George Rogers Clark
George Rogers Clark | |
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Brigadier-General | |
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Commands held | Western Frontier |
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George Rogers Clark (November 19, 1752 – February 13, 1818) was an American military officer and surveyor from Virginia who became the highest-ranking Patriot military officer on the northwestern frontier during the Revolutionary War. He served as leader of the Virginia militia in Kentucky (then part of Virginia) throughout much of the war. He is best known for his captures of Kaskaskia in 1778 and Vincennes in 1779 during the Illinois campaign, which greatly weakened British influence in the Northwest Territory (then part of the British Province of Quebec) and earned Clark the nickname of "Conqueror of the Old Northwest". The British ceded the entire Northwest Territory to the United States in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
Clark's major military achievements occurred before his thirtieth birthday. Afterward, he led militia forces in the opening engagements of the Northwest Indian War, but was accused of being drunk on duty. He was disgraced and forced to resign, despite his demand for a formal investigation into the accusations. Clark left Kentucky to live in the Indiana Territory but was never fully reimbursed by the Virginian government for his wartime expenditures. During the final decades of his life, he worked to evade creditors and suffered living in increasing poverty and obscurity. He was involved in two failed attempts to open the Spanish-controlled Mississippi River to American traffic. Following a stroke and the amputation of his right leg, he became disabled. Clark was aided in his final years by family members, including his younger brother William, one of the leaders of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He died of a stroke on February 13, 1818.
Early life
George Rogers Clark was born on November 19, 1752, in
Clark had little formal education.
In 1771 at age 19, Clark left his home on his first surveying trip into western Virginia.
Clark's military career began in 1774, when he served as a
Revolutionary War
As the
Clark and Jones traveled the Wilderness Road to Williamsburg, where they convinced Governor Patrick Henry to create Kentucky County, Virginia. Clark was given 500 lb (230 kg) of gunpowder to help defend the settlements and was appointed a major in the Kentucky County militia.[18] Although he was only 24 years old, older settlers such as Daniel Boone, Benjamin Logan, and Leonard Helm considered him a leader.[citation needed]
Illinois campaign
In 1777, the Revolutionary War intensified in Kentucky. Lieutenant-governor
In December 1777, Clark presented his plan to Virginia's Governor Patrick Henry, and he asked for permission to lead a secret expedition to capture the British-held villages at
In July 1778, Clark led the Illinois Regiment of the Virginia militia of about 175 men and crossed the Ohio River at Fort Massac and marched to Kaskaskia, capturing it on the night of July 4 without firing their weapons.[23] The next day, Captain Joseph Bowman and his company captured Cahokia in a similar fashion without firing a shot. The garrison at Vincennes along the Wabash River surrendered to Clark in August.[14] Several other villages and British forts were subsequently captured, after British hopes of local support failed to materialize. To counter Clark's advance, Hamilton recaptured the garrison at Vincennes, which the British called Fort Sackville, with a small force in December 1778.[24][25]
Prior to initiating a march on Fort Detroit, Clark used his own resources and borrowed from his friends to continue his campaign after the initial appropriation had been depleted from the Virginia legislature. He re-enlisted some of his troops and recruited additional men to join him. Hamilton waited for spring to begin a campaign to retake the forts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, but Clark planned another surprise attack on Fort Sackville at Vincennes.
News of Clark's victory reached General
Final years of the war
Clark's ultimate goal during the Revolutionary War was to seize the British-held fort at Detroit, but he could never recruit enough men and acquire sufficient munitions to make the attempt.[30] Kentucky militiamen generally preferred to defend their own territory and stay closer to home, rather than make the long and potentially perilous expedition to Detroit.[31] Clark returned to the Falls of the Ohio and Louisville, Kentucky, where he continued to defend the Ohio River valley until the end of the war.[32]
In June 1780, a mixed British-Indian force, including Shawnee, Lenape and Wyandot warriors, set out from Fort Detroit and invaded Kentucky. They captured two fortified settlements and seized hundreds of prisoners. In August 1780, Clark led a retaliatory force that defeated the Shawnee at the village of Peckuwe.[31] It has been commemorated as George Rogers Clark Park near Springfield, Ohio.[33]
In 1781, Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson promoted Clark to brigadier general and gave him command of all the militia in the Kentucky and Illinois counties. As Clark prepared to lead another expedition against the British and their allies in Detroit, General Washington transferred a small group of regulars to assist, but the detachment was disastrously defeated in August 1781 before they could meet up with Clark. This ended the western campaign.[34][35]
In August 1782, another British-Indian force defeated the Kentucky militia at the Battle of Blue Licks. Clark was the militia's senior military officer, but he had not been present at the battle and was severely criticized in the Virginia Council for the disaster.[36] In response November 1782, Clark led another expedition into the Ohio country, destroying several Indian villages along the Great Miami River, including the Shawnee village of Piqua, Miami County, Ohio.[37] This was the last major expedition of the war.[38]
The importance of Clark's activities during the Revolutionary War has been the subject of much debate among historians. As early as 1779 George Mason called Clark the "Conqueror of the Northwest."[39] Because the British ceded the entire Old Northwest Territory to the United States in the Treaty of Paris, some historians, including William Hayden English, credit Clark with nearly doubling the size of the original thirteen colonies when he seized control of the Illinois country during the war. Clark's Illinois campaign—particularly the surprise march to Vincennes—was greatly celebrated and romanticized.[28]
More recent scholarship from historians such as Lowell Harrison has downplayed the importance of the campaign in the peace negotiations and the outcome of the war, arguing that Clark's "conquest" was little more than a temporary occupation of territory.[40][41] Although the Illinois campaign is frequently described in terms of a harsh, winter ordeal for the Americans, James Fischer points out that the capture of Kaskaskia and Vincennes may not have been as difficult as previously suggested. Kaskaskia proved to be an easy target; Clark had sent two spies there in June 1777, who reported "an absence of soldiers in the town."[42]
Clark's men also easily captured Vincennes and Fort Sackville. Prior to their arrival in 1778, Clark had sent Captain Leonard Helm to Vincennes to gather intelligence. In addition, Father Pierre Gibault, a local priest, helped persuade the town's inhabitants to side with the Americans. Before Clark and his men set out to recapture Vincennes in 1779, Francis Vigo provided Clark with additional information on the town, its surrounding area, and the fort. Clark was already aware of the fort's military strength, poor location (surrounded by houses that could provide cover to attackers), and dilapidated condition. Clark's strategy of a surprise attack and strong intelligence were critical in catching Hamilton and his men unaware and vulnerable.[43][44] After killing five captive Indians by hatchet within view of the fort, Clark forced its surrender.[45]
Later years
In 1783, Clark, who "had a reputation as an Indian hater" and once declared that he would like to see "the whole race of Indians extirpated, that for his part he would never spare Man woman or child of them on whom he could lay his hands", publicly proposed that a 2,000-strong force be mustered in Virginia to attack Native Americans in the Ohio Valley. Clark argued that this proposed expedition would show "that [the United States] are always able to crush [Native Americans] at our pleasure". He also once told Native Americans that if they declared war on the United States, they "should know that the next thing would be the Tomahawk" with "Your Women & Children given to the Dogs to eat". The proposed expedition was never carried out due to budgetary concerns.[46]
After Clark's victories in the Illinois country, settlers continued to pour into Kentucky and spread into and develop the land north of the Ohio River. On December 17, 1783, was Clark appointed Principal Surveyor of Bounty Lands.[47] From 1784 to 1788 Clark served as the superintendent-surveyor for Virginia's war veterans, surveying lands granted to them for their service in the war. The position brought Clark a small income, but he devoted very little time to the enterprise.[48]
In 1785 Clark helped to negotiate the
Life in Indiana
Following his military service, and especially after 1787, Clark spent much of the remainder of his life dealing with financial difficulties. Clark had financed the majority of his military campaigns with borrowed funds. When creditors began pressuring him to repay his debts, Clark was unable to obtain reimbursement from Virginia or the United States Congress. Due to haphazard record keeping on the frontier during the war, Virginia refused payment, claiming that Clark's receipts for his purchases were "fraudulent".[54]
As compensation for his wartime service, Virginia gave Clark a gift of 150,000 acres (610 km2) of land that became known as Clark's Grant in present-day southern Indiana, while the soldiers who fought with Clark also received smaller tracts of land. The grant and his other holdings gave Clark ownership of land that encompassed present-day Clark County, Indiana, and portions of adjoining Floyd and Scott Counties.[55][56] Although Clark had claims to tens of thousands of acres of land, the result of his military service and land speculation, he was "land-poor," meaning that he owned much land but lacked the resources to develop it. Clark's receipts were discovered in the Richmond Virginia's Auditors building in the early twentieth century showing that his record keeping efforts were complete and correct but not reimbursed due to the State of Virginia's incompetency, thus he was exonerated, though not officially. Although the autobiography contains factual inaccuracies, the work includes Clark's perspective on the events of his life. Some historians believe Clark wrote his memoirs in attempt to salvage his damaged reputation and to document his contributions during the Revolutionary War.[30]
In the service of the French
On February 2, 1793, with his career seemingly over and his prospects for prosperity doubtful, Clark offered his services to
Genêt appointed Clark "Major General in the Armies of France and Commander-in-chief of the
In early 1794, however, President Washington issued a proclamation forbidding Americans from violating U.S. neutrality and threatened to dispatch General Anthony Wayne to Fort Massac to stop the expedition. The French government recalled Genêt and revoked the commissions he granted to the Americans for the war against Spain. Clark's planned campaign gradually collapsed, and he was unable to convince the French to reimburse him for his expenses.[61] Clark's reputation, already damaged by earlier accusations at the end of the Revolutionary War, was further maligned as a result of his involvement in these foreign intrigues.[62] Brigadier General James Wilkinson, 2nd in command of the Legion of the United States, claimed credit for undermining Clark and for preventing supplies from being shipped down the Ohio River.[63]
Mounting debts
In his later years Clark's mounting debts made it impossible for him to retain ownership of his land, since it became subject to seizure due to his debts. Clark deeded much of his land to friends or transferred ownership to family members so his creditors could not seize it.[64] Lenders and their assignees eventually deprived the veteran of nearly all of the property that remained in his name. Clark, who was at one time the largest landholder in the Northwest Territory, was left with only a small plot of land in Clarksville.[65] In 1803 Clark built a cabin overlooking the Falls of the Ohio, where he lived until his health failed in 1809.[32] He also purchased a small gristmill, which Clark operated with two slaves he owned.[65]
Clark's knowledge of the region helped him to become an expert on the West's natural history. Over the years he welcomed travelers, including those interested in natural history, to his home overlooking the Ohio River. Clark supplied details on the area's plant and animal life to
In later life Clark continued to struggle with alcohol abuse, a problem which had plagued him on-and-off for many years. He also remained bitter about his treatment and neglect by Virginia, and blamed it for his financial misfortune.[57]
When the
Return to Kentucky
Alcoholism and poor health affected Clark during his final years. In 1809 he suffered a severe stroke. When he fell into a burning fireplace, he suffered a burn on his right leg that was so severe it had to be amputated.[68] The injury made it impossible for Clark to continue to operate his mill and live independently. As a result, he moved to Locust Grove, a farm eight miles (13 km) from the growing town of Louisville, and became a member of the household of his sister, Lucy, and brother-in-law, Major William Croghan, a planter.[69]
In 1812 the Virginia General Assembly granted Clark a pension of four hundred dollars per year and finally recognized his services in the Revolutionary War by presenting him with a ceremonial sword.[70]
Death and legacy
After another stroke, Clark died at Locust Grove on February 13, 1818; he was buried at Locust Grove Cemetery two days later.
In his funeral oration, Judge John Rowan succinctly summed up Clark's stature and importance during the critical years on the trans-Appalachian frontier: "The mighty oak of the forest has fallen, and now the scrub oaks sprout all around."[73] Clark's career was closely tied to events in the Ohio-Mississippi Valley at a pivotal time when the region was inhabited by numerous Native American tribes and claimed by the British, Spanish, and French, as well as the fledgling U.S. government.[74] As a member of the Virginia militia, and with Virginia's support, Clark's campaign into the Illinois country helped strengthen Virginia's claim on lands in the region as it came under the control of the Americans.[75] Clark's military service in the interior of North America also helped him became an "important source of leadership and information (although not necessarily accurate) on the West."[74]
Clark is best known as a war hero of the Revolutionary War in the West, especially as the leader of the secret expeditionary forces that captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes in 1778–79. Some historians have suggested that the campaign supported American claims to the Northwest Territory during negotiations that resulted in the Treaty of Paris (1783).[14] Clark's Grant, the large tract of land on the north side of the Ohio River that he received as compensation for his military service, included a large portion of Clark County, Indiana, and portions of Floyd and Scott Counties, as well as the present-day site of Clarksville, Indiana, the first American town laid out in the Northwest Territory (in 1784). Clark served as the first chairman of the Clarksville, Indiana, board of trustees.[14][55] Clark was unable to retain title to his landholdings. At the end of his life, he was poor, in ill health, and frequently intoxicated.[76]
Several years after Clark's death the government of Virginia granted his estate $30,000 (equivalent to $807,882 in 2023) as a partial payment on the debts it owed him.[64] The Virginian government continued to repay Clark for decades; the last payment to his estate was made in 1913.[77] Clark never married and he kept no account of any romantic relationships, although his family held that he had once been in love with Teresa de Leyba, sister of Fernando de Leyba, the lieutenant governor of Spanish Louisiana. Writings from his niece and cousin in the Draper Manuscripts in the archives of the Wisconsin Historical Society attest to their belief in Clark's lifelong disappointment over the failed romance.[78]
Honors and tributes
- On May 23, 1928, President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Roman-style temple was erected on what was believed to have been the site of Fort Sackville. The site, now called the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, became a part of the National Park Service in 1966. Hermon Atkins MacNeil created the monument's 7.5-foot (2.3 m) bronze statue of Clark. The monument's walls include seven murals depicting Clark's famous expedition.[79][80] Also included is a bas-relief, created by Sculptor Joseph Kiselewski, which depicts a young George Rogers Clark receiving his orders to attack the British outposts on the Western frontier from Patrick Henry.[81]
- On February 25, 1929, to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the surrender of Fort Sackville, the U.S. Postal Service issued a two-cent postage stamp depicting the event.[82]
- In 1975 the Indiana General Assembly designated February 25 as George Rogers Clark Day in Indiana.[82]
- In 1979 Indiana's automobile license plates commemorated the 200th anniversary of Clark's capture of Fort Sackville.[83]
- A bronze statue of Clark is one of several erected on Monument Circle, surrounding the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, in downtown Indianapolis. Sculptor John H. Mahoney received the commission to create the statue, which was completed in 1895.[84]
- The Leon Hermant at Metropolis, the site of Fort Massac, in Massac County, Illinois, in the early 1900s.[85]
- Sculptor Felix de Weldon created the Clark statue at Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere, next to the wharf on the Ohio River, in Louisville, Kentucky.[86]
- Charles Keck created the memorial statue of Clark at the site of the Battle of Piqua, near Springfield, Ohio.[87]
- sculpture of Clark was erected on Monument Square, on the grounds of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, Virginia, in 1921.[88] It was removed by the University of Virginia in July 2021, after it was deemed offensive in its portrayal of Native Americans and its removal was recommended by a racial equity task force.[89]
- A Clark statue was erected in Riverview Park, on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River at Quincy, Illinois, in 1909.[90]
- In April 1929, the Paul Revere Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution of Muncie, Indiana, erected a monument to Clark on Washington Avenue in Fredericksburg, Virginia.[91]
- On November 13, 2017, the United States Mint issued an America the Beautiful Quarter in honor of Clark, representing the state of Indiana. The back of the quarter depicts Clark leading his men through the flooded plains approaching Fort Sackville.
- Counties named for Clark:
- Communities named for Clark:
- Schools named for Clark:
- George Rogers Clark Elementary School in Chicago[99]
- George Rogers Clark Elementary School in Clarksville, Indiana (closed 2010)
- George Rogers Clark College in Indianapolis (closed 1992)
- George Rogers Clark Middle School in Vincennes, Indiana
- George Rogers Clark Junior High School in Springfield, Ohio (now closed)
- George Rogers Clark Middle/High School in Whiting, Indiana (closed 2021)[100]
- George Rogers Clark Elementary School in Paducah, Kentucky
- George Rogers Clark High School in Winchester, Kentucky[101]
- George Rogers Clark Elementary School in Charlottesville, Virginia[102]
- Other sites and structures:
- George Rogers Clark Memorial Bridge in Louisville, Kentucky[103]
- George Rogers Clark Trail in Indiana (established 1979)[104]
- Clark Street in Chicago[105]
- Liberty ship SS George Rogers Clark (launched 1942)
See also
- History of Louisville, Kentucky
- List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area
- George Rogers Clark Flag
- Old Clarksville Site
- George Rogers Clark (1985 bust)
Notes
- ^ Miles P DuVal (1969). George Rogers Clark: Conqueror of the Old Northwest.
- ^ James J. Holmberg. The Clark Family and the Kentucky Derby. Filson Historical Society.
- ^ Mead, Edwin Doak (1893). Old South Meeting House. The Old South Leaflets: Annual Series. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-87580-604-4.
- ^ Palmer 1929, p. 3.
- ^ a b Fischer 1996, p. 109
- ^ Donald John MacDougall (1917). Scots and Scots' Descendants in America. Vol. 1. Caledonian publishing Company. p. 54. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 1, pp. 35–38.
- ^ Palmer 1929, pp. 4–5.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 1, p. 56.
- ^ "IHB: George Rogers Clark Biography". Indiana.gov. January 24, 2022. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
- ^ Palmer 1929, p. 51.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 1, p. 60.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gugin & St. Clair 2015, p. 60
- ^ Palmer 1929, p. 56.
- ^ Palmer 1929, p. 74.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 1, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Harrison 2001, p. 9.
- ^ Palmer 1929, p. 394.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 1, p. 87.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 1, p. 92.
- ^ a b Clark, George Rogers (1912). Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library: Virginia series, Volume 8 of George Rogers Clark Papers, 1771-1784. Illinois State Historical Library: Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library. pp. 28, 117–118. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 1, p. 168.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 1, p. 234.
- ^ Price 1997, p. 9.
- ^ Price 1997, p. 11.
- ^ For a description of the surprise attack on Fort Sackville, see Palmer 1929, pp. 368–391
- ^ a b Palmer 1929, pp. 391–394
- ^ Palmer 1929, pp. 400, 421.
- ^ a b Fischer 1996, p. 110
- ^ a b English 1896, Vol 2, p. 682
- ^ a b c Gugin & St. Clair 2015, p. 61
- ISBN 9780801851568. Archivedfrom the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 2, p. 730.
- ^ Palmer 1929, p. 424.
- ^ Harrison 2001, pp. 93–94.
- ^ Clark reported the Indians had 10 killed and 7 captured; Clark's forces had three who died of wounds. Chronicles of Border Warfare, p. 355, Clark's report Archived January 27, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ English 1896, Vol 2, pp. 758–760.
- ^ Palmer 1929, p. 79.
- ^ Harrison 2001, p. 118.
- ^ Palmer 1929, IIX.
- ^ Fischer 1996, p. 123.
- ^ Fischer 1996, pp. 123–124.
- ISBN 978-0-253-01308-8.
- ^ Sheehan 1983, p. 20.
- ^ Ostler, J. Surviving Genocide(2019) 63-83, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-21812-1
- ^ Clark 1912, p. 251.
- ^ a b Harrison 2001, p. 101
- ^ English 1896, Vol 2, pp. 790–91.
- ^ James 1928, p. 325.
- ^ Harrison 2001, p. 102.
- ^ a b Harrison 2001, p. 104
- ^ English 1896, Vol 2, pp. 800–803.
- ^ Fischer 1996, pp. 110, 128.
- ^ a b Madison, Hoosiers, p. 27
- ^ Indiana Historical Bureau. "Plat of Clark's Grant". IN.gov. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
- ^ a b Harrison 2001, p. 105
- ^ English 1896, Vol 2, p. 818.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 2, pp. 821–822.
- ^ James 1928, p. 425.
- ^ Harrison 2001, p. 106.
- ^ Fischer 1996, p. 130.
- ISBN 978-0-8027-1720-7.
- ^ a b Harrison 2001, p. 100
- ^ a b English 1896, Vol 2, p. 862
- ^ Fischer 1996, p. 131.
- ^ Dunn 1919, pp. 382–383.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 2, p. 869.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 2, p. 882.
- ^ "Clark after the Revolution". Indiana Historical Bureau. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 2, p. 887.
- ^ English 1896, Vol 2, p. 897. English explains that several bodies were exhumed before Clark's skeleton was finally identified by its military uniform, amputated leg, and red hair. English stated an exhumed in 1889; however, the Indiana Historical Bureau indicates that the year was 1869 See "Clark's Death". Indiana Historical Bureau. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- ^ "George Rogers Clark National Historic Park". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2009.
- ^ a b Fischer 1996, p. 120
- ^ Fischer 1996, p. 122
- ^ Price 1997, p. 12.
- ^ Harrison 2001, p. 98.
- ^ Palmer 1929, pp. ix, 297.
- ^ "George Rogers Clark National Historic Park". National Park Service. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- ^ Greiff 2005, p. 142.
- ^ "Sculpture". Joseph Kiselewski. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ a b "Celebrating Clark". Indiana Historical Bureau. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-87195-363-6.
- ^ Greiff 2005, pp. 12 and 164.
- ISBN 9781595342119. Archivedfrom the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
- ^ Kleber, John E., ed. (2001). "Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere". Encyclopedia of Louisville.
- ^ "Dedication of Monument to George Rogers Clark". Ohio History Journal. 33 (3): 492–499. 1924. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
- ^ Betsy Gohdes-Baten (April 13, 1996). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: George Rogers Clark Sculpture" (PDF). National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
- ^ Armus, Teo and Natanson, Hannah. "Charlottesville takes down two more statues, deemed offensive to Native Americans, in weekend of removals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - JSTOR 40204701.
- ^ "George Rogers Clark Historical Marker". The Historical Marker database. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
- ^ a b Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 82.
- ^ "Clark County, Indiana Genealogical Records Information". Archived from the original on January 21, 2008.
- ^ "Clark County". The Kentucky Encyclopedia. 2000. Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
- ^ a b Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 83.
- ^ "About Us". Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
- ^ Clarksville, Tennessee: Gateway to the New South Archived October 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Fort Campbell website, accessed October 11, 2008
- ^ [1] Archived February 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "George Rogers Clark Elementary School". Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2008.
- ^ "George Rogers Clark Md/HS (4411)". Indiana Department of Education. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
- ^ "School Report Card: George Rogers Clark High School". Kentucky Department of Education. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
- ^ "About Clark Elementary School". Clark Elementary School. Charlottesville City Schools. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
- ISBN 1-56898-451-0. Archivedfrom the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- OCLC 32801237.
- ^ "George Rogers Clark and Clark Street". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 1, 1927.
Bibliography
- Clark, George Rogers (1912). James, James Alton (ed.). George Rogers Clark papers, 1781-1784. Virginia Series. Vol. IV. Springfield, Ill. : Illinois State Historical Library.
- "Celebrating Clark". Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- "Clark after the Revolution". Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- "Clark's Death". Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- American Historical Society.
- DuVal, Miles P. (1969). George Rogers Clark: Conqueror of the Old Northwest.
- English, William Hayden (1896). Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio, 1778–1783, and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark. Vol. 2 Volumes. Indianapolis: Bowen-Merrill.
- Fischer, James (June 1996). "A Forgotten Hero Remembered, Revered, and Revised: The Legacy and Ordeal of George Rogers Clark". Indiana Magazine of History. 92 (2). Bloomington: Indiana University: 109–32. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
- "George Rogers Clark Elementary School". Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2008.
- "George Rogers Clark Historical Marker". The Historical Marker database. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
- "George Rogers Clark Memorial". National Park Service. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- "George Rogers Clark Md/HS (4411)". Indiana Department of Education. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
- "George Rogers Clark National Historic Park". National Park Service. Retrieved March 22, 2009.
- George Rogers Clark Trail: An Indiana Bicentennial Project. Indianapolis: Indiana American Bicentennial Commission. 1979. OCLC 32801237.
- Gohdes-Batenm, Betsy (April 13, 1996). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: George Rogers Clark Sculpture" (PDF). National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
- Greiff, Glory-June (2005). Remembrance, Faith and Fancy: Outdoor Public Sculpture in Indiana. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87195-180-0.
- Gugin, Linda C.; St. Clair, James E., eds. (2015). Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 60–63. ISBN 978-0-87195-387-2.
- Harrison, Lowell H. (2001) [1976]. George Rogers Clark and the War in the West. Lexington: ISBN 0-8131-9014-2.
- Holmberg, James J. The Clark Family and the Kentucky Derby. Filson Historical Society.
- James, James Alton (1928). The Life of George Rogers Clark. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- MacDougall, Donald John (1917). Scots and Scots' Descendants in America. Vol. 1. Caledonian publishing Company.
- Madison, James H. (2014). Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01308-8.
- Madison, James H.; Sandweiss, Lee Ann (2014). Hoosiers and the American Story. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 35–39. ISBN 978-0-87195-363-6.
- Mead, Edwin Doak (1893). Old South Meeting House. The Old South Leaflets: Annual series.
- Palmer, Frederick (1929). Clark of the Ohio: A Life of George Rogers Clark. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-8139-1.
- "Plat of Clark's Grant". Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
- Price, Nelson (1997). Indiana Legends: Famous Hoosiers From Johnny Appleseed to David Letterman. Carmel, IN: Guild Press of Indiana. pp. 9–11. ISBN 1578600065.
- Raitz, Karl, ed. (1996). A Guide to the National Road. ISBN 9780801851568. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
- "School Report Card: George Rogers Clark High School". Kentucky Department of Education. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
Further reading
- Alberts, Robert C. (1975). George Rogers Clark and the Winning of the Old Northwest. Washington, D. C.: National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior. OCLC 2020739.
- Bakeless, John (1992) [1957]. Background to Glory: The Life of George Rogers Clark. Lincoln:ISBN 0-8032-6105-5.
- Bodley, Temple (1926). George Rogers Clark: His Life and Public Services. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
- Butterfield, Consul Willshire (1904). History of George Rogers Clark's Conquest of the Illinois and the Wabash Towns, 1778 and 1779. Columbus, Ohio: Heer.
- Carstens, Kenneth C.; Carstens, Nancy Son, eds. (2004). The Life of George Rogers Clark, 1752–1818: Triumphs and Tragedies. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0-313-32217-1.
- Nester, William R. (2012). George Rogers Clark: "I Glory in War". Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4294-4.
- Seineke, Kathrine Wagner (1981). The George Rogers Clark Adventure in the Illinois: and Selected Documents of the American Revolution at the Frontier Posts. New York: Polyanthos.
- Sheehan, Bernard W. (March 1983). "'The Famous Hair Buyer General': Henry Hamilton, George Rogers Clark, and the American Indian". Indiana Magazine of History. 79 (1). Bloomington: Indiana University: 1–28. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
- Thruston, R. C. Ballard (October 1936). "The Grave of General George Rogers Clark". Filson Club History Quarterly. 10 (4). Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- Thruston, R. C. Ballard (January 1935). "Some Recent Finds Regarding the Ancestry of General George Rogers Clark". Filson Club History Quarterly. 9 (1). Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
External links
- Patrick Henry's Secret Orders to Clark, dated January 2, 1778 – Indiana Historical Society
- The George Rogers Clark Heritage Association Archived June 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- Route of George Rogers Clark Across Illinois at the Wayback Machine (archived January 3, 2012)
- Indiana Territory, Indiana Historical Bureau
- George Rogers Clark Memoir Archived November 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Indiana Historical Bureau
- Clark Family Papers Archived March 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine – Missouri History Museum Archives George Rogers Clark Papers at the Wayback Machine (archived March 23, 2009)
- "George Rogers Clark." Biography.com. A&E Networks Television, July 7, 2020. https://www.biography.com/military-figure/george-rogers-clark.
- The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "George Rogers Clark." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., February 9, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Rogers-Clark.
- "The Clarks: The First Family of the Frontier," 8thVirginia.com.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Guide to the Reuben T. Durrett Collection of George Rogers Clark Papers 1776–1896 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center