German Canadians
Deutsch-Kanadier | |
---|---|
German Canadians (
History
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1871 | 202,991 | — |
1881 | 254,319 | +25.3% |
1901 | 310,501 | +22.1% |
1911 | 403,417 | +29.9% |
1921 | 294,635 | −27.0% |
1931 | 473,544 | +60.7% |
1941 | 464,682 | −1.9% |
1951 | 619,995 | +33.4% |
1961 | 1,049,599 | +69.3% |
1971 | 1,317,200 | +25.5% |
1981 | 1,142,365 | −13.3% |
1986 | 2,467,055 | +116.0% |
1991 | 2,793,780 | +13.2% |
1996 | 2,757,140 | −1.3% |
2001 | 2,742,765 | −0.5% |
2006 | 3,179,425 | +15.9% |
2011 | 3,203,330 | +0.8% |
2016 | 3,322,405 | +3.7% |
Source: Statistics Canada [2]: 17 [3]: 3 [4]: 1 [5]: 22 [6]: 97 [7]: 45 [8]: 60 [9][10][11][12][1] Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount. Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category. |
Historiography of Germans in Canada
In
Early history
A few Germans came to
Loyalist migration
In the late 18th century, British colonies in North America were significantly affected by the outbreak and subsequent loss of the
Another broad grouping of migrants were
The largest group fleeing the United States was the
The same geographic area also attracted new German migrants from Europe, roughly 50,000 between the 1830 and 1860.[19][20] Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.[21]
Late 19th and early 20th centuries
By 1871, nearly 55% of the population of Waterloo County had German origins.[22] Especially in Berlin, German was the dominant language spoken. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.[21]
The German Protestants developed the Lutheran Church along Canadian lines. In Waterloo County, Ontario, with large German elements that arrived after 1850, the Lutheran churches played major roles in the religious, cultural and social life of the community. After 1914 English became the preferred language for sermons and publications. Absent a seminary, the churches trained their own ministers, but there was a doctrinal schism in the 1860s. While the anglophone Protestants promoted the Social Gospel and prohibition, the Lutherans stood apart.[23]
In Montreal, immigrants and Canadians of German-descent founded the German Society of Montreal in April 1835. The secular organization's purpose was to bring together the German community in the city and act as a unified voice, help sick and needy members of the community, and maintain customs and traditions.[24] The Society is still active and celebrated its 180th anniversary in 2015.
By the early 1900s, the northern part of
First World War
Before and during World War I, there was some
Several streets in Toronto that had previously been named for Liszt, Humboldt, Schiller, Bismarck, etc. were changed to names with strong British associations, such as Balmoral. There were anti-German riots in Victoria and in Calgary during the first years of the war.[citation needed]
News reports from Waterloo County, Ontario, indicate "A Lutheran minister was pulled out of his house... he was dragged through the streets. German clubs were ransacked through the course of the war. It was just a really nasty time period."[28] A document in the Archives of Canada makes the following comment: "Although ludicrous to modern eyes, the whole issue of a name for Berlin highlights the effects that fear, hatred and nationalism can have upon a society in the face of war."[29]
Across Canada, internment camps opened in 1915 and 8,579 "enemy aliens" were held there until the end of the war. Many were German-speaking immigrants from Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Ukraine. Only 3,138 were classed as prisoners of war; the rest were civilians.[30][31]
Second World War and later
The
Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;[19] approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.[34] Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.[35] Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.[36] Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."[37] There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.[38] Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",[39] and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American war films which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.[39] Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.[40] German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.[41]
Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,
Demography
This section contains prose text. (February 2023) ) |
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Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Population
Year | Population | % of total population |
---|---|---|
1871 [2]: 17 |
202,991 | 5.823% |
1881 [2]: 17 |
254,319 | 5.88% |
1901 [2]: 17 [3]: 3 |
310,501 | 5.781% |
1911 [2]: 17 [3]: 3 |
403,417 | 5.598% |
1921 [2]: 17 [3]: 3 [4]: 1 |
294,635 | 3.353% |
1931 [2]: 17 [3]: 3 [4]: 1 |
473,544 | 4.563% |
1941 [2]: 17 [3]: 3 [4]: 1 |
464,682 | 4.038% |
1951 [2]: 17 [3]: 3 [4]: 1 |
619,995 | 4.426% |
1961 [2]: 17 [3]: 3 [4]: 1 |
1,049,599 | 5.755% |
1971 [2]: 17 [4]: 1 |
1,317,200 | 6.107% |
1981 [5]: 22 |
1,142,365 | 4.743% |
1986 [6]: 97 [7]: 45 |
2,467,055 | 9.86% |
1991 [8]: 60 |
2,793,780 | 10.35% |
1996 [9] |
2,757,140 | 9.665% |
2001 [10] |
2,742,765 | 9.254% |
2006 [11] |
3,179,425 | 10.177% |
2011 [12] |
3,203,330 | 9.751% |
2016 [1] |
3,322,405 | 9.641% |
Geographical distribution
Provinces & territories
Province/Territory | 2016[1] | 2011[12] | 2006[11] | 2001[10] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Ontario | 1,189,670 | 8.98% | 1,154,550 | 9.13% | 1,144,560 | 9.52% | 965,510 | 8.56% |
Alberta | 712,955 | 17.92% | 683,830 | 19.17% | 679,700 | 20.87% | 576,350 | 19.6% |
British Columbia | 603,265 | 13.23% | 567,670 | 13.13% | 561,570 | 13.78% | 500,675 | 12.94% |
Saskatchewan | 296,385 | 27.69% | 288,790 | 28.63% | 286,045 | 29.99% | 275,060 | 28.56% |
Manitoba | 220,735 | 17.79% | 218,490 | 18.61% | 216,755 | 19.12% | 200,370 | 18.15% |
Quebec | 142,230 | 1.79% | 132,945 | 1.72% | 131,795 | 1.77% | 88,700 | 1.24% |
Nova Scotia | 97,550 | 10.74% | 97,605 | 10.77% | 101,865 | 11.28% | 89,460 | 9.97% |
New Brunswick | 34,205 | 4.68% | 34,870 | 4.74% | 33,830 | 4.7% | 27,490 | 3.82% |
Newfoundland and Labrador | 8,620 | 1.68% | 8,190 | 1.61% | 7,390 | 1.48% | 6,275 | 1.24% |
Prince Edward Island | 7,060 | 5.05% | 7,160 | 5.21% | 7,050 | 5.25% | 5,400 | 4.05% |
Yukon | 5,575 | 15.88% | 5,210 | 15.64% | 4,835 | 16.01% | 4,085 | 14.32% |
Northwest Territories | 3,410 | 8.29% | 3,375 | 8.27% | 3,495 | 8.51% | 3,005 | 8.1% |
Nunavut | 745 | 2.09% | 640 | 2.02% | 550 | 1.88% | 395 | 1.48% |
Canada | 3,322,405 | 9.64% | 3,203,330 | 9.75% | 3,179,425 | 10.18% | 2,742,765 | 9.25% |
Prairies
There are several German ethnic-bloc settlements in the Canadian Prairies in western Canada. Over a quarter of people in Saskatchewan are German-Canadians. German bloc settlements include the areas around Strasbourg, Bulyea, Leader, Burstall, Fox Valley, Eatonia, St. Walburg, Paradise Hill, Loon Lake, Goodsoil, Pierceland, Meadow Lake, Edenwold, Windthorst, Lemberg, Qu'appelle, Neudorf, Grayson, Langenburg, Kerrobert, Unity, Luseland, Macklin, Humboldt, Watson, Cudworth, Lampman, Midale, Tribune, Consul, Rockglen, Shaunavon and Swift Current.
In Saskatchewan the German settlers came directly from Russia, or, after 1914 from the Dakotas.[20] They came not as large groups but as part of a chain of family members, where the first immigrants would find suitable locations and send for the others. They formed compact German-speaking communities built around their Catholic or Lutheran churches, and continuing old-world customs. They were farmers who grew wheat and sugar beets.[47] Arrivals from Russia, Bukovina, and Romanian Dobruja established their villages in a 40-mile-wide tract east of Regina.[48] The Germans operated parochial schools primarily to maintain their religious faith; often they offered only an hour of German language instruction a week, but they always had extensive coverage of religion. Most German Catholic children by 1910 attended schools taught entirely in English.[49] From 1900 to 1930, German Catholics generally voted for the Liberal ticket (rather than the Provincial Rights and Conservative tickets), seeing Liberals as more willing to protect religious minorities. Occasionally they voted for Conservatives or independent candidates who offered greater support for public funding of parochial schools.[50] Nazi Germany made a systematic effort to proselytize among Saskatchewan's Germans in the 1930s. Fewer than 1% endorsed their message, but some did migrate back to Germany before anti-Nazi sentiment became overwhelming in 1939.[51]
Culture
Music
The choral tradition is historically very prominent within German music in Canada. In the latter part of the 19th century,
The continued success of these events led to the founding of the Deutsch-kanadischer Sängerbund (German-Canadian Choir Federation) in Hamilton in 1873 and the Canadian Choir Federation in Berlin in 1893.
Folklore
The
Notable people
Education
There are two German international schools in Canada:
- Alexander von Humboldt Schule Montréal
- German International School Toronto
There are also bilingual German-English K-12 schools in Winnipeg, Manitoba:
- Donwood Elementary School (K–5)
- Princess Margaret School (K–5)
- Chief Peguis Junior High (6–8)
- River East Collegiate (9–12)
- Westgate Mennonite Collegiate (6-12)
See also
- Foreign Protestants
- German Americans
- Hessian (soldiers)
- German inventors and discoverers
- German Mills, Ontario
- German Canadian Club Hansa
- Waterloo County, Ontario
- Berliner Journal
- List of German language newspapers of Ontario
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-17). "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (1999-07-29). "Historical statistics of Canada, section A: Population and migration - ARCHIVED". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic groups". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Ethnic origin". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Census Canada 1986 Profile of ethnic groups". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1986 Census of Canada: Ethnic Diversity In Canada". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1991 Census: The nation. Ethnic origin". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-04). "Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-01). "Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ Reaman 1957, p. xvii.
- ^ a b Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ a b c Reaman 1957, p. xviii.
- ^ Lehmann 1986, p. 371.
- ^ a b "HistoricPlaces.ca - HistoricPlaces.ca". Historicplaces.ca. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ "Waterloo Township". Waterloo Region Museum Research. Region of Waterloo. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ a b Bassler 2013.
- ^ a b Lehmann 1986.
- ^ a b "Religion in Waterloo North (Pre 1911)". Waterloo Region. 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ^ Bloomfield, Foster & Forgay 1993, p. xiii.
- ^ Heick 1964.
- ^ Gürttler 1985, p. 108.
- ^ Lehmann 1986, pp. 186–194, 198–204.
- ^ "Waterloo Region Pre-1914". Waterloo Region WWI. University of Waterloo. 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ^ D'Amato, Louisa (28 June 2014). "First World War ripped away Canada's 'age of innocence'". Kitchener Post, Waterloo Region Record. Kitchener. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- ^ "Kitchener mayor notes 100th year of name change". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ "ARCHIVED - Did You Know That… - ARCHIVED - Canada and the First World War - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscamnada.gc.ca. 30 June 2016. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Anti-German Sentiment". Canadian War Museum. Government of Canada. 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ^ Tahirali, Jesse (3 August 2014). "First World War internment camps a dark chapter in Canadian history". CTV News. Bell Media. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ^ "INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2". ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ^ MacKinnon, Dianne (16 August 2011). "Canadian Internment Camps". Renfrew County Museums. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ^ Freund 2006, p. 134.
- ^ Freund 2006, p. 135.
- ^ Freund 2006, p. 136.
- ^ Freund 2006, p. 130.
- ^ Freund 2006, pp. 131, 149.
- ^ a b c Freund 2006, p. 139.
- ^ Freund 2006, p. 141.
- ^ Freund 2006, p. 142.
- ^ Freund 2006, p. 145.
- ^ Freund 2006, p. 154.
- ^ Freund 2006, pp. 150, 154.
- ^ Freund 2006, p. 153.
- ^ Freund 2006, p. 147.
- ^ Clark & Isern 2010.
- ^ Giesinger 1984.
- ^ White 1994.
- ^ White 1997.
- ^ Wagner 1978.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kallmann & Kemp 2006.
- ^ Reaman 1957, p. 191.
- ^ Wintemberg 1899, p. 48.
- ^ Reaman 1957, p. 195.
- ^ a b Wintemberg 1899, p. 46.
- ^ a b Wintemberg 1899, p. 50.
- ^ a b c Reaman 1957, p. 192.
- ^ Wintemberg 1899, p. 45.
Bibliography
- Bassler, Gerhard P. (30 July 2013). "German Canadians". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- Bloomfield, Elizabeth; Foster, Linda; Forgay, Jane (1993). Waterloo County to 1972: an annotated bibliography of regional history. Waterloo: Waterloo Regional Heritage Foundation. ISBN 9780969693604.
- Clark, Jessica; Isern, Thomas D. (Spring 2010). "Germans from Russia in Saskatchewan: An Oral History". American Review of Canadian Studies. 40 (1): 71–85. S2CID 143085107.
- Freund, Alexander (2006). "Troubling Memories in Nation-building: World War II Memories and Germans' Inter-ethnic Encounters in Canada after 1945". Histoire Sociale / Social History. 39 (77): 129–155. ISSN 0018-2257.
- Giesinger, Adam (Summer 1984). "The Germans from Russia Who Pioneered in Saskatchewan". Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia. 7 (2): 1–14.
- Gürttler, Karin R. (1985). Geschichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft zu Montreal (1835–1985) (in German). Montreal, QC: German Society of Montreal. OCLC 29291580.
- Heick, Wilfrid H. (December 1964). "Becoming an Indigenous Church: The Lutheran Church in Waterloo County, Ontario". Ontario History. 56 (4): 249–260.
- Kallmann, Helmut; Kemp, Walter P. (7 February 2006). "Sängerfeste". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- Lehmann, Heinz (1986). Bassler, Gerhard P. (ed.). The German Canadians 1750–1937: Immigration, Settlement & Culture. Translated by Bassler, Gerhard P. Jesperson Press. ISBN 978-1-55081-308-1.
- Reaman, George Elmore (1957). The Trail of the Black Walnut (revised ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-7351-8.
- Wagner, Jonathan F. (May 1978). "The Deutscher Bund Canada in Saskatchewan". Saskatchewan History. 31 (2): 41–50.
- White, Clinton O. (1994). "Pre-World War I Saskatchewan German Catholic thought concerning the perpetuation of their language and religion". Canadian Ethnic Studies. 26 (2): 15–30.
- White, Clinton O. (September 1997). "The Politics of Elementary Schools in a German-American Roman Catholic Settlement in Canada's Province of Saskatchewan, 1903–1925". Great Plains Research. 7 (2). ISSN 1052-5165.
- Wintemberg, W. J. (1899). "Items of German-Canadian Folk-Lore". JSTOR 533769.
Further reading
- Adam, Thomas, ed. Germany and the America: Culture, Politics and History (3 vol 2006)
- Bassler, Gerhard P. "The Enemy Alien Experience in Newfoundland 1914-1918." Canadian Ethnic Studies= Etudes Ethniques au Canada 20.3 (1988): 42+.
- Bassler, Gerhard P. The German Canadian Mosaic Today and Yesterday. Identities, Roots, and Heritage (Ottawa: German-Canadian Congress, 1991).
- Bausenhart, Werner A. (1972). "The Ontario German Language Press and Its Suppression by Order-in-Council in 1918". Canadian Ethnic Studies. 4 (1–2): 35–48. ISSN 0008-3496.
- Bausenhart, Werner (1989). German Immigration and Assimilation in Ontario, 1783–1918. New York: Legas. ISBN 0-921252-10-2.
- Becker, Anthony. "The Germans in Western Canada, A Vanishing People." Bulletin of the Canadian Catholic Historical Association (1975). online Archived 2017-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
- Betcherman, Lita-Rose. The Swastika and the Maple Leaf. Fascist Movements in Canada in the Thirties (Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1975).
- Entz, Werner. "The Suppression of the German Language Press in September 1918 (with special reference to the secular German language press in western Canada)." Canadian Ethnic Studies 8.2 (1976): 56-70.
- Fair, Ross. "'Theirs was a deeper purpose': The Pennsylvania Germans of Ontario and the Craft of the Homemaking Myth." Canadian Historical Review 87#4 (December 2006)
- Fair, Ross (2012). "Chapter 4: Model Farmers, Dubious Citizens: Reconsidering the Pennsylvania Germans of Upper Canada, 1786–1834". In Freund, Alexander (ed.). Beyond the Nation?: Immigrants' Local Lives in Transnational Cultures. University of Toronto Press. pp. 79–106. ISBN 9781442694866.
- Foster, Lois, and Anne Seitz. "Official attitudes to Germans during World War II: some Australian and Canadian comparisons." Ethnic and Racial Studies 14.4 (1991): 474–492.
- Grams, Grant W. Coming Home to the Third Reich: Return Migration of German Nationals from the United States and Canada, 1933-1941 (McFarland, 2021). online
- Grams, Grant W. "The Deportation of German Nationals from Canada, 1919 to 1939." Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 11 (2010): 219-237. online
- Heald, Carolyn A. (2009). The Irish Palatines In Ontario: Religion, Ethnicity, and Rural Migration (2nd ed.). OCLC 430037634.
- Kalbfleisch, Herbert Karl (1968). The History of the Pioneer German Language Press of Ontario, 1835–1918. Toronto: ISBN 978-1-4875-8906-6.
- Keyserlingk, Robert H. "The Canadian Government's Attitude Towards Germans and German Canadians in World War Two." Canadian ethnic studies= Études ethniques au Canada 16.1 (1984): 16+.
- Keyserlingk, Robert H. 'Agents within the Gates': The Search for Nazi Subversives in Canada during World War II" Canadian Historical Review 66#2 (1985)
- Lorenzkowski, Barbara (2012). "Germania in Canada – Nation and Ethnicity at the German Peace Jubilees of 1871". In Freund, Alexander (ed.). Beyond the Nation?: Immigrants' Local Lives in Transnational Cultures. ISBN 9781442694866.
- McLaughlin, K. M. The Germans in Canada (Canadian Historical Association, 1985).
- Magocsi, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples (1999) extensive coverage
- (in French) Meune, Manuel. Les Allemands du Québec: Parcours et discours d'une communauté méconnue. Montréal: Méridien, 2003. ISBN 2-89415293-0.
- Milnes, Humphrey (January–March 1954). "German Folklore in Ontario". Journal of American Folklore. 67 (263). American Folklore Society: 35–43. JSTOR 536806.
- Robinson, Curtis B. (2019). Ethnic Elites, Propaganda, Recruiting and Intelligence in German-Canadian Ontario, 1914–1918 (PDF) (PhD thesis). St. John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- Sauer, Angelika E. (2007). "The Unbounded German Nation: Dr. Otto Hahn and German Emigration to Canada in the 1870s and 1880s". Canadian Ethnic Studies. 39 (1–2): 129–144. S2CID 145534168.
- Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven (1995). "Early German-Canadian Ethnic Minority Writing". Canadian Ethnic Studies. 27 (1): 99–122. ISSN 0008-3496.
- Wagner, Jonathan (2005). A History of Migration from Germany to Canada 1850–1939. ISBN 9780774812153.
- Wilhelmy, Jean-Pierre (2009). Les Mercenaires allemands au Québec, 1776–1783 (in French). Septentrion. ISBN 978-2-89664-554-1.
- Wagner, Jonathan. A History of Migration from Germany to Canada, 1850-1939 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006).
- Wagner, Jonathan. The Deutsche Zeitung für Canada: A Nazi Newspaper in Winnipeg in Manitoba Historical Society Transactions, Series 3, Number 33, 1976-77 online
- Wagner, Jonathan. “The Deutscher Bund Canada, 1934-9.” Canadian Historical Review 58#2 (June 1977).
- Wieden, Fritz. The Trans-Canada Alliance of German Canadians, A Study in Culture ( Windsor: Tolle Lege Enterprises (1985).
Historiography
- Antor, Heinz Refractions of Germany in Canadian literature and culture (Walter de Gruyter, 2003).
- Bassler, Gerhard P. "Silent or silenced co-founders of Canada? Reflections on the history of German Canadians." Canadian Ethnic Studies= Etudes Ethniques au Canada 22.1 (1990): 38+.
- Maxwell, Alexander, and Sacha E. Davis. "Germanness beyond Germany: collective identity in German diaspora communities." German Studies Review 39.1 (2016): 1-15.
- Waters, Tony (Summer 1995). "Towards a Theory of Ethnic Identity and Migration: The Formation of Ethnic Enclaves by Migrant Germans in Russia and North America". S2CID 147415727.
- Worsfold, Elliot. "Cast Down, But Not Forsaken: The Second World War Experience and Memory of German-Canadian Lutherans in Southwestern Ontario." Ontario History 106.1 (2014): 57-76.
External links
- German Clubs, Communities and Businesses in Canada and USA
- University of Alberta's History of Germans in Alberta
- Multicultural Canada website including German books and periodicals and digitized issues of the Berliner Journal, 1880–1916
- History of Ours: the German People A history of Germans in Brantford, Ontario.
- German Canadian Club "Hansa Haus" in Mississauga, Ontario German-Canadian Cultural Centre in the GTA
- German Canadian Association of Nova Scotia Nonprofit organization in Nova Scotia that promotes German Canadian heritage and cultures
- German Canadian Congress