German American Bund
German American Bund | |
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Amerikadeutscher Volksbund | |
Midwest | |
Ideology | |
Political position | Far-right |
Major actions | |
Status | Defunct |
Size | ≈25,000[4] |
Part of a series on |
Nazism |
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Part of a series on |
Fascism |
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The German American Bund, or the German American Federation (German: Amerikadeutscher Bund, Amerikadeutscher Volksbund, AV), was a German-American Nazi organization which was established in 1936 as a successor to the Friends of New Germany (FONG, FDND in German). The organization chose its new name in order to emphasize its American credentials after the press accused it of being unpatriotic. The Bund was allowed to consist only of American citizens of German descent.[6] Its main goal was to promote a favorable view of Nazi Germany.
History
Friends of New Germany
In May 1933, Nazi
The organization which was led by Spanknöbel was openly pro-Nazi, and it engaged in activities such as storming the
In an internal battle for control of the Friends, Spanknöbel was ousted as its leader and subsequently, he was deported in October 1933 because he had failed to register as a foreign agent.[7]
At the same time, Congressman
The organization existed into the mid-1930s, although it always remained small, with a membership of between 5,000 and 10,000, mostly consisting of German citizens who were living in the United States and German emigrants who had only recently become citizens.[7] In December 1935, Rudolf Hess ordered all German citizens to leave the FONG and all of its leaders were recalled to Germany.[7]
Bund's activities
On March 19, 1936, the German American Bund was established as a follow-up organization for the Friends of New Germany in Buffalo, New York.[7][18] The Bund elected a German-born American citizen Fritz Julius Kuhn as its leader (Bundesführer).[19] Kuhn was a veteran because he served in the Bavarian infantry during World War I and he was also an Alter Kämpfer (old fighter) for the Nazi Party who was granted American citizenship in 1934. Kuhn was initially effective as a leader because he was able to unite the organization and expand its membership but later, he simply came to be seen as an incompetent swindler and a liar.[7]
The administrative structure of the Bund mimicked the regional administrative subdivision of the Nazi Party. The German American Bund divided the United States into three
The Bund established a number of training camps, including
Kuhn and a few other Bundmen traveled to Berlin to attend the 1936 Summer Olympics. During the trip, he visited the Reich Chancellery, where his picture was taken with Hitler.[7] This act did not constitute an official Nazi approval for Kuhn's organization: German Ambassador to the United States Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff expressed his disapproval and concern over the group to Berlin, causing distrust between the Bund and the Nazi regime.[7] The organization received no financial or verbal support from Germany. In response to the outrage of Jewish war veterans, Congress in 1938 passed the Foreign Agents Registration Act requiring foreign agents to register with the State Department. On March 1, 1938, the Nazi government decreed that no Reichsdeutsche [German nationals] could be a member of the Bund, and that no Nazi emblems were to be used by the organization.[7] This was done both to appease the U.S. and to distance Germany from the Bund, which was increasingly a cause of embarrassment with its rhetoric and actions.[7] The Bund held its sixth annual convention in early September 1938 in New York.[28]
Arguably, the zenith of the Bund's activities was the
Decline
In 1939, a New York tax investigation alleged that Kuhn had embezzled over $14,000 from the Bund (equivalent to $307,000 in 2023). The Bund did not seek to have Kuhn prosecuted, operating on the principle (Führerprinzip) that the leader had absolute power. However, New York City's district attorney prosecuted him in an attempt to cripple the Bund. On December 5, 1939, Kuhn was sentenced to two and a half to five years in prison for tax evasion and embezzlement.[33][34]
New Bund leaders replaced Kuhn, most notably Gerhard Kunze, but only for brief periods. The Bund's influence significantly decreased without Kuhn. A year after the outbreak of World War II, Congress enacted a peacetime military draft in September 1940. The Bund counseled members of draft age to evade conscription, a criminal offense punishable by up to five years in jail and a $10,000 fine. Gerhard Kunze fled to Mexico in November 1941. However, Mexican authorities forced him to return to the United States, where he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for espionage.[13][35]
U.S. Congressman
While Kuhn was in prison, his citizenship was canceled on June 1, 1943. Upon his release after he served 43 months in
According to historian Leland V. Bell, George Froboese,
Foreign relations
Relationship with Germany
Key members of the Bund often claimed to have a relationship with the German Nazi party in Berlin in order to legitimise the organisation in the eyes of the American public. For example, Helen Vooros, the former Bund youth leader, claimed that ‘“she was taught” that the Nazis planned an Austrian-like anschluss with the United States and ‘recognised Bund leader Fritz Kuhn as the “United States’ Fuehrer”’.[43] Although there was never any evidence to suggest this was true, it reveals how the Bund favoured their alliance to Germany over their declaration of allegiance to “the Constitution, the flag and the institutions of the United States of America”.[44] Despite these grand claims however, members of the Third Reich continued to discredit the Bund with the German Ambassador to the United States, Hans Heinrich Dieckhoff, voicing his disproval of the Bund when he expressed his belief that the organisation was only serving to stir up anti-German sentiment among the American public. Due to this conflicting relationship, Germany distanced themselves from the Bund as they saw them as being untrustworthy and detrimental to German-American relations.[45][44] On the 1st of March 1938 the Nazi government declared that no German citizen could be a member of the German-American Bund and, no Nazi emblems or symbols were to be used in association with this organisation.[45]
Relationship with America
Meanwhile, in America, there was a growing fear that the Bund was working with Germany to spark a fascist revolution in the States. American newspapers rallied fear surrounding the organisation by creating no distinction between the Nazi party and the German-American Bund. In the aftermath of the 1939 rally in Madison Square Gardens, The New York Times stated that the Bund was “determined to destroy our democracy and to establish in its place a fascist dictatorship”.[46] Statements such as this promoted a genuine fear of the reach of German Fascism in America and incentivised a widespread anti-German sentiment across the country, especially when followed by accounts of everyday Americans joining the Bund as seen in both The Chicago Daily Tribune and The Washington Post. Despite its original goal of garnering sympathy for the Nazi party in America, the Bund was a leading contributor to the hatred of National Socialists in the States. Due to the antisemitic teachings and pro-Hitler stance, the Bund became marginalised from American society and became an aid to the Roosevelt administration in promoting the detrimental effect of National Socialism on American society.[47]
Impact on German-American Relations
In the 1930s, the Bund amplified the anti-German feeling which lingered in the American public's consciousness and Americans believed that the Bund posed a threat to their way of life. Political leaders such as Roosevelt recognised the threat which the Nazi ideology posed to the West and they used the American people's fear of the Bund as a helpful tool in support of their efforts to steer the American people towards the possibility of war.[48] Fear of Nazi ideology triggered tensions between Germany and America because the American public had strong feelings against the Nazi regime due to its experiences with the Bund, feelings which were amplified by the Attack on Pearl Harbour. Therefore, the American public supported the war effort in an attempt to protect its freedom, ultimately leading to a break in German-American relations when Nazi Germany declared war against the United States on December 11, 1941, four days after the attack on Pearl Harbour.
See also
- Antisemitism in the United States
- History of antisemitism in the United States
- Black Legion (political movement), an offshoot of the second Ku Klux Klan
- Christian Front (United States)
- Christian Nationalist Crusade
- Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
- Fascism in North America
- Fascist League of North America
- Radical right (United States)
- Silver Legion of America
- Joe K spy ring, recruited Nazi spies out of the Bund 1940–1941
References
Notes
- JSTOR 2147597.
- ^ a b Federal Bureau of Investigation. "German American Federation/Bund Part 11 of 11". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
- ^ "American Nazi organization rally at Madison Square Garden, 1939". Rare Historical Photos. February 19, 2014.
- ^ "German American Bund". Holocaust Encyclopedia. July 2, 2016.
- ^ William, Chris (November 12, 2019). "The German American Bund: The Enemy Within". Military Trader/Vehicles. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
Gau USA was a domestic offshoot of the German Nazi party and took orders from its superiors in the old Fatherland. Because of internal issues and a lack of adequate organization, Gau USA was ordered dissolved in 1933 when Hitler came to power. In April 1933, the Gau USA Detroit leader, Heinz Spanknobel, traveled to Germany and was granted permission to reorganize a new group in the US. The following July, he formed Die Freunde des Neuen Deutschland (FDND — The Friends of the New Germany). Many of the old Teutonia Club and Gau USA leaders were brought in to help run the new organization under the strict guidance of Spanknobel. However, due to poor management skills, overbearing direction, and political wrangling, Spanknobel left the US and was later replaced by Teutonia founder, Fritz Gissibl.
- ^ Van Ells, Mark D. (August 2007). "Americans for Hitler – The Bund". America in WWII. Vol. 3, no. 2. pp. 44–49. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "American Bund". Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
- JSTOR 23877858.
In one swift move that was to have an enormous implication for the infant Nazi movement in America, Nieland over looked Teutonia and designated the New York City cell as a Department (Gau) of the NSDAP. By June, local units of the New York Gau were opened in Seattle, St. Louis, Milwaukee and Chicago. By September, the American section of the NSDAP claimed to have over 1,500 members and it even had a Women's Division in Chicago. Nieland's decision threw the Teutonia Group into a state of complete dismay. But Not only had he dismissed Teutonia as the potential base on which Gau-USA could have been built, he also engendered a situation that caused Party members to withdraw from the organization because they wanted to belong to a "real" Nazi movement. (The official name of Nieland's organization was the Auslands Abteilung der Reichs Leitung der NSDAP. On the formation of a Women's Division, Application to Kameradschaft-USA, Martha Schnieder, Leiterin der Frauenschaft der Ortsgruppen Chicago, 1932 1935. RUckwanderer Materials, 3/140/177983; on the development of Gau-XJSA, cf. Alfred Erinn to Gauleitung Hamburg, Feb. 2, 1931. 3/147/185886.)
- ^ Nazi Party/Foreign Organization
- ^ de:NSDAP/AO
- ^ William, Chris (November 12, 2019). "The German American Bund: The Enemy Within". Military Trader/Vehicles. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
Gau USA was a domestic offshoot of the German Nazi party and it took orders from its superiors in the old Fatherland. Because of internal issues and a lack of adequate organization, Gau USA was ordered to dissolve itself in 1933 when Hitler came to power. In April 1933, the Gau USA's Detroit leader, Heinz Spanknobel, traveled to Germany and while he was there, he was granted permission to form a new group in the US. The following July, he formed Die Freunde des Neuen Deutschland (FDND — The Friends of the New Germany). Many of the leaders of the old Teutonia Club and Gau USA were brought in to help run the new organization under the strict guidance of Spanknobel. However, due to his poor management skills, his overbearing direction, and political wrangling, Spanknobel left the US and he was later replaced by Teutonia's founder, Fritz Gissibl.
- JSTOR 1432749. Retrieved October 3, 2021.]
Reichsschatzmeister to the Auslands - Abteilung der NSDAP
[permanent dead link - ^ user-generated source]
- S2CID 145170586.
- ISBN 978-1-57230-562-5.
- ^ Shaffer, Ryan (Spring 2010). "Long Island Nazis: A Local Synthesis of Transnational Politics". Vol. 21, no. 2. Journal of Long Island History. Archived from the original on June 21, 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
- ^ Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, Seventy-fifth Congress, third session-Seventy-eighth Congress, second session, on H. Res. 282, to investigate (l) the extent, character, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States, (2) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propaganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and attacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitution, and (3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in any necessary remedial legislation
- ^ "Fritz Kuhn Death in 1951 Revealed. Lawyer Says Former Leader of German-American Bund Succumbed in Munich". The New York Times. AP. February 2, 1953. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
Fritz Kuhn, once the arrogant, noisy leader of the pro-Hitler German-American Bund, died here more than a year ago – a poor and obscure chemist, unheralded and unsung.
- ISBN 0-8223-0772-3.
- ^ ISBN 3-515-06805-8.
- ^ a b "German-American Bund". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
- ^ "German films about Camp Bergwald, the Bund Camp on Federal Hill, Riverdale, NJ". Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch (NWDNM), National Archives. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
- ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. The Encyclopedia of New York City. The New York Historical Society, Yale University Press, 1995, 462.
- ISBN 1-57607-940-6.
When Arthur Bell, your Grand Giant, and Mr. Smythe asked us about using Camp Nordlund for this patriotic meeting, we decided to let them have it ...
- ^ "Windham was home to Nazi summer camp in 1937," by Julia Reischel, (Watershed Post; Monday, August 18, 2014 - 12:10 pm)
- ISBN 0-8232-2528-3.
- ^ "Nazis Hail George Washington as First Fascist". Life. March 7, 1938. p. 17. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
- ^ Taylor, Alan (June 5, 2017). "American Nazis in the 1930s—The German American Bund - The Atlantic". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
- ^ "Bund Activities Widespread. Evidence Taken by Dies Committee Throws Light on Meaning of the Garden Rally". The New York Times. February 26, 1939. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Disorders attendant upon Nazi rallies in New York and Los Angeles this week again focused attention upon the Nazi movement in the United States and inspired conjectures as to its strength and influence.
- ^ "Vonsiatsky Espionage". FBI.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
In August, 1937, [Kunze] was appointed by Fritz Kuhn, then National Leader of the Fund, as National Public Relations Officer and from October, 1937, on he was employed on a full-time basis at the national headquarters of the Bund in New York City.
- ^ "When Nazis Rallied at Madison Square Garden". WNYC Archives. Event occurs at 1:05:54. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
...and in our political life, where a Henry Morgenthau takes the place of men like Alexander Hamilton, and a Frank D. Rosenfeld takes the place of a George Washington.
- ^ Buder, Emily (October 10, 2017). "When 20,000 American Nazis Descended Upon New York City". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
In 1939, the German American Bund organized a rally of 20,000 Nazi supporters at Madison Square Garden in New York City.
- ISBN 1-85109-628-0. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ Geels, James E. (August 1975). "The German-American Bund: Fifth Column or Deutschtum?". UNT Digital Library. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
- ^ "Vonsiatsky Espionage". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ "Fritz Kuhn, Former Bund Chief, Ordered Back to Germany". The Evening Independent. September 7, 1945.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
- ^ Giles, Diane (May 9, 2020). "Old Kenosha: The dark times of The Kenosha Volksbund". Kenosha News. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
- JSTOR 2147597.
- ^ "Supreme Court Reverses Bund Convictions". Ellensburg Daily Record. June 11, 1945. Retrieved March 7, 2023 – via news.google.com.
- ^ Keegan v. United States, 325 U.S. 478 (1945) ("The proofs would not sustain, and the indictment does not contain, any charge of conspiracy to counsel evasion of registration.").
- ^ Thrall, Minna (2020). ""What For is Democracy?": The german American Bund in the American Press, 1936-1941". Voces Novae. 12: 11 – via Digital Commons.
- ^ a b Thrall, Minna (2020). "'"What is For Democracy?": The German American Bund in the American Press, 1936-1941,"". Voces Novae. 12: 7 – via Digital Commons.
- ^ a b Bredemus, Jim (January 17, 2024). "The Failure of American Nazism: The German-American Bund's Attempt to Create an American "Fifth Column". Archived from the original on January 24, 2018.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
- ^ Geels, James E. (August 1975). The German-American Bund: Fifth Colum or Deutschtum?. North Texas State University. p. 13.
- ^ Wolf, Cameron (April 22, 2019). Fritz Kuhn's Nazi America: Kuhn's Growth and Destruction of the German American Bund in the 1930s. University of Kansas (published 2019). p. 26.
Further reading
- Allen, Joe (2012-2013) "'It Can't Happen Here?': Confronting the Fascist Threat in the US in the Late 1930s". International Socialist Review Part One: n.85 (September–October 2012), pp. 26–35; Part Two: n.87 (January–February 2013) pp. 19–28.
- Bell, Leland V. (1973) In Hitler's Shadow; The Anatomy of American Nazism. Associated Faculty Press.
- Canedy, Susan (1990) Americas Nazis: A Democratic Dilemma a History of the German American Bund Markgraf Publications Group
- Diamond, Sander (1974) The Nazi Movement in the United States: 1924–1941. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press
- Grams, Grant W. (2021) Coming Home to the Third Reich: Return Migration of German Nationals from the United States and Canada, 1933–1941. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishers
- Jenkins, Philip (1997) Hoods and Shirts: The Extreme Right in Pennsylvania, 1925–1950 University of North Carolina Press.
- de Jong, Louis (1956). The German Fifth Column in the Second World War. University of Chicago Press. OCLC 2023177.
translated from the Dutch by C.M. Geyl
- McCartan, Gerald Joseph (1976). An analysis of press coverage of the German American Bund by selected American publications (Thesis). doi:10.25335/M5T87X. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
Journalism Masters Thesis
- MacDonnell, Francis (1995) Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front Oxford University Press.
- ISBN 0-87338-209-9.
- Miller, Marvin D. (1983) Wunderlich's Salute: The Interrelationship of the German-American Bund, Camp Siegfried, Yaphank, Long Island, and the Young Siegfrieds and Their Relationship with American and Nazi Institutions Malamud-Rose Publishers.
- Norwood, Stephen H (2003) "Marauding Youth and the Christian Front: Antisemitic Violence in Boston and New York during World War II" American Jewish History, v.91
- Schneider, James C. (1989) Should America Go to War? The Debate over Foreign Policy in Chicago, 1939–1941 University of North Carolina Press
- St. George, Maximiliam and Dennis, Lawrence (1946)A Trial on Trial: The Great Sedition Trial of 1944 National Civil Rights Committee.
- Strong, Donald S. (1941) Organized Anti-Semitism in America: The Rise of Group Prejudice during the Decade 1930–40
- Van Ells, Mark D. (August 2007). "Americans for Hitler – The Bund". America in WWII. Vol. 3, no. 2. pp. 44–49.
External links
- Home Grown Nazis - A 13 part series for the Chicago Times in Sept. 1937 on Nazi activities in Chicago based on undercover reporting of Chicago Times reporters.
- Collection of articles in the Mid-Island Mail related to Bund activity in Yaphank, New York (1935–1941) (Longwood Public Library)
- Mp3 of National Leader Fritz Julius Kuhn address at the 1939 Madison Square Garden rally (from Talking History: The Radio Archives)
- What Price the Federal Reserve? – Illustrated antisemitic pamphlet issued by the Bund
- Awake and Act – Pamphlet listing the purposes and aims of the German American Bund
- U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum article on German-American Bund
- "Louis Lochner". Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2011. – Article by Jim Bredemus
- FBI Records: German American Federation/Bund
- Materials produced by the Bund are found in the Florence Mendheim Collection of Anti-Semitic Propaganda (#AR 25441); Leo Baeck Institute, New York.
- "A Night at the Garden". Field of Vision. October 11, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.