George V

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George V
George V is pale-eyed, grey-bearded, of slim build and wearing a uniform and medals.
Formal portrait, 1923
Reign6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936
Coronation22 June 1911
Imperial Durbar12 December 1911
PredecessorEdward VII
SuccessorEdward VIII
BornPrince George of Wales
(1865-06-03)3 June 1865
Marlborough House, Westminster, Middlesex, England
Died20 January 1936(1936-01-20) (aged 70)
Sandringham House, Norfolk, England
Burial28 January 1936
27 February 1939
North Nave Aisle, St George's Chapel
Spouse
​
(m. 1893)​
Issue
Detail
Names
George Frederick Ernest Albert
House
Father
Protestant
SignatureCursive signature of George V
Military career
ServiceRoyal Navy
Years of active service1877–1892
RankFull list
Commands held
George V's voice
George delivers the first
Royal Christmas Message

Recorded 25 December 1932

George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was

British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death
in 1936.

George was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother,

king-emperor on his father's death
in 1910.

George's reign saw the rise of

British Commonwealth of Nations
.

George suffered from smoking-related health problems during his later reign. On his death in January 1936, he was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward VIII. Edward abdicated in December of that year and was succeeded by his younger brother Albert, who took the regnal name George VI.

Early life and education

George was born on 3 June 1865, in

King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark. He was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley.[a]

Boy wearing a sailor suit
George as a young boy, 1870

As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was little expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother,

Prince Albert Victor. George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871. Neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually.[2] As their father thought that the navy was "the very best possible training for any boy",[3] in September 1877, when George was 12 years old, both brothers joined the cadet training ship HMS Britannia at Dartmouth, Devon.[4]

For three years from 1879, the princes served on

wallabies from Australia.[6] Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante.[7] Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, a mythical ghost ship.[8] When they returned to Britain, the Queen complained that her grandsons could not speak French or German, and so they spent six months in Lausanne in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to learn another language.[9] After Lausanne, the brothers were separated; Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire. During his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters, then HMS Thrush on the North America and West Indies Station. His last active service was in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–1892. From then on, his naval rank was largely honorary.[10]

Marriage

See also: Wedding of Prince George and Princess Victoria Mary
Pale-eyed young man with a beard and moustache
Photograph, 1893

As a young man destined to serve in the navy, Prince George served for many years under the command of his uncle

Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Romania, in 1893.[11]

George and Mary on their wedding day

In November 1891, George's brother, Albert Victor, became engaged to his second cousin once removed

morganatic, cadet branch of the House of Württemberg), and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a male-line granddaughter of George III and a first cousin of Queen Victoria.[13]

On 14 January 1892, six weeks after the formal engagement, Albert Victor died of pneumonia during an influenza pandemic, leaving George second in line to the throne and likely to succeed after his father. George had only just recovered from a serious illness himself, having been confined to bed for six weeks with typhoid fever, the disease that was thought to have killed his grandfather Prince Albert.[14] Queen Victoria still regarded Princess May as a suitable match for her grandson, and George and May grew close during their shared period of mourning.[15]

A year after Albert Victor's death, George proposed to May and was accepted. They married on 6 July 1893 at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace, London. Throughout their lives, they remained devoted to each other. George was, on his own admission, unable to express his feelings easily in speech, but they often exchanged loving letters and notes of endearment.[16]

Duke of York

With his children, Edward, Albert, and Mary. Photograph by his mother Alexandra, 1899.

The death of his elder brother effectively ended George's naval career, as he was now second in line to the throne, after his father.

J. R. Tanner.[19]

The Duke and Duchess of York had five sons and a daughter. Randolph Churchill claimed that George was a strict father, to the extent that his children were terrified of him, and that George had remarked to the Earl of Derby: "My father was frightened of his mother, I was frightened of my father, and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened of me." In reality, there is no direct source for the quotation and it is likely that George's parenting style was little different from that adopted by most people at the time.[20] Whether this was the case or not, his children did seem to resent his strict nature, his son Prince Henry going as far as to describe him as a "terrible father" in later years.[21]

They lived mainly at

stamp collector, which Nicolson disparaged,[25] but George played a large role in building the Royal Philatelic Collection into the most comprehensive collection of United Kingdom and Commonwealth stamps in the world, in some cases setting record purchase prices for items.[26]

In October 1894, George's maternal uncle-by-marriage,

Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, who had once been considered as a potential bride for George's elder brother.[28]

Prince of Wales

George at Montreal and Quebec, 1901

As Duke of York, George carried out a wide variety of public duties. On the

King Edward VII.[29] George inherited the title of Duke of Cornwall, and for much of the rest of that year, he was known as the Duke of Cornwall and York.[30]

In 1901, the Duke and Duchess toured the

Afrikaners resented the display and expense, the war having weakened their capacity to reconcile their Afrikaner-Dutch culture with their status as British subjects. Critics in the English-language press decried the enormous cost at a time when families faced severe hardship.[31]

Painting by Tom Roberts of the Duke opening the first Parliament of Australia on 9 May 1901

In Australia, George opened the first session of the

Australian Parliament on the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia.[32] In New Zealand, he praised the military values, bravery, loyalty, and obedience to duty of New Zealanders, and the tour gave New Zealand a chance to show off its progress, especially in its adoption of up-to-date British standards in communications and the processing industries. The implicit goal was to advertise New Zealand's attractiveness to tourists and potential immigrants, while avoiding news of growing social tensions, by focusing the attention of the British press on a land few knew about.[33] On his return to Britain, in a speech at Guildhall, London, George warned of "the impression which seemed to prevail among [our] brethren across the seas, that the Old Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of pre-eminence in her colonial trade against foreign competitors."[34]

On 9 November 1901, George was created

Sir John Fisher.[40]

From November 1905 to March 1906, George and May toured

King Haakon VII, George's cousin and brother-in-law, and Queen Maud, George's sister.[42]

Reign

Portrait by Fildes, 1911

On 6 May 1910, Edward VII died, and George became king. He wrote in his diary:

I have lost my best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief but God will help me in my responsibilities and darling May will be my comfort as she has always been. May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me.[43]

George had never liked his wife's habit of signing official documents and letters as "Victoria Mary" and insisted she drop one of those names. They both thought she should not be called Queen Victoria, and so she became Queen Mary.[44] Later that year, a radical propagandist, Edward Mylius, published a lie that George had secretly married in Malta as a young man, and that consequently his marriage to Queen Mary was bigamous. The lie had first surfaced in print in 1893, but George had shrugged it off as a joke. In an effort to kill off rumours, Mylius was arrested, tried and found guilty of criminal libel, and was sentenced to a year in prison.[45]

George objected to the

anti-Catholic wording of the Accession Declaration that he would be required to make at the opening of his first parliament. He made it known that he would refuse to open parliament unless it was changed. As a result, the Accession Declaration Act 1910 shortened the declaration and removed the most offensive phrases.[46]

The King-Emperor and Queen-Empress at the Delhi Durbar, 1911

George and Mary's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911,[17] and was celebrated by the Festival of Empire in London. In July, the King and Queen visited Ireland for five days; they received a warm welcome, with thousands of people lining the route of their procession to cheer.[47][48]
Later in 1911, the King and Queen travelled to India for the
Calcutta
to Delhi. He was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar.

As he and Mary travelled throughout the subcontinent, George took the opportunity to indulge in

big game hunting in Nepal, shooting 21 tigers, 8 rhinoceroses and a bear over 10 days.[49] He was a keen and expert marksman.[50] On a later occasion, on 18 December 1913, he shot over a thousand pheasants in six hours (about one bird every 20 seconds) while visiting the home of Lord Burnham. Even George had to acknowledge that "we went a little too far" that day.[51]

National politics

Autochrome of King George V and Queen Mary by Jean Desboutin, 13 March 1914

George inherited the throne at a politically turbulent time.

January 1910 general election, the Conservative peers allowed the budget, for which the government now had an electoral mandate, to pass without a vote.[54]

half-sovereign (Bertram Mackennal
, sculptor)

Asquith attempted to curtail the power of the Lords through constitutional reforms, which were again blocked by the Upper House. A constitutional conference on the reforms broke down in November 1910 after 21 meetings. Asquith and

December 1910 general election, the Lords let the bill pass on hearing of the threat to swamp the house with new peers.[60] The subsequent Parliament Act 1911 permanently removed – with a few exceptions – the power of the Lords to veto bills. George later came to feel that Knollys had withheld information from him about the willingness of the opposition to form a government if the Liberals had resigned.[61]

The 1910 general elections had left the Liberals as a minority government dependent upon the support of the

legislation that would give Ireland Home Rule, but the Conservatives and Unionists opposed it.[17][62] As tempers rose over the Home Rule Bill, which would never have been possible without the Parliament Act, relations between the elderly Knollys and the Conservatives became poor, and he was pushed into retirement.[63] Desperate to avoid the prospect of civil war in Ireland between Unionists and Nationalists, George called a meeting of all parties at Buckingham Palace in July 1914 in an attempt to negotiate a settlement.[64] After four days the conference ended without an agreement.[17][65] Political developments in Britain and Ireland were overtaken by events in Europe, and the issue of Irish Home Rule was suspended for the duration of the war.[17][66]

First World War

George V in the ceremonial robes of the Garter sweeps aside assorted crowns labelled "Made in Germany"
"A good riddance" — a cartoon of 1917 shows George sweeping away his German titles

On 4 August 1914, George wrote in his diary, "I held a council at 10:45 to declare war with Germany. It is a terrible catastrophe but it is not our fault. ... Please to God it may soon be over."

Dukes of Württemberg. George had brothers-in-law and cousins who were British subjects but who bore German titles such as Duke and Duchess of Teck, Prince and Princess of Battenberg, and Prince and Princess of Schleswig-Holstein. When H. G. Wells wrote about Britain's "alien and uninspiring court", George replied: "I may be uninspiring, but I'll be damned if I'm alien."[68]

On 17 July 1917, George appeased British nationalist feelings by issuing a royal proclamation that changed the name of the British

First Sea Lord through anti-German feeling, became Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, while Queen Mary's brothers became Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, and Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone.[70]

Nicholas II of Russia
in German uniforms in May 1913

In letters patent gazetted on 11 December 1917, the King restricted the style of "Royal Highness" and the titular dignity of "Prince (or Princess) of Great Britain and Ireland" to the children of the Sovereign, the children of the sons of the Sovereign and the eldest living son of the eldest son of a Prince of Wales.[71] The letters patent also stated that "the titles of Royal Highness, Highness or Serene Highness, and the titular dignity of Prince and Princess shall cease except those titles already granted and remaining unrevoked". George's relatives who fought on the German side, such as Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, and Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, had their British peerages suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. Under pressure from his mother, George also removed the Garter flags of his German relations from St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[72]

When Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, George's first cousin, was overthrown in the

Marie Feodorovna, and other members of the extended Russian imperial family were rescued from Crimea by a British warship.[78]

Two months after the end of the war, the King's youngest son, John, died aged 13 after a lifetime of ill health. George was informed of his death by Queen Mary, who wrote, "[John] had been a great anxiety to us for many years ... The first break in the family circle is hard to bear but people have been so kind & sympathetic & this has helped us much."[79]

In May 1922, George toured Belgium and northern France, visiting the First World War cemeteries and memorials being constructed by the

Imperial War Graves Commission. The event was described in a poem, "The King's Pilgrimage" by Rudyard Kipling.[80] The tour, and one short visit to Italy in 1923, were the only times George agreed to leave the United Kingdom on official business after the end of the war.[81]

Post-war reign

The British Empire reached its territorial peak in 1920.[82]

Before the

Princess Andrew.[84]

Political turmoil in Ireland continued as the Nationalists

Lloyd George.[85] At the opening session of the Parliament of Northern Ireland on 22 June 1921, the King appealed for conciliation in a speech part drafted by General Jan Smuts and approved by Lloyd George.[86] A few weeks later, a truce was agreed.[87] Negotiations between Britain and the Irish secessionists led to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.[88] By the end of 1922, Ireland was partitioned, the Irish Free State was established, and Lloyd George was out of office.[89]

George and his advisers were concerned about the rise of socialism and the growing labour movement, which they mistakenly associated with republicanism. The socialists no longer believed in their anti-monarchical slogans and were ready to come to terms with the monarchy if it took the first step. George adopted a more democratic, inclusive stance that crossed class lines and brought the monarchy closer to the public and the working class—a dramatic change for the King, who was most comfortable with naval officers and landed gentry. He cultivated friendly relations with moderate Labour Party politicians and trade union officials. His abandonment of social aloofness conditioned the royal family's behaviour and enhanced its popularity during the economic crises of the 1920s and for over two generations thereafter.[90][91]

The years between 1922 and 1929 saw frequent changes in government. In 1924, George appointed the first Labour Prime Minister,

General Strike of 1926, George advised the government of Conservative Stanley Baldwin against taking inflammatory action,[92] and took exception to suggestions that the strikers were "revolutionaries" saying, "Try living on their wages before you judge them."[93]

Newfoundland), Coates (New Zealand), Bruce (Australia), Hertzog (South Africa), Cosgrave (Irish Free State), and King (Canada
).

In 1926, George hosted an

British Dominions into self-governing "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another". The Statute of Westminster 1931 formalised the Dominions' legislative independence[94] and established that the succession to the throne could not be changed unless all the Parliaments of the Dominions as well as the Parliament at Westminster agreed.[17] The Statute's preamble described the monarch as "the symbol of the free association of the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations", who were "united by a common allegiance".[95]

In the wake of a world financial crisis, George encouraged the formation of a National Government in 1931 led by MacDonald and Baldwin,[96][b] and volunteered to reduce the civil list to help balance the budget.[96] He was concerned by the rise to power in Germany of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.[99] In 1934, George bluntly told the German ambassador Leopold von Hoesch that Germany was now the peril of the world, and that there was bound to be a war within ten years if Germany went on at the present rate; he warned the British ambassador in Berlin, Eric Phipps, to be suspicious of the Nazis.[100]

Publicity photograph of the King's Christmas broadcast, 1934

In 1932, George agreed to deliver a

Royal Christmas speech on the radio, an event that became annual thereafter. He was not in favour of the innovation originally but was persuaded by the argument that it was what his people wanted.[101] By the Silver Jubilee of his reign in 1935, he had become a well-loved king, saying in response to the crowd's adulation, "I cannot understand it, after all I am only a very ordinary sort of fellow."[102]

George's relationship with his eldest son and heir, Edward, deteriorated in these later years. George was disappointed in Edward's failure to settle down in life and appalled by his many affairs with married women.[17] In contrast, he was fond of his second son, Prince Albert (later George VI), and doted on his eldest granddaughter, Princess Elizabeth; he nicknamed her "Lilibet", and she affectionately called him "Grandpa England".[103] In 1935, George said of his son Edward: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself within 12 months", and of Albert and Elizabeth: "I pray to God my eldest son will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne".[104][105]

Declining health and death

Main article: Death and state funeral of George V
Portrait by Arthur Stockdale Cope, 1933

The First World War took a toll on George's health: he was seriously injured on 28 October 1915 when thrown by his horse at a troop review in France,

Bognor, Sussex.[111] As a result of his stay, the town acquired the suffix Regis – Latin for "of the King". A myth later grew that his last words, on being told that he would soon be well enough to revisit the town, were "Bugger Bognor!"[112][113][114]

George never fully recovered. In his final year, he was occasionally administered oxygen.[115] The death of his favourite sister, Victoria, in December 1935 depressed him deeply. On the evening of 15 January 1936, George took to his bedroom at Sandringham House complaining of a cold; he remained in the room until his death.[116] He became gradually weaker, drifting in and out of consciousness. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin later said:

... each time he became conscious it was some kind inquiry or kind observation of someone, some words of gratitude for kindness shown. But he did say to his secretary when he sent for him: "How is the Empire?" An unusual phrase in that form, and the secretary said: "All is well, sir, with the Empire", and the King gave him a smile and relapsed once more into unconsciousness.[117]

By 20 January, George was close to death. His physicians, led by

Lord Dawson of Penn, issued a bulletin with the words "The King's life is moving peacefully towards its close."[118][119] Dawson's private diary, unearthed after his death and made public in 1986, reveals that George's last words, a mumbled "God damn you!",[120] were addressed to his nurse, Catherine Black, when she gave him a sedative that night. Dawson, who supported the "gentle growth of euthanasia",[121] admitted in the diary that he ended the King's life:[120][122][123]

At about 11 o'clock it was evident that the last stage might endure for many hours, unknown to the Patient but little comporting with that dignity and serenity which he so richly merited and which demanded a brief final scene. Hours of waiting just for the mechanical end when all that is really life has departed only exhausts the onlookers & keeps them so strained that they cannot avail themselves of the solace of thought, communion or prayer. I therefore decided to determine the end and injected (myself) morphia gr.3/4 [grains] and shortly afterwards cocaine gr.1 [grains] into the distended jugular vein ... In about 1/4 an hour – breathing quieter – appearance more placid – physical struggle gone.[123]

George V lying in state, draped with the Royal Standard (below)

Dawson wrote that he acted to preserve the King's dignity, to prevent further strain on the family, and so that George's death at 11:55 pm could be announced in the morning edition of

British Pathé announced the King's death the following day, in which he was described as "for each one of us, more than a King, a father of a great family".[125]

The German composer Paul Hindemith went to a BBC studio on the morning after the King's death and in six hours wrote Trauermusik ("Mourning Music"), for viola and orchestra. It was performed that same evening in a live broadcast by the BBC, with Adrian Boult conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the composer as soloist.[126] At the procession to George's lying in state in Westminster Hall, the cross surmounting the Imperial State Crown atop George's coffin fell off and landed in the gutter as the cortège turned into New Palace Yard. George's eldest son and successor, Edward VIII, saw it fall and wondered whether it was a bad omen for his new reign.[127] As a mark of respect to their father, George's four surviving sons – Edward, Albert, Henry, and George – mounted the guard, known as the Vigil of the Princes, at the catafalque on the night before the funeral.[128] The vigil was not repeated until the death of George's daughter-in-law, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, in 2002. George V was interred at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 28 January 1936.[129] Edward abdicated before the year was out, leaving Albert to ascend the throne as George VI.[130]

Legacy

See also: Cultural depictions of George V
Equestrian statue in dark grey metal of George V in military dress uniform on a plinth of red granite outside a Classical building of red sandstone
Statue of George V in King George Square outside Brisbane City Hall

George V disliked sitting for portraits[17] and despised modern art; he was so displeased by one portrait by Charles Sims that he ordered it to be burned.[131] He did admire sculptor Bertram Mackennal, who created statues of George for display in Madras and Delhi, and William Reid Dick, whose statue of George V stands outside Westminster Abbey, London.[17]

Although he and his wife occasionally toured the British Empire, George preferred to stay at home pursuing his hobbies of stamp collecting and game shooting and lived a life that later biographers would consider dull because of its conventionality.[132] He was not an intellectual: on returning from one evening at the opera he wrote, "Went to Covent Garden and saw Fidelio and damned dull it was."[133] He was earnestly devoted to Britain and its Empire.[134] He explained, "it has always been my dream to identify myself with the great idea of Empire."[135] He appeared hard-working and became widely admired by the people of Britain and the Empire, as well as "the Establishment".[136] In the words of historian David Cannadine, King George V and Queen Mary were an "inseparably devoted couple" who upheld "character" and "family values".[137]

George established a standard of conduct for British royalty that reflected the values and virtues of the upper middle-class rather than upper-class lifestyles or vices.[138] Acting within his constitutional bounds, he dealt skilfully with a succession of crises: Ireland, the First World War, and the first socialist minority government in Britain.[17] He was by temperament a traditionalist who never fully appreciated or approved the revolutionary changes under way in British society.[139] Nevertheless, he invariably wielded his influence as a force of neutrality and moderation, seeing his role as mediator rather than final decision maker.[140]

Titles, honours and arms

Main article: List of titles and honours of George V

As Duke of York, George's arms were the

royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the arms of Saxony, all differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure. The anchor was removed from his coat of arms as the Prince of Wales. As King, he bore the royal arms. In 1917, he removed, by warrant, the Saxony inescutcheon from the arms of all male-line descendants of the Prince Consort domiciled in the United Kingdom (although the royal arms themselves had never borne the shield).[141]

Coat of arms as the Duke of York
Coat of arms as the Prince of Wales
Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom (except in Scotland)
Coat of arms as king in Scotland

Issue

See also: Descendants of George V
Name Birth Death Marriage Their children
Date Spouse
Edward VIII
(later Duke of Windsor) 		(1894-06-23)23 June 1894 28 May 1972(1972-05-28) (aged 77) 3 June 1937 Wallis Simpson None
George VI (1895-12-14)14 December 1895 6 February 1952(1952-02-06) (aged 56) 26 April 1923
Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
 Elizabeth II
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Mary, Princess Royal (1897-04-25)25 April 1897 28 March 1965(1965-03-28) (aged 67) 28 February 1922 Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood
The Hon. Gerald Lascelles
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900-03-31)31 March 1900 10 June 1974(1974-06-10) (aged 74) 6 November 1935
Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott
 Prince William of Gloucester
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902-12-20)20 December 1902 25 August 1942(1942-08-25) (aged 39) 29 November 1934 Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
Prince Michael of Kent
Prince John (1905-07-12)12 July 1905 18 January 1919(1919-01-18) (aged 13) None None

Ancestry

See also

Notes

  1. ^ His godparents were the
    Princess Louis of Hesse and by Rhine (George's aunt, for whom her sister Princess Louise stood proxy).[1]
  2. ^ Vernon Bogdanor argues that George V played a crucial and active role in the political crisis of August–October 1931, and was a determining influence on Prime Minister MacDonald.[97] Philip Williamson disputes Bogdanor, saying the idea of a national government had been in the minds of party leaders since late 1930 and it was they, not the King, who determined when the time had come to establish one.[98]

References

  1. ^ The Times (London), Saturday, 8 July 1865, p. 12.
  2. ^ Clay, p. 39; Sinclair, pp. 46–47
  3. ^ Sinclair, pp. 49–50
  4. ^ Clay, p. 71; Rose, p. 7
  5. ^ Rose, p. 13
  6. ^ Keene, Donald (2002), Emperor of Japan: Meiji and his world, 1852–1912, Columbia University Press, pp. 350–351
  7. ^ Rose, p. 14; Sinclair, p. 55
  8. ^ Rose, p. 11
  9. ^ Clay, p. 92; Rose, pp. 15–16
  10. ^ Sinclair, p. 69
  11. ^ Pope-Hennessy, pp. 250–251
  12. ^ Rose, pp. 22–23
  13. ^ Rose, p. 29
  14. ^ Rose, pp. 20–21, 24
  15. ^ Pope-Hennessy, pp. 230–231
  16. ^ Sinclair, p. 178
  17. ^
    doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33369
    , retrieved 1 May 2010 (Subscription required)
  18. ^ Clay, p. 149
  19. ^ Clay, p. 150; Rose, p. 35
  20. ^ Rose, pp. 53–57; Sinclair, p. 93 ff
  21. ^ Vickers, ch. 18
  22. ^ Renamed from Bachelor's Cottage
  23. ^ Clay, p. 154; Nicolson, p. 51; Rose, p. 97
  24. ^ Harold Nicolson's diary quoted in Sinclair, p. 107
  25. ^ Nicolson's Comments 1944–1948, quoted in Rose, p. 42
  26. ^ The Royal Philatelic Collection, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from the original on 15 April 2012, retrieved 1 May 2010
  27. ^ Clay, p. 167
  28. ^ Rose, pp. 22, 208–209
  29. ^ Rose, p. 42
  30. ^ Rose, pp. 44–45
  31. doi:10.1080/02582479908671897
  32. ^ Rose, pp. 43–44
  33. ^ Bassett, Judith (1987), "'A Thousand Miles of Loyalty': the Royal Tour of 1901", New Zealand Journal of History, 21 (1): 125–138; Oliver, W. H., ed. (1981), The Oxford History of New Zealand, pp. 206–208
  34. ^ Rose, p. 45
  35. ^ "No. 27375", The London Gazette, 9 November 1901, p. 7289
  36. ^ Previous Princes of Wales, Household of HRH The Prince of Wales, archived from the original on 19 April 2020, retrieved 19 March 2018
  37. ^ Clay, p. 244; Rose, p. 52
  38. ^ Rose, p. 289
  39. ^ Sinclair, p. 107
  40. Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War
    , Random House, pp. 449–450
  41. ^ Rose, pp. 61–66
  42. ^ Rose, pp. 67–68
  43. ^ King George V's diary, 6 May 1910, Royal Archives, quoted in Rose, p. 75
  44. ^ Pope-Hennessy, p. 421; Rose, pp. 75–76
  45. ^ Rose, pp. 82–84
  46. ISBN 978-0-7546-9930-9, archived
    from the original on 17 June 2016, retrieved 28 November 2015
  47. ^ Rayner, Gordon (10 November 2010), "How George V was received by the Irish in 1911", The Telegraph, archived from the original on 18 April 2018
  48. the Irish Examiner, 11 May 2011, archived
    from the original on 13 August 2014, retrieved 13 August 2014
  49. ^ Rose, p. 136
  50. ^ Rose, pp. 39–40
  51. ^ Rose, p. 87; Windsor, pp. 86–87
  52. ^ Rose, p. 115
  53. ^ Rose, pp. 112–114
  54. ^ Rose, p. 114
  55. ^ Rose, pp. 116–121
  56. ^ Rose, pp. 121–122
  57. ^ a b Rose, pp. 120, 141
  58. ^ Hardy, Frank (May 1970), "The King and the constitutional crisis", History Today, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 338–347
  59. ^ Rose, pp. 121–125
  60. ^ Rose, pp. 125–130
  61. ^ Rose, p. 123
  62. ^ Rose, p. 137
  63. ^ Rose, pp. 141–143
  64. ^ Rose, pp. 152–153, 156–157
  65. ^ Rose, p. 157
  66. ^ Rose, p. 158
  67. ^ Nicolson, p. 247
  68. ^ Nicolson, p. 308
  69. ^ "No. 30186", The London Gazette, 17 July 1917, p. 7119
  70. ^ Rose, pp. 174–175
  71. ^ Nicolson, p. 310
  72. ^ Clay, p. 326; Rose, p. 173
  73. ^ Nicolson, p. 301; Rose, pp. 210–215; Sinclair, p. 148
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Works cited

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George V
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
Born: 3 June 1865 Died: 20 January 1936
Regnal titles
Preceded by
King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions
Emperor of India

6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936 		Succeeded by
British royalty
Preceded by Prince of Wales
Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
1901–1910 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Grand Master of the Order of
St Michael and St George
1905–1910 		Vacant
Title next held by
The Prince of Wales
Preceded by
The Lord Curzon of Kedleston
 Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
1905–1907 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_V&oldid=1217386087"