Georges Lemaître

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Belgian physicist and priest. For the spacecraft, see Georges Lemaître ATV. For the American physician, see George D. LeMaitre. For the professional road bicycle racer, see Georges Lemaire.

Hubble–Lemaître law
Lemaître–Tolman metric
Lemaître coordinates
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
AwardsFrancqui Prize (1934)
Eddington Medal (1953)
Scientific career
FieldsCosmology
Astrophysics
Mathematics
InstitutionsCatholic University of Leuven
Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin (Leuven)
Other academic advisorsArthur Eddington (Cambridge)
Harlow Shapley (MIT)
Ecclesiastical career
ReligionChristianity
ChurchCatholic Church
Ordained22 September 1923
by Désiré-Joseph Mercier
Signature
Part of a series on
Physical cosmology
Early universe
Backgrounds
Expansion · Future
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Structure
Experiments
Scientists
Subject history

Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître (

primeval atom",[9] and later calling it "the beginning of the world".[10]

Early life

Lemaître was born in

War Cross with palms.[12]

After the war, he studied

priest on 22 September 1923 by Cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier.[15][16]

In 1923, he became a research associate in astronomy at the University of Cambridge, spending a year at St Edmund's House (now St Edmund's College, University of Cambridge). There he worked with Arthur Eddington,[17][18] a Quaker and physicist who introduced him to modern cosmology, stellar astronomy, and numerical analysis. He spent the next year at Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with Harlow Shapley, who had just gained renown for his work on nebulae, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he registered for the doctoral program in the sciences.

Career

Robert Millikan, Lemaître and Albert Einstein after Lemaître's lecture at the California Institute of Technology in January 1933.
Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (singularity). Space itself has been expanding ever since, carrying galaxies
with it, like raisins in a rising loaf of bread. The graphic scheme above is an artist's conception illustrating the expansion of a portion of a flat universe.

On his return to Belgium in 1925, he became a part-time lecturer at the

Hubble constant.[19] The initial state he proposed was taken to be Einstein's own model of a finitely sized static universe. The paper had little impact because the journal in which it was published was not widely read by astronomers outside Belgium. Arthur Eddington reportedly helped translate the article into English in 1931, but the part of it pertaining to the estimation of the "Hubble constant" was not included in the translation for reasons that remained unknown for a long time.[20] This issue was clarified in 2011 by Mario Livio: Lemaître omitted those paragraphs himself when translating the paper for the Royal Astronomical Society, in favour of reports of newer work on the subject, since by that time Hubble's calculations had already improved on Lemaître's earlier ones.[4]

At this time,

ordinary professor
at the Catholic University of Louvain.

In 1931, Arthur Eddington published in the

British Association on the relation between the physical universe and spirituality. There he proposed that the universe expanded from an initial point, which he called the "Primeval Atom". He developed this idea in a report published in Nature.[10] Lemaître's theory appeared for the first time in an article for the general reader on science and technology subjects in the December 1932 issue of Popular Science.[25] Lemaître's theory became better known as the "Big Bang theory," a picturesque term playfully coined during a 1949 BBC radio broadcast by the astronomer Fred Hoyle,[26][27] who was a proponent of the steady state universe
and remained so until his death in 2001.

Lemaître's proposal met with skepticism from his fellow scientists. Eddington found Lemaître's notion unpleasant.[28] Einstein thought it unjustifiable from a physical point of view, although he encouraged Lemaître to look into the possibility of models of non-isotropic expansion, so it is clear he was not altogether dismissive of the concept. Einstein also appreciated Lemaître's argument that Einstein's model of a static universe could not be sustained into the infinite past.

With Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, Lemaître discovered that the intensity of cosmic rays varied with latitude because these charged particles are interacting with the Earth's magnetic field.[29] In their calculations, Lemaître and Vallarta made use of MIT's differential analyzer computer developed by Vannevar Bush. They also worked on a theory of primary cosmic radiation and applied it to their investigations of the Sun's magnetic field and the effects of the galaxy's rotation.

Lemaître and Einstein met on four occasions: in 1927 in Brussels, at the time of a Solvay Conference; in 1932 in Belgium, at the time of a cycle of conferences in Brussels; in California in January 1933;[30] and in 1935 at Princeton. In 1933 at the California Institute of Technology, after Lemaître detailed his theory, Einstein stood up, applauded, and is supposed to have said, "This is the most beautiful and satisfactory explanation of creation to which I have ever listened."[31] However, there is disagreement over the reporting of this quote in the newspapers of the time, and it may be that Einstein was not referring to the theory as a whole, but only to Lemaître's proposal that cosmic rays may be the leftover artifacts of the initial "explosion".

In 1933, when he resumed his theory of the expanding universe and published a more detailed version in the Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels, Lemaître achieved his greatest public recognition.

The Catholic University of America.[33]

Lemaître and Eddington in discussion when sailing back from the 6th GA of the International Astronomical Union held in Stockholm in 1938

On July 27, 1935, he was named an honorary

Malines cathedral by Cardinal Josef Van Roey.[34]

He was elected a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936, and took an active role there, serving as its president from March 1960 until his death.[35]

In 1941, he was elected a member of the

Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Belgium.[36]
In 1946, he published his book on L'Hypothèse de l'Atome Primitif (The Primeval Atom Hypothesis). It was translated into Spanish in the same year and into English in 1950.

In relation to Catholic teaching on the origin of the Universe, Lemaître viewed his theory as neutral with neither a connection nor a contradiction of the Faith; as a devoted Catholic priest, Lemaître was opposed to mixing science with religion,[16] although he held that the two fields were not in conflict.[37]

During the 1950s, he gradually gave up part of his teaching workload, ending it completely when he took

emeritus status in 1964. In 1962, strongly opposed to the expulsion of French speakers from the Catholic University of Louvain, he created the ACAPSUL movement together with Gérard Garitte to fight against the split.[38]

During the

domestic prelate (Monsignor) in 1960 by Pope John XXIII.[36]

At the end of his life, he was increasingly devoted to problems of numerical calculation. He was a remarkable algebraicist and arithmetical calculator. Since 1930, he had used the most powerful calculating machine of the time, the Mercedes-Euklid. In 1958, he was introduced to the University's Burroughs E 101, its first electronic computer. Lemaître maintained a strong interest in the development of computers and, even more, in the problems of language and computer programming.

He died on 20 June 1966, shortly after having learned of the discovery of

cosmic microwave background radiation, which provided further evidence for his proposal about the birth of the universe.[41]

Work

Lemaître was a pioneer in applying

Hubble constant
.

Einstein was skeptical of this paper. When Lemaître approached Einstein at the 1927 Solvay Conference, the latter pointed out that Alexander Friedmann had proposed a similar solution to Einstein's equations in 1922, implying that the radius of the universe increased over time. (Einstein had also criticized Friedmann's calculations, but withdrew his comments.) Friedmann died in 1925, soon after inventing the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric. In 1931, his annus mirabilis,[42] Lemaître published an article in Nature setting out his theory of the "primeval atom."[10]

Because Lemaître spent almost his entire career in Europe, his scientific work is not as well known in the United States as that of Hubble or Einstein, both well known in the U.S. by virtue of residing there.[citation needed] Nevertheless, Lemaître's theory changed the course of cosmology. This was because Lemaître:

  • Was well acquainted with the work of astronomers, and designed his theory to have testable implications and to be in accord with observations of the time, in particular to explain the observed
    galaxies
    and the linear relation between distances and velocities;
  • Proposed his theory at an opportune time, since
    expanding universe
    and, consequently, Lemaître's Big Bang theory;
  • Had studied under Arthur Eddington, who made sure that Lemaître got a hearing in the scientific community.[citation needed]

Both Friedmann and Lemaître proposed relativistic cosmologies featuring an expanding universe. However, Lemaître was the first to propose that the expansion explains the

creation-like" event must have occurred. In the 1980s, Alan Guth and Andrei Linde modified this theory by adding to it a period of inflation
.

Einstein at first dismissed Friedmann, and then (privately) Lemaître, out of hand, saying that not all mathematics lead to correct theories. After Hubble's discovery was published, Einstein quickly and publicly endorsed Lemaître's theory, helping both the theory and its proposer get fast recognition.[43]

Lemaître was also an early adopter of computers for cosmological calculations. He introduced the first computer to his university (a Burroughs E 101) in 1958 and was one of the inventors of the Fast Fourier transform algorithm.[44]

In 1931, Lemaître was the first scientist to propose the expansion of the universe was actually accelerating, which was confirmed observationally in the 1990s through observations of very distant Type IA supernova with the Hubble Space Telescope which led to the

2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.[45][46][47]

In 1933, Lemaître found an important inhomogeneous solution of Einstein's field equations describing a spherical dust cloud, the Lemaître–Tolman metric.

In 1948 Lemaître published a polished mathematical essay "Quaternions et espace elliptique" which clarified an obscure space.

elliptic space in 1873 at a time when versors were too common to mention.[ambiguous] Lemaître developed the theory of quaternions from first principles so that his essay can stand on its own, but he recalled the Erlangen program[further explanation needed] in geometry while developing the metric geometry of elliptic space.[citation needed
]

Lemaître was the first theoretical cosmologist ever nominated in 1954 for the Nobel Prize in Physics for his prediction of the expanding universe. He was also nominated for the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his primeval atom theory.[49]

Honours

On 17 March 1934, Lemaître received the Francqui Prize, the highest Belgian scientific distinction, from King Leopold III.[36] His proposers were Albert Einstein, Charles de la Vallée-Poussin and Alexandre de Hemptinne. The members of the international jury were Eddington, Langevin, Théophile de Donder and Marcel Dehalu. The same year he received the Mendel Medal of the Villanova University.[50]

In 1936, Lemaître received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society.[51]

Another distinction that the Belgian government reserves for exceptional scientists was allotted to him in 1950: the decennial prize for applied sciences for the period 1933–1942.[36]

Lemaître was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1945.[52]

In 1953, he was given the inaugural Eddington Medal awarded by the Royal Astronomical Society.[53][54]

In 2005, Lemaître was voted to the 61st place of

VRT. In the same year he was voted to the 78th place by the audience of the Les plus grands Belges ("The Greatest Belgians"), a television show of the RTBF. Later, in December 2022, VRT recovered in its archives a lost 20-minute interview with Georges Lemaître in 1964, "a gem," says cosmologist Thomas Hertog.[55][56]

On 17 July 2018, Google Doodle celebrated Georges Lemaître's 124th birthday.[57]

On 26 October 2018, an electronic vote among all members of the

Hubble–Lemaître law.[6][58]

In popular culture

Namesakes

Bibliography

"L'Hypothèse de l'Atome primitif" (The Primeval Atom – an Essay on Cosmogony) (1946)
  • G. Lemaître, L'Hypothèse de l'atome primitif. Essai de cosmogonie, Neuchâtel (Switzerland), Editions du Griffon, and Brussels, Editions Hermès, 1946
  • G. Lemaître, The Primeval Atom – An Essay on Cosmogony, New York-London, D. Van Nostrand Co, 1950.
  • The gravitational field in a fluid sphere of uniform invariant density according, to the theory of relativity ; Note on de Sitter ̕Universe ; Note on the theory of pulsating stars (PDF), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. Of Physics, 1927b
  • "Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques". Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles (in French). 47: 49. April 1927.
    Bibcode:1927ASSB...47...49L.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link
    )
  • "Expansion of the universe, The expanding universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 91: 490–501. March 1931.
    doi:10.1093/mnras/91.5.490.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link
    )
  • "The Beginning of the World from the Point of View of Quantum Theory". Nature. 127 (3210): 706. 9 May 1931.
    S2CID 4089233.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link
    )
  • "The Evolution of the Universe: Discussion".
    S2CID 4028196.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link
    )
  • "Evolution of the Expanding Universe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 20 (1): 12–17. 1934.
    PMID 16587831
    .

See also

References

Notes

Citations

  1. doi:10.1063/1.3048455
    .
  2. ^ a b Lemaître 1927a, p. 49.
  3. ^ a b Reich 2011.
  4. ^ a b c Livio 2011, pp. 171–173.
  5. S2CID 256770198
    . The International Astronomical Union recommends that the law should now be known as the Hubble–Lemaître law, to pay tribute to the Belgian priest and astronomer Georges Lemaître, who derived the speed–distance relationship two years earlier than did US astronomer Edwin Hubble.
  6. ^ a b "International Astronomical Union members vote to recommend renaming the Hubble law as the Hubble–Lemaître law". iau.org. 29 October 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  7. ^ van den Bergh 2011, p. 151.
  8. ^ Block 2012, pp. 89–96.
  9. ^ "Big bang theory is introduced – 1927". A Science Odyssey. WGBH. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  10. ^ a b c Lemaître 1931b, p. 706.
  11. ^ Dominique Lambert, An Atom of the Universe: The Life and Work of Georges Lemaître, Lessius, 2000, p.22
  12. ^ "Croix de guerre, reçue en 1918 et la palme en 1921 (Georges Lemaître)". archives.uclouvain.be. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  13. ^ Farrell 2008.
  14. ^ "Georges Lemaître - the Mathematics Genealogy Project".
  15. ^ Lambert 1996, pp. 309–343.
  16. ^ a b Lambert 1997, pp. 28–53.
  17. ISBN 9783642322549
    .
  18. ISBN 9781443887809
    .
  19. ^ Belenkiy 2012, p. 38.
  20. ^ Way & Nussbaumer 2011, p. 8.
  21. ^ Deprit 1984, p. 370.
  22. ^ Lemaître 1927b.
  23. ^ Eddington 1930, pp. 668–688.
  24. ^ Lemaître 1931a, pp. 490–501.
  25. ^ Menzel 1932, p. 52.
  26. ^ "Third Programme – 28 March 1949". BBC Genome. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  27. ^ "Hoyle on the Radio: Creating the 'Big Bang'". Fred Hoyle: An Online Exhibition. St John's College Cambridge. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  28. ^ Lemaître 1931b, p. 1.
  29. S2CID 7293355
    .
  30. ^ Lambert n.d.
  31. ^ Kragh 1999, p. 55.
  32. ^ Lemaître 1934, pp. 12–17.
  33. ^ McCarthy Hines, Mary. "Physics Professor Earns Historic Recognition". Catholic U (Spring 2019). The Catholic University of America: 16.
  34. ^ "The Faith and Reason of Father George Lemaître". catholicculture.org. February 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  35. ^ "Georges Lemaitre". Pontifical Academy of Science. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  36. ^ a b c d "Rapport Jury Mgr Georges Lemaître". Fondation Francqui – Stichting (in French). 1934. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  37. ^ Crawley, William. 2012. "Father of the Big Bang". BBC.
  38. ^ "ACAPSUL – Association du corps académique et du personnel scientifique de l'Université de Louvain".
  39. ^ McClory 1998, p. 205.
  40. ^ Lambert 2000, p. 302.
  41. Independent.co.uk
    . 16 July 2018.
  42. ^ Luminet 2011, pp. 2911–2928.
  43. ^ Singh 2010.
  44. ^ "Georges Lemaître". uclouvain.be. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011.
  45. ^ Longair 2007, pp. 118–119.
  46. ^ Riess et al. 1998.
  47. ^ Steer 2013, p. 57.
  48. ^ Georges Lemaître (1948) "Quaternions et espace elliptique", Acta Pontifical Academy of Sciences 12:57–78
  49. ^ "Nomination archive". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  50. ^ "Abbé Georges Edouard Etienne Lemaître, Ph.D., D.Sc. – 1934". Villanova University. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  51. ^ "Médaille du prix Janssen décernée par la Société Astronomique de France à Georges Lemaître (1936)". Archives.uclouvain.be. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  52. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  53. ^ "Medallists of the Royal Astronomical Society". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  54. ^ Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 113, p.2
  55. ^ De Maeseneer, Wim (31 December 2022). "Lang naar gezocht, eindelijk gevonden: VRT vindt interview uit 1964 terug met de Belg die de oerknal bedacht" [Long sought, finally found: VRT finds 1964 interview with Belgian who invented the Big Bang]. vrtnws.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2023. VRT has recovered a lost interview with Georges Lemaître in its archives. He was interviewed about it in 1964 for the then BRT, but until recently it was thought that only a short excerpt of it had been preserved. Now the entire 20-minute interview has been recovered. "A gem," says cosmologist Thomas Hertog.
  56. arXiv:2301.07198 [physics.hist-ph
    ].
  57. ^ "Who was Georges Lemaître? Google Doodle celebrates 124th birthday of the astronomer behind the Big Bang Theory". Daily Mirror. 17 July 2018.
  58. ^ Gibney 2018.

Sources

Further reading

External links

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