Georgy Zhukov
First Secretary | Nikita Khrushchev | ||||||||||||
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Preceded by | Nikolai Bulganin | ||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Rodion Malinovsky | ||||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||||
Born | Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov 1 December 1896 Strelkovka, Kaluga Governorate, Russian Empire | ||||||||||||
Died | 18 June 1974 Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union | (aged 77)||||||||||||
Resting place | Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Moscow | ||||||||||||
Political party | CPSU (1917–1957) | ||||||||||||
Spouses | Alexandra Zuikova
(m. 1953; div. 1965)Galina Semyonova
(m. 1965; died 1973) | ||||||||||||
Children | Margarita and 3 others | ||||||||||||
Awards | |||||||||||||
Signature | Soviet Ground Forces | ||||||||||||
Service years | 1914–1957 | ||||||||||||
Rank | Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943–1957) | ||||||||||||
Commands |
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Wars |
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Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov[a] (Russian: Георгий Константинович Жуков; 1 December 1896 – 18 June 1974) was a Marshal of the Soviet Union. He also served as Chief of the General Staff, Minister of Defence, and was a member of the Presidium of the Communist Party (later Politburo). During World War II, Zhukov oversaw some of the Red Army's most decisive victories, after which he was appointed the military governor of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany.
Born to a poor peasant family from central Russia, Zhukov was conscripted into the Imperial Russian Army and fought in World War I. He served in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. Gradually rising through the ranks, by 1939 Zhukov had been given command of an army group and won a decisive battle over Japanese forces at Khalkhin Gol, for which he won the first of his four Hero of the Soviet Union awards. In February 1941, Zhukov was appointed as chief of the Red Army's General Staff.
Following the
After the war, Zhukov's success and popularity caused
Early life and career
Zhukov was born into a poor peasant family of
While working for his uncle, Zhukov supplemented his education by reading with his cousin Alexander on a wide range of topics, including the Russian language, German language, science, geography, and mathematics.[6] In addition, he enrolled in a night school, where he completed courses as the work in his uncle's shop permitted.[6] He completed his apprenticeship in 1914 and established his own fur business, which included three young employees under his leadership.[6]
Zhukov grew to be quite short, even for his time period, standing 5 ft 5 in (1.64 m), with one Private first class of the U.S. Army describing Zhukov as being "short as he was wide".[7]
World War I
In 1914, Zhukov was conscripted into the
He joined the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) after the 1917 October Revolution; his background of poverty became a significant asset in party circles. After recovering from a serious case of typhus, he fought in the Russian Civil War, serving in the Second Cavalry Brigade, commanded by Semyon Timoshenko, which was later absorbed into the 1st Cavalry Army, led by Semyon Budyonny. He completed a cavalry training course for officers in 1920 and received his commission as an officer. He received the Order of the Red Banner for his part in subduing the Tambov Rebellion in 1921.[9]
Interwar period
Zhukov quickly advanced through the ranks as the commander of a cavalry troop and squadron, and deputy commander of a cavalry regiment. At the end of May 1923, he was appointed commander of the 39th Cavalry Regiment.[10] In 1924, he entered the Higher School of Cavalry,[11] from which he graduated the next year, returning afterward to command the same regiment.[12] He attended the Frunze Military Academy beginning in 1929, and graduated in 1930.[13]
In May 1930, Zhukov became commander of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade of the 7th Cavalry Division.[14] In February 1931, he was appointed as the Assistant Inspector of Cavalry for the Red Army.[15]
In May 1933, Zhukov was appointed commander of the 4th Cavalry Division.
Khalkhin Gol
In 1938, Zhukov was directed to command the First Soviet Mongolian Army Group, and saw action against Japan's Kwantung Army on the border between the Mongolian People's Republic and the Japanese-controlled state of Manchukuo. The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts lasted from 1938 to 1939. What began as a border skirmish rapidly escalated into a full-scale war, with the Japanese pushing forward with an estimated 80,000 troops, 180 tanks and 450 aircraft.
These events led to the strategically decisive
The offensive first appeared to be a typical conventional frontal attack. However, two tank brigades were initially held back and then ordered to advance around on both flanks, supported by motorized artillery, infantry, and other tanks. This daring and successful maneuver encircled the Japanese 6th Army and captured the enemy's vulnerable rear supply areas. By 31 August, the Japanese had been cleared from the disputed border, leaving the Soviets clearly victorious.[20]
This campaign had significance beyond the immediate tactical and local outcome. Zhukov demonstrated and tested the techniques later used against the Germans in the Eastern Front of the Second World War. His innovations included the deployment of underwater bridges, and improving the cohesion and battle-effectiveness of inexperienced units by adding a few experienced, battle-hardened troops to bolster morale and overall training.[21]
Evaluation of the problems inherent in the performance of the BT tanks led to the replacement of their fire-prone petrol (gasoline) engines with diesel engines. This battle provided valuable practical knowledge that was essential to the Soviet success in development of the T-34 medium tank used in World War II. After this campaign, veterans were transferred to untested units, to better spread the benefits of their battle experience.[22]
For his victory, Zhukov was declared a Hero of the Soviet Union. However, the campaign—and especially Zhukov's pioneering use of tanks—remained little known outside the Soviet Union. Zhukov considered Khalkhin Gol to be invaluable preparation for conducting operations during the Second World War.[23] In May 1940, Zhukov became an army general, making him one of the eight high-ranking Red Army officers.
World War II
Before the War
Pre-war military exercises
In the autumn of 1940, Zhukov started preparing plans for the military exercise concerning the defence of the Western border of the Soviet Union. It had been pushed further to the west after the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland and the Baltic republics.[24] In his memoirs, Zhukov reports that in this exercise, he commanded the Western or Blue forces—the supposed invasion troops—and his opponent was Colonel General Dmitry Pavlov, the commander of the Eastern or Red forces—the supposed Soviet troops. He noted that Blue had 60 divisions, while Red had 50 divisions. Zhukov describes the exercise as being similar to events that later took place during the German invasion.[25]
Russian historian Bobylev noted that the details of the exercises were reported differently by the various participants who published memoirs.[26] He said that there were two exercises; one from 2 to 6 January 1941, for the North-West direction; another from 8 to 11 January, for the South-West direction.[26] During the first, Western forces attacked Eastern forces on 15 July, but the Eastern forces counterattacked and, by 1 August, reached the original border.[26]
At the time, the Eastern forces had a numerical advantage: 51 infantry divisions against 41; 8,811 tanks against 3,512—with the exception of anti-tank guns.[26] Bobylev describes how by the end of the exercise, the Eastern forces did not manage to surround and destroy the Western forces. In their turn, the Western forces threatened to surround the Eastern forces.[26] The same historian reported that the second game was won by the Easterners, meaning that on the whole, both games were won by the side commanded by Zhukov.[26] However, he noted that the games had a serious disadvantage since they did not consider an initial attack by Western forces, but only an attack by Eastern forces from the initial border.[26]
According to Marshal
Soviet offensive controversy
From 2 February 1941, as the chief of the general staff, and Deputy Minister of Defense, Zhukov was said to take part in drawing up the "Strategic plan for deployment of the forces of the Soviet Union in the event of war with Germany and its allies."
Soviet forces would occupy the Vistula Border and continue to Katowice or even Berlin—should the main German armies retreat—or the Baltic coast, should German forces not retreat and be forced to protect Poland and East Prussia. The attacking Soviets were supposed to reach Siedlce, Dęblin, and then capture Warsaw before penetrating toward the southwest and imposing final defeat at Lublin.[30]
Historians do not have the original documents that could verify the existence of such a plan, and there is no evidence that Stalin accepted it. In a transcript of an interview on 26 May 1965, Zhukov said that Stalin did not approve the plan. But Zhukov did not clarify whether execution was attempted. As of 1999[update], no other approved plan for a Soviet attack had been found.[31]
On 10 June 1941, Zhukov sent a message to the Military Council of the Kiev Special Military District, after someone, most likely the commander of the Kiev district, Mikhail Kirponos, had ordered troops on the border to occupy forward positions. Zhukov ordered: "Such action could provoke the Germans into armed confrontation fraught with all sorts of consequences. Revoke this order immediately and report who, specifically, gave such an unauthorised order." On 11 June, he sent a telegram saying that his immediate superior, Timoshenko, had ordered that they were to report back by 16 June confirming that the troops had been withdrawn from their forward positions." According to the historian David E. Murphy, "the action by Timoshenko and Zhukov must have been initiated at the request of Stalin."[32]
The Eastern front
Germany invades the Soviet Union
On 22 June 1941, Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, an invasion of the Soviet Union. On the same day, Zhukov responded by signing the "Directive of Peoples' Commissariat of Defence No. 3", which ordered an all-out counteroffensive by Red Army forces. He commanded the troops to "encircle and destroy [the] enemy grouping near Suwałki and to seize the Suwałki region by the evening of 24 June" and "to encircle and destroy the enemy grouping invading in [the] Vladimir-Volynia and Brody direction" and even "to seize the Lublin region by the evening of 24 June".[35] This manoeuvre failed and disorganized Red Army units were destroyed by the Wehrmacht.[36] Zhukov subsequently claimed that he was forced by Joseph Stalin to sign the directive, supposedly written by Aleksandr Vasilevsky,[37] despite the reservations that he raised.[38]
When Stalin arrived unannounced at command headquarters on 29 June, demanding to know why he was not being told what was happening at the front, Zhukov courageously told him: "Comrade Stalin, our duty is first of all to help the front commanders and only then to inform you." But when he had to admit that they lost contact with the front commanders in Belarus, Stalin lost his temper and called him "useless".[39]
On 29 July, Zhukov was removed from his post of chief of the general staff. In his memoirs he gives his suggested abandoning of
On 6 October, Zhukov was appointed the representative of Stavka for the Reserve and Western Fronts.[42] On 10 October, those fronts were merged into the Western Front under Zhukov's command.[43] This front then participated in the Battle of Moscow and several Battles of Rzhev.
In late August 1942, Zhukov was made deputy commander in chief and sent to the southwestern front to take charge of the
Battle of Kursk
Zhukov was a Stavka coordinator at the battle of Kursk in July 1943. He was considered the main architect of the Soviet victory together with Vasilevsky.[48] According to Zhukov's memoirs, he played a central role in the planning of the battle and the hugely successful offensive that followed. Commander of the Central Front Konstantin Rokossovsky, said, however, that the planning and decisions for the Battle of Kursk were made without Zhukov, that he only arrived just before the battle, made no decisions and left soon afterward, and that Zhukov exaggerated his role.[49] A sense of the nature of the beginning of Rokossovsky's famous World War II rivalry with Zhukov can be gathered from reading Rokossovsky's comments in an official report on Zhukov's character:[50]
Has a strong will. Decisive and firm. Often demonstrates initiative and skillfully applies it. Disciplined. Demanding and persistent in his demands. A somewhat ungracious and not sufficiently sympathetic person. Rather stubborn. Painfully proud. In professional terms well trained. Broadly experienced as a military leader... Absolutely cannot be used in staff or teaching jobs because constitutionally he hates them.
From 12 February 1944, Zhukov coordinated the actions of the 1st Ukrainian and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts.[51] On 1 March, Zhukov was appointed the commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front until early May following the ambush of Nikolai Vatutin, its commander, by the anti-Soviet Ukrainian Insurgent Army near Ostroh.[52] During the Soviet offensive named Operation Bagration, Zhukov coordinated the 1st Belorussian and 2nd Belorussian Fronts, and later the 1st Ukrainian Front as well.[53] On 23 August, Zhukov was sent to the 3rd Ukrainian Front to prepare for the advance into Bulgaria.[54]
Surrender of Germany
March on Berlin
On 16 November, he became commander of the 1st Belorussian Front which took part in the Vistula–Oder offensive and the Battle of Berlin.[55] He called on his troops to "remember our brothers and sisters, our mothers and fathers, our wives and children tortured to death by Germans ... We shall exact a brutal revenge for everything". More than 20 million Soviet soldiers and civilians died as a result of the war. In a reprise of atrocities committed by German soldiers against Soviet civilians in the eastward advance into Soviet territory during Operation Barbarossa, the westward march by Soviet forces was marked by brutality towards German civilians, which included looting, burning and systematic rapes.[56]
Zhukov was chosen to personally accept the German Instrument of Surrender in Berlin.[57]
Post-war service
Soviet occupation zone
After the German capitulation, Zhukov became the first commander of the
In May 1945, Zhukov signed three resolutions to improve living standards in the Soviet occupation zone:
- 11 May: resolution 063 – provision of food
- 12 May: resolution 064 – restoration of the public services sector
- 13 May: resolution 080 – provision of milk supplies for children
Zhukov requested the Soviet government to transport urgently to Berlin 96,000 tons of grain, 60,000 tons of potatoes, 50,000 cattle, and thousands of tons of other foodstuffs, such as sugar and animal fat. He issued strict orders that his subordinates were to "hate Nazism but respect the German people",[59] and to make all possible efforts to restore and maintain a stable living standard for the German population.[60]
Inter-allied diplomacy
From 16 July to 2 August, Zhukov participated in the
Eisenhower developed a good relationship with Zhukov, and it proved beneficial in resolving differences in post-war occupational issues.[61] Eisenhower's successor, General Lucius D. Clay, also praised the Zhukov–Eisenhower friendship, and commented: "The Soviet–America relationship should have developed well if Eisenhower and Zhukov had continued to work together".[62] Zhukov and Eisenhower went on to tour the Soviet Union together in the immediate aftermath of the victory over Germany.[63] During this tour Eisenhower introduced Zhukov to Coca-Cola. As Coca-Cola was regarded in the Soviet Union as a symbol of American imperialism,[64] Zhukov was apparently reluctant to be photographed or reported as consuming such a product. Zhukov asked if the beverage could be made colourless to resemble vodka. A European subsidiary of the Coca-Cola Export Corporation delivered an initial 50 cases of White Coke to Marshal Zhukov.
Decline of career
Zhukov was not only the supreme military commander of the
He was assigned command of the
Throughout this time, security chief
In 1946, seven rail carriages with furniture that Zhukov was taking to the Soviet Union from Germany were impounded. In 1948, his apartments and house in Moscow were searched and many valuables looted from Germany were found. "I felt very guilty. I shouldn't have collected those useless junks and put them into some warehouse, assuming nobody needs them any more. I swear as a Bolshevik that I would avoid such errors and follies thereafter. Surely I still and will wholeheartedly serve the Motherland, the Party, and the Great Comrade Stalin."[72]
When learning of Zhukov's "misfortunes"—and despite not understanding all the problems—Eisenhower expressed his sympathy for his "comrade-in-arms".[73] In February 1953, Stalin relieved Zhukov of his post as Commander of the Urals Military District, recalling Zhukov to Moscow. It was thought Zhukov's expertise was needed in the Korean War; however, in practice, Zhukov received no orders from Stalin after arriving in Moscow. On 5 March 1953, at 09:50, Stalin died of a stroke. Following Stalin's passing, Zhukov's life entered a new phase.[62]
Relationship with Stalin
During the war, Zhukov was one of only a few people who understood Stalin's personality. As the chief of staff and deputy supreme commander, Zhukov had hundreds of meetings with Stalin, both private and during Stavka conferences. Consequently, Zhukov understood Stalin's personality and methods well. According to Zhukov, Stalin was a bold and secretive person, but he was also hot-tempered and skeptical. Zhukov was able to gauge Stalin's mood: for example, when Stalin drew deeply on his tobacco pipe, it was a sign of a good mood. Conversely, if Stalin failed to light his pipe once it was out of tobacco, it was a sign of imminent rage.[74] His outstanding knowledge of Stalin's personality was an asset that allowed him to deal with Stalin's outbursts in a way other Soviet generals could not.[75]
Both Zhukov and Stalin were hot-tempered, and both made concessions necessary to sustain their relationship. While Zhukov viewed his relationship with Stalin as one of a subordinate–senior, Stalin was in awe and possibly jealous of Zhukov. Both were military commanders, but Stalin's experience was limited to a previous generation of non-mechanized warfare. By contrast, Zhukov was highly influential in the development of contemporary combined operations of highly mechanized armies. The differences in their outlooks were the cause of many tempestuous disagreements between the two of them at Stavka meetings. Nonetheless, Zhukov was less competent than Stalin as a politician, highlighted by Zhukov's many failures in politics. Stalin's unwillingness to value Zhukov beyond the marshal's military talents was one of the reasons why Zhukov was recalled from Berlin.[76]
Significant to their relationship as well was Zhukov's bluntness towards his superior. Stalin was dismissive of the fawning of many of his entourage and openly criticized it.[77] Many people around Stalin—including Beria, Yezhov, and Mekhlis—felt obliged to flatter Stalin to remain on his good side.[78] Zhukov remained obstinate and argumentative, and did not hesitate to publicly contradict Stalin to the point of risking his career and life. Their heated argument about whether to abandon Kiev due to the Germans' rapid advance in summer of 1941 was typical of Zhukov's approach.[79] Zhukov's ability to remain skeptical and unwavering at giving into pressure did garner him the respect of Stalin.
Political career
Arresting Beria
After Stalin's death, Zhukov returned to favor, becoming Deputy Defence Minister in 1953. He then had an opportunity to avenge himself on Beria. With Stalin's sudden death, the Soviet Union fell into a leadership crisis. Georgy Malenkov temporarily became First Secretary. Malenkov and his allies attempted to purge Stalin's influence and personality cult; however, Malenkov himself did not have the courage to do this alone. Moreover, Lavrentiy Beria remained dangerous. The politicians sought reinforcement from the powerful and prestigious military men. In this matter, Nikita Khrushchev chose Zhukov because the two had forged a good relationship, and, in addition, during World War II, Zhukov had twice saved Khrushchev from false accusations.[80][81]
On 26 June 1953, a special meeting of the Soviet Politburo was held by Malenkov. Beria came to the meeting with an uneasy feeling because it was called hastily—indeed, Zhukov had ordered General Kirill Moskalenko to secretly prepare a special force and permitted the force to use two of Zhukov's and Defence Minister Nikolai Bulganin's special cars (which had tinted windows) in order to safely infiltrate the Kremlin. Zhukov also ordered him to replace the MVD Guard with the guard of the Moscow Military District.
Finally, Khrushchev suggested expelling Beria from the Communist Party and bringing him before a military court. Moskalenko's special forces obeyed.[82][83]
Zhukov was a member of the
Minister of Defense
When Bulganin became premier in 1955, he appointed Zhukov as Defense Minister.[84] Zhukov participated in many political activities. He successfully opposed the re-establishment of the Commissar system, because the Party and political leaders were not professional military, and thus the highest power should fall to the army commanders. Until 1955, Zhukov had both sent to and received letters from Eisenhower. Both leaders agreed that the two superpowers should coexist peacefully.[85] In July 1955, Zhukov—together with Khrushchev, Bulganin, Vyacheslav Molotov and Andrei Gromyko—participated in a Summit Conference at Geneva after the USSR signed the Austrian State Treaty and withdrew its army from the country.
Zhukov followed orders from the then Prime Minister
The mood in the Presidium changed again when Hungary's new Prime Minister,
Fall from power
On his 60th birthday, in 1956, Zhukov received his fourth Hero of the Soviet Union title—making him the first person to receive the honour four times. The only other four-time recipient was Leonid Brezhnev, who never rose above modest military rank and received all of his four Hero of the Soviet Union medals for his birthday as part of his overall cult of personality and love for medals, titles, and decorations. Despite his general lack of political ability, Zhukov became the highest-ranking military professional who was also a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. He further became a symbol of national strength, the most widely-esteemed Soviet military hero of World War II. Zhukov's prestige was even higher than the police and security agencies of the USSR, and thus rekindled concerns among political leaders.
Going even further than Khrushchev, Zhukov demanded that the political agencies in the Red Army report to him before the Party. He demanded an official condemnation of Stalin's crimes during the
The relationship between Zhukov and Khrushchev reached its peak during the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1956. After becoming the First Secretary of the Party, Khrushchev moved against Stalin's legacy and criticised his personality cult in a speech, "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences". To complete such startling acts, Khrushchev needed the approval—or at least the acquiescence—of the military, headed by Minister of Defense Zhukov.
At the plenary session of the Central Committee of the CPSU held in June 1957 Zhukov supported Khrushchev against the "Anti-Party Group", that had a majority in the Presidium and voted to replace Khrushchev as First Secretary with Bulganin. At that plenum, Zhukov stated: "The Army is against this resolution and not even a tank will leave its position without my order!".[89] In the same session the "Anti-Party Group" was condemned and Zhukov was made a member of the Presidium.
His second fall was more sudden and public even than his first. On 4 October 1957, he left on an official visit to Yugoslavia, and Albania.[90] He returned to Moscow on 26 October, straight to a meeting of the Presidium, during which he was removed from that body. On 2 November, the Central Committee convened to hear Zhukov being accused of 'non-party behaviour', conducting an 'adventurist foreign policy', and sponsoring his own personality cult. He was expelled from the Central Committee and sent into forced retirement at age 62. The same issue of the Krasnaya Zvezda that announced Zhukov's return also reported that he had been relieved of his duties.[91] According to many researchers, Soviet politicians—including Khrushchev himself—had a deep-seated fear of "powerful people".[92][93]
Later life
Retirement
After being forced out of the government, Zhukov stayed away from politics. Many people—including former subordinates—frequently paid him visits, joined him on hunting excursions, and waxed nostalgic. In September 1959, while visiting the United States, Khrushchev told President Eisenhower that the retired Marshal Zhukov "liked fishing". Zhukov was actually a keen aquarist.[94] In response, Eisenhower sent Zhukov a set of fishing tackle. Zhukov respected this gift so much that he is said to have exclusively used Eisenhower's fishing tackle for the remainder of his life, referring to Soviet fishing tackle as "substandard".[95]
After Khrushchev was deposed in October 1964, Brezhnev restored Zhukov to favor—though not to power—in a move to use Zhukov's popularity to strengthen his political position. Zhukov's name was put in the public eye yet again when Brezhnev lionised Zhukov in a speech commemorating the Great Patriotic War. On 9 May 1965, Zhukov was invited to sit on the tribune of the Lenin Mausoleum and given the honour of reviewing the parade of military forces in Red Square.[96]
Zhukov had begun writing his memoirs, Memories and Recollections, in 1958. He now worked intensively on them, which together with steadily deteriorating health, served to worsen his
His memoirs were published in 1969 and became a best-seller. Within several months of the date of publication of his memoirs, Zhukov had received more than 10,000 letters from readers that offered comments, expressed gratitude, gave advice, or lavished praise. Supposedly, the Communist Party invited Zhukov to participate in the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1971, but the invitation was rescinded.[98]
Death
Zhukov died in Moscow, Russian SFSR on 18 June, 1974 at age 77 after suffering a stroke.[99] His body was cremated, despite his personal wishes of a Christian burial and his ashes were buried at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis alongside fellow generals and marshals of the Soviet Union during his funeral.[100]
In 1995, an equestrian statue of Zhukov was erected in front of the State Historical Museum.[101]
Family
- Father
- Konstantin Artemyevich Zhukov (1851–1921); a shoemaker
- Mother
- Ustinina Artemievna Zhukova (1866–1944); farmer from a poor family
- Siblings
- 1. Maria Kostantinovna Zhukova (1894–1954)
- 2. Alexei Konstantinovich Zhukov (born 1901); died prematurely
- Spouses
- 1. Alexandra Dievna Zuikova (1900–1967); common-law wife since 1920; married in 1953; divorced in 1965; died after a stroke
- 2. Galina Alexandrovna Semyonova (1926–1973);Burdenkohospital; specialized in therapeutics; died of breast cancer
- Children
- 1. Era Zhukova (born 1928); by Alexandra Dievna Zukova
- 2. Margarita Zhukova (1929–2010); by Maria Nikolaevna Volokhova (1897–1983)
- 3. Ella Zhukova (1937–2010); by Alexandra Dievna Zukova
- 4. Maria Zhukova (born 1957); by Galina Alexandrovna Semyonova
Legacy
The first monument to Georgy Zhukov was erected in
A
Nobel laureate
In his book of recollections,
In 1989, parts of previously unpublished and censored chapters from Zhukov's memoir were published by Pravda, which his daughter said had been hidden in a safe until they could be published. The excerpts included criticism of the 1937–1939 purges for annihilating "[M]any thousands of outstanding party workers" and stated that Stalin had played no role in directing the war effort, although he often issued orders devised by the general staff as if they were his own.[107]
Appraisals of Zhukov's career vary. For example, historian Konstantin Zaleski claimed that Zhukov exaggerated his own role in World War II.[108] Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky said that the planning and decisions for the Battle of Kursk were made without Zhukov, that he only arrived just before the battle, made no decisions and left soon after.[49]
Zhukov also received many positive comments, mostly from his Army companions, from the modern
Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky commented that Zhukov is one of the most outstanding and brilliant military commanders of the Soviet military forces.[110] Major General Sir Francis de Guingand, chief of staff of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, described Zhukov as a friendly person.[111] John Gunther, who met Zhukov many times after the war, said that Zhukov was more friendly and honest than any of the other Soviet leaders.[112]
John Eisenhower—son of Dwight Eisenhower—claimed that Zhukov was really ebullient and was a friend of his.[85] Albert Axell in his work "Marshal Zhukov, the one who beat Hitler" claimed that Zhukov was a military genius like Alexander the Great and Napoleon. Axell also commented that Zhukov was a loyal communist and a patriot.[113] At the end of his work about Zhukov, Otto Chaney concluded: "But Zhukov belongs to all of us. In the darkest period of World War II his fortitude and determination eventually triumphed. For Russians and people everywhere he remains an enduring symbol of victory on the battlefield."[114]
In Russia, Zhukov is often credited for his "prophetic" words spoken to Konstantin Rokossovsky in Berlin in 1945: "We have liberated them, and they will never forgive us for that."[115]
In popular culture
Zhukov has been portrayed by the following actors:
- Fedor Blazhevich in The Vow and The Fall of Berlin
- Vladimir Menshov in The General and Liquidation
- Valeriy Grishko in White Tiger
- Jason Isaacs in The Death of Stalin
Star Trek: The Next Generation producers named an Ambassador-class starship after Zhukov, which was mentioned or made an appearance on several episodes of the series.
Decorations
Zhukov was the recipient of many decorations. Most notably he was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union four times. The medals of the only other four-time recipient, Leonid Brezhnev, were the result of self-awarding as birthday gifts.
Zhukov was one of only three recipients to receive the Order of Victory twice. He was also awarded high honours from many other countries. A partial listing is presented below.
Imperial Russia
Cross of St. George, 3rd class |
Cross of St. George, 4th class |
Soviet Union
Foreign
Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (Mongolian People's Republic, 1969) |
Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolian People's Republic, 1968, 1969, 1971) |
Order of the Red Banner (Mongolian People's Republic, 1939, 1942) |
Medal "30 Years of the Victory in Khalkhin-Gol" (Mongolian People's Republic) |
Medal "50 Years of the Mongolian People's Revolution" (Mongolian People's Republic) |
Medal "For Victory over Japan" (Mongolian People's Republic) |
Medal "50 Years of the Mongolian People's Army" (Mongolian People's Republic) |
Order of the White Lion, 1st class (Czechoslovakia) |
Military Order of the White Lion, 1st class (Czechoslovakia) |
War Cross 1939–1945 (Czechoslovakia) |
Virtuti Militari, 1st class (Poland) |
Order of Polonia Restituta, 1st class (Poland) |
Order of Polonia Restituta, 3rd class (Poland) |
Cross of Grunwald , 1st class (Poland)
|
Medal "For Warsaw 1939–1945" (Poland) |
Medal "For Oder, Neisse and the Baltic" (Poland)
|
Medal "25 Years of the Bulgarian People's Army" (Bulgaria) |
Medal "90th Anniversary of the Birth of Georgi Dimitrov" (Bulgaria) |
Garibaldi Partisan Star (Italy, 1956) |
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Egypt, 1956) |
Grand Officer of the Legion d'Honneur (France , 1945)
|
Croix de guerre (France, 1945)
|
Honorary Knight Grand Cross, UK , 1945)
|
Chief Commander, Legion of Merit (United States, 1946) |
Order of Freedom (Yugoslavia, 1956) |
Medal of Sino-Soviet Friendship (China, 1953 and 1956) |
Notes
- ^ In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Konstantinovich and the family name is Zhukov.
References
Citations
- ISBN 978-0891414698.
- ^ "Сто великих полководцев – История.РФ" [A hundred great military commanders]. 100.histrf.ru. Russian Military Historical Society. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023.
- ^ "Жуков Георгий Константинович". warheroes.ru.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-8483-1443-6 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c Stalin's General, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d Stalin's General, p. 13.
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Bibliography
- Afanasyev, Y. N., ed. (1989). There Is No Other Way (in Russian). Moscow: OCLC 495955198.
- Axell, A. (2003). Marshal Zhukov: The Man Who Beat Hitler. London: ISBN 978-0582772335.
- Chaney, O. P. (1996). Zhukov (revised ed.). Norman: ISBN 978-0806128078.
- ISBN 978-0804711609.
- Isaev, A. V. (2006). Zhukov: The Last Argument of the King (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza Publishing. ISBN 978-5699165643.
- Roberts, Geoffrey (2012). Stalin's General: The Life of Georgy Zhukov. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0679645177.
- ISBN 978-5203004918.
- ISBN 978-0891414698.
- Uldricks, T. J. (1999). "The Icebreaker Controversy". S2CID 153701270.
- OCLC 988160134.
- Zhukov, G. К. (1973). The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov. London: ISBN 978-0224619240.
- Zhukov, G. K. (2002). Memories and Reflections (in Russian). Vol. 1. Moscow: Olma Press. ISBN 978-5224031955.
- Zhukov, G. K. (2003). Memories and Reflections (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Olma Press. ISBN 978-5224031979.
- Zhukov, Georgi (1969). Marshal Zhukov's Greatest Battles. New York: Harper & Row. (in English, edited & commentary by Harrison E. Salisbury)
Further reading
- Goldman, S. D. (2013). Nomonhan, 1939: the Red Army's victory that shaped World War II. Annapolis: ISBN 978-1591143390.
- Hill, A. (2017). The Red Army and the Second World War. Cambridge: ISBN 978-1107020795.
External links
- Reminiscences and Reflections, two-volume English-language translation of Zhukov's memoirs by Progress Publishers, 1985: Volume 1, Volume 2
- Georgy Zhukov Newsreels at Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive
- Works by Georgy Zhukov at Open Library
- Works by or about Georgy Zhukov at Internet Archive
- Georgy Zhukov – WWII Marshal of the Soviet Union Archived 1 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Newspaper clippings about Georgy Zhukov in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW