Georgia Douglas Johnson
Georgia Douglas Johnson | |
---|---|
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. | |
Died | May 15, 1966 Washington, D.C., U.S. | (aged 85)
Occupation |
|
Education | Normal School |
Alma mater | Oberlin Conservatory of Music |
Literary movement | Harlem Renaissance, anti-lynching movement, S Street Salon |
Spouse | Henry Lincoln Johnson |
Children | Two sons |
Relatives | Parents, Laura Douglas and George Camp |
Georgia Blanche Douglas Camp Johnson, better known as Georgia Douglas Johnson (September 10, 1880 – May 15, 1966), was a
Early life
She was born as Georgia Blanche Douglas Camp in 1880 in
Camp lived for much of her childhood in Rome, Georgia. She received her education in both Rome and Atlanta, where she excelled in reading, recitations and physical education. She also taught herself to play the violin. She developed a lifelong love of music that she expressed in her plays, which make distinct use of sacred music.[5]
She graduated from
Marriage and family
On September 28, 1903, Douglas married Henry Lincoln Johnson (1870–1925), an Atlanta lawyer and prominent Republican party member who was ten years older than she.[6] Douglas and Johnson had two sons, Henry Lincoln Johnson, Jr., and Peter Douglas Johnson (d. 1957). In 1910, they moved to Washington, DC, as her husband had been appointed as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, a political patronage position under Republican President William Howard Taft. While the city had an active cultural life among the elite people of color, it was far from the Harlem literary center of New York, to which Douglas became attracted.
Douglas' marital life was affected by her writing ambition, for her husband was not supportive of her literary passion, insisting that she devote more time to becoming a
Career
After the Johnson family moved to Washington, D.C., in 1910,[3] Douglas Johnson began to write poems and stories. She credited a poem written by William Stanley Braithwaite, about a rose tended by a child, as her inspiration for writing poetry. Johnson also wrote songs, plays, short stories, taught music, and performed as an organist at her Congregational church.
Poetry
She had already begun to submit poems to newspapers and small magazines when she lived in Atlanta. Her first poem was published in 1905 in the literary journal The Voice of the Negro. Her first collection of poems was not published until 1916.[2]
Johnson published a total of four volumes of poetry, beginning in 1916 with The Heart of a Woman. In the 21st century, her poems have been described as feminine and "ladylike", or "raceless". They have titles such a "Faith", "Youth", and "Joy".[5]
Her poems were published in several issues of The Crisis, the journal of the NAACP that was founded and edited by W. E. B. Du Bois. "Calling Dreams" was published in January 1920, "Treasure" in July 1922, and "To Your Eyes" in November 1924.
During the 1920s, Douglas Johnson traveled extensively to give poetry readings. In 1925 her husband died, and she was widowed at the age of 45. She had to rear their two teenage sons by herself.[8] For years she struggled to support them financially, sometimes taking the clerical jobs generally available to women.
But as a gesture to her late husband's loyalty and political service, Republican President Calvin Coolidge appointed Douglas Johnson as the Commissioner of Conciliation,[9] a political appointee position within the Department of Labor. In 1934, during the Democratic administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, she lost this political appointee job. She returned to supporting herself with temporary clerical work.[10]
Johnson's literary success resulted in her becoming the first African-American woman to get national notice for her poetry since Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.[11] In 1962 she published her last poetry collection, Share My World.[citation needed]
The Heart of a Woman
Johnson was well recognized for her poems collected in The Heart of a Woman (1918). She explores themes for women such as isolation, loneliness, pain, love and the role of being a woman during this time. Other poems in this collection consist of motherly concerns.[12]
"The Heart of a Woman"
The heart of a woman goes forth with the dawn,
As a lone bird, soft winging, so restlessly on,
Afar o'er life's turrets and vales does it roam
In the wake of those echoes, the heart calls home.
The heart of a woman falls back with the night,
And enters some alien cage in its plight,
And tries to forget it has dreamed of the stars
While it breaks, breaks, breaks on the sheltering bars.
Bronze
Johnson's collection published as Bronze had a popular theme of racial issues; she continued to explore motherhood and being a woman of color. In the foreword of Bronze she said: "Those who know what it means to be a colored woman in 1922– know it not so much in fact as in feeling ..."[1]
"Calling Dreams"
The right to make my dreams come true,
I ask, nay, I demand of life;
Nor shall fate's deadly contraband
Impede my steps, nor countermand;
Too long my heart against the ground
Has beat the dusty years around;
And now at length I rise! I wake!
And stride into the morning break!
Plays
Johnson was a well-known figure in the national black theatre movement and was an important "cultural sponsor" in the early twentieth century, assembling and inspiring the intellectuals and artists who generated the next group of black theatre and rising education (16).[1] Johnson wrote about 28 plays. Plumes was published under the pen name John Temple.[2] Many of her plays were never published because of her gender and race.[1] Gloria Hull is credited with the rediscovery of many of Johnson's plays.[8] The 28 plays that she wrote were divided into four groups: "Primitive Life Plays", "Plays of Average Negro Life", "Lynching Plays" and "Radio Plays". The first section, "Primitive Life Plays", features Blue Blood and Plumes, which were published and produced during Johnson's lifetime.[1]
Like several other plays that prominent women of the Harlem Renaissance wrote, A Sunday Morning in the South (1925) was provoked by the inconsistencies of American life. These included the contrast between Christian doctrine and white America's treatment of black Americans, the experience of black men who returned from fighting in war to find they lacked constitutional rights, the economic disparity between whites and blacks, and miscegenation.[13]
In 1926, Johnson's play Blue Blood won honorable mention in the Opportunity drama contest. Her play Plumes also won in the same competition in 1927.[14] Plumes is a folk drama that relates the dilemma of Charity, the main character, whose baby daughter is dying. She has saved up money for the doctor, but also she and her confidante - Tilde - don't believe the medical care would be successful. She has in mind an extravagant funeral for her daughter instead - with plumes, hacks, and other fancy trimmings. Before Charity makes a decision, her daughter dies.[13] Plumes was produced by the Harlem Experimental Theatre between 1928 and 1931.
In 1935, Johnson wrote two historical plays, William and Ellen Craft and Frederick Douglass. William and Ellen Craft describes the escape of a black couple from slavery, in a work about the importance of self-love, the use of religion for support, and the power of strong relationships between black men and women. Her work Frederick Douglass is about his personal qualities that are not as much in the public eye: his love and tenderness for Ann, who he met while still enslaved, and then was married to in freedom for over four decades. Other themes include the spirit of survival, the need for self-education, and the value of the community and of the extended family.[13]
Johnson was one of the only women whose work was published in
Anti-lynching activism
Although Johnson spoke out against race inequity as a whole, she is more known as a key advocate in the
Gloria Hull in her book Color, Sex, and Poetry, argues that Johnson's work ought to be placed in an exceedingly distinguished place within the
S Street Salon
Soon after her husband's death, Johnson began to host what became 40 years of weekly "Saturday Salons" for friends and authors, including
Johnson called her home the "Half Way House" for friends traveling, and a place where they "could freely discuss politics and personal opinions" and where those with no money and no place to stay would be welcome.[2] Although black men were allowed to attend, it mostly consisted of black women such as May Miller, Marita Bonner, Mary Burrill, Alice Dunbar-Nelson, Zora Neale Hurston, and Angelina Weld Grimke.[17] Johnson was especially close to the writer Angelina Weld Grimké. This Salon was known to have discussions on issues such as lynching, women's rights, and the problems facing African-American families.[20] They became known as the "Saturday Nighters."[21]
Weekly column
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2018) |
Between 1926 and 1932, she wrote short stories, started a letter club, and published a weekly newspaper column called "Homely Philosophy".[22]
The column was published in 20 different newspapers, including the
One of the articles that focused on spirituality was "Our Fourth Eye", in which she wrote about "closing one's natural eyes" to look with the "eyes of one's mind". She explains that the "fourth eye" assists with viewing the world in this way. Another essay of Johnson's, titled "Hunch", discusses the idea that people have hunches, or intuition, in their lives. She goes on to explain that individuals must not quiet these hunches because they are their "sixth sense– your instruction".[23]
Legacy and honors
Throughout her life, Johnson had written 200 poems, 28 plays and 31 short stories.[24] In 1962, she published her last poetry book, entitled Share My World, the poems in which reflect on love towards all people and forgiveness, showing how much wisdom she has gained throughout her entire life.
In 1965, Atlanta University presented Douglas with an honorary doctorate of literature, praising her as a "sensitive singer of sad songs; faithful interpreter of the feminine heart of a Negro with its joys, sorrows, limitations and frustrations of racial oppression in a male-dominated world; dreamer of broken dreams...".[25]
When she died in Washington, D.C., in 1966, one of her sister playwrights and a former participant of the S Street Salon, sat by her bedside "stroking her hand and repeating the words, 'Poet Georgia Douglas Johnson'".[17]
In September 2009, it was announced that Johnson would be inducted into the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame.[25][26]
Major works
Poems
- The Heart of a Woman (1918)
- Bronze (1922)
- An Autumn Love Cycle (1928)
- Share My World (1962)[27]
- The Ordeal[28]
Plays
- A Sunday Morning in the South (1925)
- Blue Blood (1926)
- Paupaulekejo (1926)
- Plumes (1927)[16]
- Safe (c. 1929)
- Blue-Eyed Black Boy (c. 1930)
- Starting Point (1930s)
- William and Ellen Craft (1935)
- Frederick Douglass (1935)
- And Yet They Paused (1938)
- A Bill to Be Passed (1938)[1]
References
- ^ ISBN 0252073339.
- ^ University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, December 15, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
- ^ a b c Palumbo, Carmine D. "Georgia Johnson." New Georgia Encyclopedia, September 17, 2003. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
- ^ a b Lewis, Jone Johnson. "Georgia Douglas Johnson: Harlem Renaissance Writer." Thoughtco, January 7, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Stevens, Judith L. (Spring–Summer 2005). "Art, Activism, and Uncompromising Attitude in Georgia Douglas Johnson's Lynching Plays". African American Review. 39 (1/2): 87–102.
- ^ "Georgia Douglas Johnson". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ Johnson, Georgia Douglas Camp (1922). "Bronze : a book of verses". Boston : B.J. Brimmer Co.
- ^ ISBN 0195065107.
- ^ "Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA), South Africa | Access". www.accessfacility.org.
- ^ a b "Georgia Douglas Johnson". Poetry Foundation. May 28, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
- ^ "Georgia Douglas Johnson's Life and Career". Georgia Douglas Johnson's Life and Career.
- ^ Baldwin, Emma (August 14, 2018). "The Heart of a Woman by Georgia Douglas Johnson". Poem Analysis. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ ISBN 9780313259852– via Internet Archive.
- ISBN 978-0313334290.
- ISBN 0814708080. Google Books. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
- ^ ISBN 0253204305.
- ^ ISBN 9780521576802.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-8223-2995-4.
- ISBN 9780252099571.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form".
- ^ Atlas, Nava (March 29, 2018). "Georgia Douglas Johnson". Literary Ladies Guide.
- ISBN 0253349745.
- ^ Jean, Valerie. "Georgia Douglas Johnson". Washington Art.
- ^ a b "Hall of Fame Honorees | Georgia Douglas Johnson". Georgia Writers Hall of Fame.
- Athens Banner Herald. September 19, 2009. Archived from the originalon November 29, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
- ^ "Georgia and Henry Lincoln Douglass, African-American Heritage Trail." culturaltourismdc.org. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
- ^ Locke, Alain (1999). The New Negro: Voices of the Harlem Renaissance. Touchstone.
Bibliography
- Shockley, Ann Allen, Afro-American Women Writers 1746-1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide, New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian Books, 1989.
Further reading
- Harold Bloom, ed., Black American Women Poets and Dramatists (New York: Chelsea House, 1996).
- Countee Cullen, ed., Caroling Dusk: An Anthology of Verse by Negro Poets (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1927).
- Gloria T. Hull, Color, Sex, and Poetry: Three Women Writers of the Harlem Renaissance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987).
- Judith Stephens, "'And Yet They Paused' and 'A Bill to Be Passed': Newly Recovered Lynching Dramas by Georgia Douglas Johnson", African American Review 33 (Autumn 1999): 519–22.
- Judith Stephens, The Plays of Georgia Douglas Johnson:From The New Negro Renaissance to the Civil Rights Movement (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2006)
- C. C. O'Brien, Cosmopolitanism in Georgia Douglas Johnson's Anti-Lynching Literature, African American Review, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Winter 2004), pp. 571–587 (St. Louis University)