German battleship Tirpitz

Coordinates: 69°38′50″N 18°48′30″E / 69.64722°N 18.80833°E / 69.64722; 18.80833
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A recognition drawing of Tirpitz prepared by the US Navy
History
Germany
NamesakeAlfred von Tirpitz
BuilderKriegsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven
Laid down2 November 1936
Launched1 April 1939
Commissioned25 February 1941
FateSunk by Royal Air Force bombers on 12 November 1944
General characteristics
Class and typeBismarck-class battleship
Displacement
  • 42,900 t (42,200 long tons)
    standard
  • 52,600 t (51,800 long tons)
    full load
Length
Beam36 m (118 ft 1 in)
Draft9.30 m (30 ft 6 in) standard[b]
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph)
Range8,870 nmi (16,430 km; 10,210 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Complement
  • 103 officers
  • 1,962 enlisted men[a]
Sensors and
processing systems
FuMO 23
Armament
Armour
  • Belt
    : 320 mm (13 in)
  • Turrets: 360 mm (14 in)
  • Main deck: 100 to 120 mm (3.9 to 4.7 in)
  • Upper deck: 50 mm (2 in)
Aircraft carried4 × Arado Ar 196 floatplanes
Aviation facilities1 double-ended catapult

Tirpitz (German pronunciation: [ˈtɪʁpɪt͡s] ) was the second of two Bismarck-class battleships built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine (navy) prior to and during the Second World War. Named after Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the architect of the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy), the ship was laid down at the Kriegsmarinewerft in Wilhelmshaven in November 1936 and her hull was launched two and a half years later. Work was completed in February 1941, when she was commissioned into the German fleet. Like her sister ship, Bismarck, Tirpitz was armed with a main battery of eight 38-centimetre (15 in) guns in four twin turrets. After a series of wartime modifications she was 2000 tonnes heavier than Bismarck, making her the heaviest battleship ever built by a European navy.[3]

After completing

Soviet Baltic Fleet. In early 1942, the ship sailed to Norway to act as a deterrent against an Allied invasion. While stationed in Norway, Tirpitz was also intended to be used to intercept Allied convoys to the Soviet Union, and two such missions were attempted in 1942. This was the only feasible role for her, since the St Nazaire Raid had made operations against the Atlantic convoy lanes too risky. Tirpitz acted as a fleet in being, forcing the British Royal Navy to retain significant naval forces in the area to contain the battleship.[4]

In September 1943, Tirpitz, along with the battleship

capsize
rapidly. A deck fire spread to the ammunition magazine for one of the main battery turrets, which caused a large explosion. Figures for the number of men killed in the attack range from 950 to 1,204. Between 1948 and 1957, the wreck was broken up by a joint Norwegian and German salvage operation.

Design

The two Bismarck-class battleships were designed in the mid-1930s by the German Kriegsmarine as a counter to French naval expansion, specifically the two Richelieu-class battleships France had started in 1935. Laid down after the signing of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935, Tirpitz and her sister Bismarck were nominally within the 35,000-long-ton (36,000 t) limit imposed by the Washington regime that governed battleship construction in the interwar period. The ships secretly exceeded the figure by a wide margin, though before either vessel was completed, the international treaty system had fallen apart following Japan's withdrawal in 1937, allowing signatories to invoke an "escalator clause" that permitted displacements as high as 45,000 long tons (46,000 t).[5]

Recognition drawing prepared by the US Navy

Tirpitz

kW) and yielded a maximum speed of 30.8 knots (57.0 km/h; 35.4 mph) on speed trials.[7]

She was armed with eight

2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The number of 2 cm guns was eventually increased to 58. After 1942, eight 53.3 cm (21 in) above-water torpedo tubes were installed in two quadruple mounts, one mount on each side of the ship.[1]

As built, Tirpitz was equipped with Model 23 search radars[e] mounted on the forward, foretop, and rear rangefinders. These were later replaced with Model 27 and then Model 26 radars, which had a larger antenna array. A Model 30 radar, known as the Hohentwiel, was mounted in 1944 in her topmast, and a Model 213 Würzburg fire-control radar was added on her stern 10.5 cm (4.1 in) Flak rangefinders.[10]

The ship's

main belt was 320 mm (13 in) thick and was covered by a pair of upper and main armoured decks that were 50 mm (2 in) and 100 to 120 mm (3.9 to 4.7 in) thick, respectively. The 38 cm turrets were protected by 360 mm (14 in) thick faces and 220 mm (8.7 in) thick sides.[2]

Service history

Tirpitz sliding down the slipway at her launch

Tirpitz was ordered as Ersatz Schleswig-Holstein as a replacement for the old

sea trials,[1] which were conducted in the Baltic.[12]

After sea trials, Tirpitz was stationed in

minesweepers.[14] The Baltic Fleet, under the command of Vice Admiral Otto Ciliax,[13] patrolled off Åland from 23 to 26 September 1941, after which the unit was disbanded and Tirpitz resumed training.[15] During the training period, Tirpitz tested her primary and secondary guns on the old pre-dreadnought battleship Hessen,[16] which had been converted into a radio-controlled target ship.[17] The British Royal Air Force (RAF) continued to launch unsuccessful bombing raids on Tirpitz while she was stationed in Kiel.[18]

Deployment to Norway

Tirpitz camouflaged in the Fættenfjord in Norway

Grand Admiral

Kapitän zur See (KzS–Captain at Sea) Karl Topp,[20] pronounced the ship ready for combat operations on 10 January 1942.[18] The following day, Tirpitz left for Wilhelmshaven, a move designed to conceal her actual destination.[19]

The ship left Wilhelmshaven at 23:00 on 14 January and made for

Z5 Paul Jakobi, Z8 Bruno Heinemann and Z29 for the voyage.[24] The Norwegian resistance movement transmitted the location to London.[25] She was moored next to a cliff, which protected the ship from air attacks from the southwest. The ship's crew cut down trees and placed them aboard Tirpitz to camouflage her.[23] The crew also frequently hid the entire ship from aerial reconnaissance and attacks inside a cloud of artificial fog, created using water and chlorosulfuric acid.[26][27] Additional anti-aircraft batteries were installed around the fjord, as were anti-torpedo nets and heavy booms in the entrance to the anchorage.[28] Tirpitz was known as the "Lonely Queen of the North" because she was so rarely deployed,[29] and life for her crew was very monotonous. Frequent fuel shortages curtailed training and kept the battleship and her escorts moored behind their protective netting. The crew was primarily occupied with maintaining the ship and continuously manning anti-aircraft defences. Sports activities were organised to keep the crew occupied and physically fit.[30]

Operations against Allied convoys

Several factors hindered Tirpitz's freedom of operation in Norway. The most pressing were shortages of fuel and the withdrawal of the German destroyer forces to support

Operation Cerberus, the movement of the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen through the English Channel. These caused a planned attack against the outbound convoy PQ 8 at the end of January to be abandoned.[31] A planned British air attack at the end of January by four-engined heavy bombers was disrupted by poor weather over the target, which prevented the aircraft from finding the ship.[32] In early February, Tirpitz took part in the deceptions that distracted the British in the run-up to Operation Cerberus. These included steaming out of the fjord and the appearance of preparations for a sortie into the North Sea.[33] Later that month, the ship was reinforced by the heavy cruisers Admiral Scheer and Prinz Eugen and several destroyers. Prinz Eugen had been torpedoed by a British submarine at the entrance to the Fættenfjord, and was temporarily out of action.[34]

Tirpitz under way, probably in 1941

In March 1942 Tirpitz and Admiral Scheer, along with the destroyers

Jan Mayen Island; the reconnaissance failed to note the battleship HMS Duke of York or the battlecruiser HMS Renown, both of which were escorting the convoy, along with four destroyers.[31]

Unknown to the Germans, Admiral Tovey was providing distant support to the convoys with the battleship

Vestfjord, and from there to Trondheim, arriving on the evening of 13 March.[39] On 30 March, thirty-three Halifax bombers attacked the ship; they scored no hits, and five aircraft were shot down.[40] The RAF launched a pair of unsuccessful strikes in late April. On the night of 27–28 April, thirty-one Halifaxes and twelve Lancasters attacked; five of the bombers were shot down. Another raid, composed of twenty-three Halifaxes and eleven Lancasters, took place the following night. Two of the bombers were shot down by the German anti-aircraft defences.[41]

The actions of Tirpitz and her escorting destroyers in March used up 8,230 tonnes (8,100 long tons) of

Tirpitz, escorted by several destroyers, steaming in the Bogenfjord in October 1942

Following Rösselsprung, the Germans moved Tirpitz to

Rear Admiral and was replaced by Captain Hans Meyer; five days later the battleship Scharnhorst was ordered to reinforce the fleet in Norway. Vice Admiral Oskar Kummetz was given command of the warships stationed in Norway.[49]

By the time Scharnhorst arrived in Norway in March 1943, Allied convoys to the Soviet Union had temporarily ceased. To give the ships an opportunity to work together, Admiral

white ensign on the approach to the island the following day.[51] During the bombardment, Tirpitz fired 52 main-battery shells and 82 rounds from her 15 cm secondaries.[52] This was the first and only time the ship fired her main battery at an enemy surface target.[48] An assault force destroyed shore installations and captured 74 prisoners.[50][53] By 11:00, the battleships had destroyed their targets and headed back to their Norwegian ports.[48]

British attacks on Tirpitz

Operation Source

Tirpitz in the Ofotfjord/Bogenfjord

The British were determined to neutralise Tirpitz and remove the threat she posed to the Allied arctic convoys. Following the repeated, ineffectual bombing attacks and the failed torpedo attack in October 1942, the British turned to the newly designed X Craft midget submarines.[48] The planned attack, Operation Source, included attacks on Tirpitz, Scharnhorst, and Lützow.[54] The X Craft were towed by large submarines to their destinations, where they could slip under anti-torpedo nets and each drop two powerful two-tonne mines onto the sea bed under the target. Ten vessels were assigned to the operation, scheduled for 20–25 September 1943. Only eight of them reached Kåfjord in Norway for the attack, which began early on 22 September.[48] Three of the vessels, X5, X6, and X7, successfully breached Tirpitz's defences, two of which—X6 and X7—managed to lay their mines. X5 was detected 200 m (660 ft) from the nets and sunk by a combination of gunfire and depth charges.[55]

The mines damaged the ship extensively. The first exploded abreast of turret Caesar, and the second detonated 45 to 55 m (148 to 180 ft) off the port bow.

Neumark; historians William Garzke and Robert Dulin remarked that the successful repair effort was "one of the most notable feats of naval engineering during the Second World War".[58] Repairs lasted until 2 April 1944; full speed trials were scheduled for the following day in Altafjord.[59]

Operation Tungsten

Tirpitz under attack by British carrier aircraft on 3 April 1944, in Operation Tungsten

The British were aware that Neumark and the repair crews left in March, which intimated Tirpitz was nearly operational.[59] A major air strike—Operation Tungsten—involving the fleet carriers Victorious and Furious and the escort carriers Emperor, Fencer, Pursuer, and Searcher,[60] was set for 4 April 1944, but rescheduled a day earlier when Enigma decrypts revealed that Tirpitz was to depart at 05:29 on 3 April for sea trials.[59] The attack consisted of 40 Barracuda dive-bombers carrying 500-pound (230 kg), 600-pound (270 kg) and 1,600-pound (730 kg) armour-piercing bombs and 40 escorting fighters in two waves, scoring fifteen direct hits and two near misses.[60][61] The aircraft achieved surprise, and only one was lost in the first wave; it took twelve to fourteen minutes for all of Tirpitz''s anti-aircraft batteries to be fully manned. The first wave struck at 05:29, as tugs were preparing to assist the ship out of her mooring. The second wave arrived over the target an hour later, shortly after 06:30. Despite the alertness of the German anti-aircraft gunners, only one other bomber was shot down.[62]

The air strikes did not penetrate the main armour but nonetheless caused significant damage to the ship's superstructure and inflicted serious casualties. William Garzke and Robert Dulin report the attack killed 122 men and wounded 316 others,[62] while Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz report 132 fatalities and 270 wounded men, including the ship's commander, KzS Hans Meyer.[63] Two of the 15 cm turrets were destroyed by bombs, and both Ar 196 floatplanes were destroyed. Several of the bomb hits caused serious fires aboard the ship. Concussive shock disabled the starboard turbine engine, and saltwater used to fight the fires reached the boilers and contaminated the feed water. Some 2,000 t (2,000 long tons) of water flooded the ship, primarily through the two holes in the side shell created by shell splinters from near misses. Water used to fight the fires also contributed to the flooding.[64] Dönitz ordered the ship be repaired, regardless of the cost, despite the fact that he understood Tirpitz could no longer be used in a surface action because of insufficient fighter support. Repair work began in early May; destroyers ferried important equipment and workers from Kiel to Altafjord over the span of three days. By 2 June, the ship was again able to steam under her own power, and by the end of the month gunnery trials were possible. During the repair process, the 15 cm guns were modified to allow their use against aircraft, and specially fuzed 38 cm shells for barrage anti-aircraft fire were supplied.[65]

Operations Planet, Brawn, Tiger Claw, Mascot and Goodwood

Tirpitz moored in Kaafjord, visible centre right in a British aerial reconnaissance photograph in spite of artificial smoke generated on shore

A series of carrier strikes was planned over the next three months, but bad weather forced their cancellation. A repeat of Operation Tungsten, codenamed Operation Planet, was scheduled for 24 April. Operation Brawn, which was to have been carried out by 27 bombers and 36 fighters from Victorious and Furious, was to have taken place on 15 May, and Operation Tiger Claw was intended for 28 May. Formidable and Furious were joined by Indefatigable for Operation Mascot, which was carried out in bad weather on 17 July by 62 bombers and 30 fighters. In late August the weather improved, allowing the Goodwood series of attacks. Operations Goodwood I and II were launched on 22 August; a carrier force consisting of the fleet carriers Furious, Indefatigable and Formidable and the escort carriers Nabob and Trumpeter launched a total of 38 bombers and 43 escort fighters between the two raids.[60]

The attacks failed to inflict any damage on Tirpitz and three of the attacking aircraft were shot down.[60][65] Goodwood III followed on 24 August, composed of aircraft from the fleet carriers only. Forty-eight bombers and 29 fighters attacked the ship and scored two hits which caused minor damage.[60] One, a 1,600-pound bomb, penetrated the upper and lower armour decks and came to rest in the No. 4 switchboard room. Its fuze had been damaged and the bomb did not detonate. The second, a 500-pound (230 kg) bomb, exploded causing superficial damage. Six aircraft were shot down in the attack.[66][67] Goodwood IV followed on 29 August, with 34 bombers and 25 fighters from Formidable and Indefatigable. Heavy fog prevented any hits from being scored.[60] Tirpitz's gunners shot down one Firefly and a Corsair. The battleship expended 54 rounds from her main guns, 161 from the 15 cm guns and up to 20 per cent of her light anti-aircraft ammunition.[68]

Operations Paravane and Obviate

Black and white aerial photograph showing a body of water with a large warship near the shore
Tirpitz centre left at her last mooring, off the island of Håkøya in November 1944

The ineffectiveness of the great majority of the strikes launched by the

trim forward. The ship was rendered unseaworthy and was limited to 8 to 10 knots (15 to 19 km/h; 9.2 to 11.5 mph). Concussive shock caused severe damage to fire-control equipment. The damage persuaded the naval command to repair the ship for use only as a floating gun battery. Repair work was estimated to take nine months, but patching of the holes could be effected within a few weeks, allowing Tirpitz to be moved further south to Tromsø. On 15 October, the ship made the 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) trip to Tromsø under her own power, the last voyage of her career.[70]

The RAF made a second attempt on 29 October, after the ship was moored off

No. 617 Squadron carried out the attack together, which resulted in only one near miss,[70] partially the result of bad weather over the target.[71] The underwater explosion damaged the port rudder and shaft and caused some flooding. Tirpitz's 38 cm fragmentation shells proved ineffective in countering the high-level bombers; one aircraft was damaged by ground-based anti-aircraft guns.[70] Following the attack, the ship's anchorage was significantly improved. A large sandbank was constructed under and around the ship to prevent her from capsizing, and anti-torpedo nets were installed. Tirpitz retained a one-degree list to port from earlier damage, and this was not corrected by counter-flooding to retain as much reserve buoyancy as possible. The ship was also prepared for her role as a floating artillery platform: fuel was limited to what was necessary to power the turbo-generators, and the crew was reduced to 1,600 officers and enlisted men.[72]

Operation Catechism

Universal Newsreel about the attack on Tirpitz

amidships between the aircraft catapult and the funnel and caused severe damage. A very large hole was blown in the ship's side and bottom; the entire section of belt armour abreast of the bomb hit was completely destroyed. A third bomb may have struck the port side of turret Caesar.[73]

The amidships hit caused significant flooding and quickly increased the port list to between 15 and 20 degrees. In ten minutes the list increased to 30 to 40 degrees, and the captain issued the order to abandon ship. The list increased to 60 degrees by 09:50; this appeared to stabilise temporarily. Eight minutes later, a large explosion rocked turret Caesar. The turret roof and part of the rotating structure were thrown 25 m (82 ft) into the air and into a group of men swimming to shore, crushing them. Tirpitz rapidly rolled over and buried her superstructure in the sea floor.[74] In the aftermath of the attack, 82 men trapped in the upturned hull were rescued by cutting through the exposed bottom.[60] Figures for the death toll vary from approximately 950 to 1,204.[f] Approximately 200 survivors of the sinking were transferred to the heavy cruiser Lützow in January 1945.[77]

Tirpitz capsized

The performance of the Luftwaffe in the defence of Tirpitz was heavily criticised after her loss. Major Heinrich Ehrler, the commander of III./Jagdgeschwader 5 (3rd Wing of the 5th Fighter Group), was blamed for the Luftwaffe's failure to intercept the British bombers. He was court-martialled in Oslo and threatened with the death penalty. Evidence was presented that his unit had failed to help the Kriegsmarine when requested. He was sentenced to three years in prison, but was released after a month, demoted, and reassigned to an Me 262 fighter squadron in Germany.[78] Ehrler was exonerated by further investigations which concluded poor communication between the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe had caused the fiasco;[79] the aircrews had not been informed that Tirpitz had been moved off Håkøya two weeks before the attack.[80] The wreck of Tirpitz remained in place until after the war, when a joint German-Norwegian company began salvage operations. Work lasted from 1948 until 1957;[1] fragments of the ship were sold by a Norwegian company.[20] Ludovic Kennedy wrote in his history of the vessel that she "lived an invalid's life and died a cripple's death".[81]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Crew could be augmented up to 108 officers and 2,500 enlisted men.[1]
  2. ^ Tirpitz's draft at full load was 10.60 metres (34 ft 9 in).[2]
  3. ^ According to naval historians Gerhard Koop and Klaus-Peter Schmolke, Tirpitz displaced 53,500 tonnes (52,700 long tons) at full load in 1944.[6]
  4. ^ SK stands for Schiffskanone (ship's gun), C/34 stands for Constructionjahr (Construction year) 1934, and L/52 denotes the length of the gun in terms of calibres, meaning that the length of the gun is 52 times its internal diameter.[8]
  5. ^ Named FuMO for Funkmessortungsgerät (Radio direction-finding device).[9]
  6. ^ John Sweetman states that 1,000 out of a crew of 1,900 were killed,[75] while Niklas Zetterling and Michael Tamelander estimated nearly 1,000 deaths.[76] Siegfried Breyer and Erich Gröner agree on 1,204 deaths,[1][60] and Gordon Williamson gives the death toll at 971.[20] William Garzke and Robert Dulin place the number of deaths at "about 950".[74]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e Gröner, p. 35.
  2. ^ a b c Gröner, p. 33.
  3. ^ Garzke & Dulin, p. 203.
  4. ^ Kemp, p. 153.
  5. ^ Garzke & Dulin, pp. 203–208.
  6. ^ Koop & Schmolke, p. 18.
  7. ^ Gröner, pp. 33, 35.
  8. ^ Campbell, p. 219.
  9. ^ Williamson, p. 42.
  10. ^ Williamson, p. 43.
  11. ^ Sieche, p. 44.
  12. ^ a b c Williamson, p. 35.
  13. ^ a b Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 239.
  14. ^ a b Garzke & Dulin, p. 247.
  15. ^ Garzke & Dulin, pp. 247–248.
  16. ^ Sweetman, p. 11.
  17. ^ Gröner, p. 20.
  18. ^ a b Sweetman, p. 12.
  19. ^ a b c Garzke & Dulin, p. 248.
  20. ^ a b c Williamson, p. 40.
  21. ^ Sweetman, p. 16.
  22. ^ Sweetman, p. 17.
  23. ^ a b Garzke & Dulin, pp. 248–250.
  24. ^ a b c Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 240.
  25. ^ Ottosen, pp. 39–41.
  26. ^ Hartl et al.
  27. ^ Amos, Jonathan (11 April 2018). "Nazi legacy found in Norwegian trees". Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  28. ^ Sweetman, p. 19.
  29. ^ Winston, George, (1 May 2018) "The Effects of the Lonely Queen Still Seen Among the Trees of Norway", War History Online; accessed 2020.04.01.
  30. ^ Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 207.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Garzke & Dulin, p. 250.
  32. ^ Sweetman, pp. 23–24.
  33. ^ Sweetman, pp. 24–25.
  34. ^ Sweetman, pp. 25–26.
  35. ^ Sweetman, p. 27.
  36. ^ Gröner, p. 60.
  37. ^ Garzke & Dulin, pp. 250–251.
  38. ^ Rohwer, p. 149.
  39. ^ a b c Garzke & Dulin, p. 253.
  40. ^ Rohwer, p. 156.
  41. ^ Rohwer, p. 162.
  42. ^ Sweetman, p. 54.
  43. ^ Garzke & Dulin, pp. 253–255.
  44. ^ a b c Garzke & Dulin, p. 255.
  45. ^ Polmar & Noot, pp. 115–116.
  46. ^ Blair, p. 644.
  47. ^ Bishop, pp. 165–172.
  48. ^ a b c d e f Garzke & Dulin, p. 258.
  49. ^ Sweetman, pp. 73–74.
  50. ^ a b Torkildsen, p. 221.
  51. ^ Sweetman, p. 76.
  52. ^ Sweetman, p. 77.
  53. ^ Sweetman, pp. 76–77.
  54. ^ Zetterling & Tamelander, pp. 195–196.
  55. ^ Garzke & Dulin, pp. 258–259.
  56. ^ Garzke & Dulin, p. 259.
  57. ^ Garzke & Dulin, pp. 259–261.
  58. ^ Garzke & Dulin, p. 262.
  59. ^ a b c Garzke & Dulin, p. 264.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Breyer, p. 26.
  61. ^ Brown 2009, pp. 25, 27.
  62. ^ a b Garzke & Dulin, p. 265.
  63. ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 243.
  64. ^ Garzke & Dulin, pp. 265–267.
  65. ^ a b Garzke & Dulin, p. 267.
  66. ^ Garzke & Dulin, pp. 267–268.
  67. ^ Brown 2009, p. 28.
  68. ^ Brown 1977, p. 39.
  69. ^ Sweetman, pp. 132–139.
  70. ^ a b c Garzke & Dulin, p. 268.
  71. ^ Sweetman, p. 193.
  72. ^ Garzke & Dulin, p. 270.
  73. ^ a b Garzke & Dulin, p. 272.
  74. ^ a b Garzke & Dulin, p. 273.
  75. ^ Sweetman, p. 248.
  76. ^ Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 327.
  77. ^ Prager, p. 287.
  78. ^ Morgan & Weal, p. 60.
  79. ^ Schuck, p. 177.
  80. ^ Hafsten, p. 221.
  81. ^ Van der Vat, p. 508.

References

Further reading

External links

69°38′50″N 18°48′30″E / 69.64722°N 18.80833°E / 69.64722; 18.80833