". The London Gazette. 29 June 1776. p. 1.
  8. ^ "No. 11622". The London Gazette. 12 December 1776. p. 8.
  9. ^ "Reforms of George MaCartney". Corporation of Chennai. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  10. ^ Turnbull p. 180.
  11. YouTube
  12. ^ Ch'ien Lung, (Qianlong) Letter to George III
  13. .
  14. ^ Banks, Joseph. State Library of New South Wales, Papers of Sir Joseph Banks; Section 12: Lord Macartney's embassy to China; Series 62: Papers concerning publication of the account of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China, ca 1797. Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Robert J. King, "'A regular and reciprocal System of Commerce' — Botany Bay, Nootka Sound, and the isles of Japan", The Great Circle, vol.19, no.1, 1997, pp.1–29; and "'The long wish'd for object' – Opening the trade to Japan, 1785–1795", The Northern Mariner, vol.XX, no.1, January 2010, pp. 1–35, [1]
  16. ^ Cranmer-Byng, "Russian and British Interests in the Far East, 1791–1793", Canadian Slavonic Papers, vol. X, 1968, pp. 206, 357–375.
  17. ^ "No. 13897". The London Gazette. 31 May 1796. p. 527.
  18. ^ "At the Court at St. James's, Dec 28. 1796". Edinburgh Gazette. No. 368. 3 January 1797. p. 221. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  19. ^ Dundas to Macartney, 21 January 1797, "Correspondence of George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, whilst Governor of the Cape of Good Hope", Bodleian Library, GB 0162 MSS.Afr.t.2–4*. See also Robert J. King, "An Australian Perspective on the English Invasions of the Rio de la Plata in 1806 and 1807", International Journal of Naval History, vol. 8 no.1, April 2009, [2]

References and further reading

External links

Political offices
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1769–1772
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Government offices
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William Young
Governor of Grenada

1776–1779
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Governor-General of Grenada
New creation
Governor of the Cape Colony

1797–1798
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Parliament of Ireland
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Charles O'Hara 1769–1776
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Ambassador from Great Britain to Russia

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1767–1768
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1792–1794
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Peerage of Ireland
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Earl Macartney

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Baron Macartney

1776–1806
Peerage of Great Britain
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Baron Macartney

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