German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue
From 1850 to 1875, some 30,000
The German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue is considered the first of three waves of German settlement in Chile, the second lasting from 1882 to 1914 and the third from 1918 onward.[1] Settlement by ethnic Germans has had a long-lasting influence on the society, economy and geography of Chile in general and Southern Chile in particular.
History
Early colonization
Beginning in 1842, German expatriate Bernhard Eunom Philippi sent a proposal for German colonization of Southern Chile to the Chilean government; he presented a second colonization scheme in 1844. Both schemes were rejected by Chilean authorities. The second scheme considered the colonization of both the shores of Llanquihue Lake and the mouth of the Maullín River in what is now the Los Lagos Region of southern Chile. The mentioned river was also to be made navigable.[2]
In 1844, Philippi formed a partnership with
State-sponsored colonization
Worried about the potential occupation of Southern Chile by European powers, Chilean authorities approved plans for colonization of the southern territories; they also sought to promote residential development to make a claim for territorial continuity.[4][5]
The Chilean legislature entered colonist recruitment with passage of the Law of Colonization and Vacant Lots (Ley de Colonización y Tierras Baldías), which was signed by president
The outbreak of the
The immigrants recruited by Philippi arrived in 1850 at
We shall be honest and laborious Chileans as the best of them, we shall defend our adopted country joining in the ranks of our new countrymen, against any foreign oppression and with the decision and firmness of the man that defends his country, his family and his interests. Never will have the country that adopts us as its children, reason to repent of such illustrated, human and generous proceeding,...
— Oath of Carl Anwandter[9]
Pérez Rosales succeeded Philippi as government agent in Europe in 1850; he returned to Chile in 1852 with many German families to settle the shores of Llanquihue Lake.[10]
The sponsored colonization of Valdivia and Osorno lasted until 1858.[11] The shores of Llanquihue Lake were largely colonized between 1852 and 1875, but Puerto Montt (then called Melipulli) and Puerto Varas had already been founded by Chileans in 1850.[11][12] Frutillar, on the shores of Llanquihue Lake, was founded in 1856.[12] Puerto Montt and the zone around Llanquihue Lake developed rapidly; its status as a colonization territory, established in 1853, was superseded in 1861 when the Llanquihue area was constituted as a regular province. The zone had a formal police force established in 1859 to deal with cattle theft – the most common crime at the time. By 1871, Puerto Montt had over 3,000 inhabitants and the whole Llanquihue Province had a population of 17,538.[13]
Valdivia, situated at some distance from the coast, on the Calle-Calle River, is a German town. Everywhere you meet German faces, German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish. There is a large German school, a church and various Vereine, large shoe-factories, and, of course, breweries...
Compared to Germans who settled in the big cities and ports of northern Chile, the Germans of southern Chile retained much of their
Economic impact
Following independence in 1820, Valdivia entered a period of economic decline.[15] Since colonial times the city had been isolated from Central Chile by hostile Mapuche-controlled territory, and it depended heavily upon seaborne trade with the port of Callao in Peru.[15] With independence, this intra-colonial trade ended, but it was not replaced by new trade routes.[15]
About 6,000 German settlers arrived in southern Chile between 1850 and 1875. Of these, 2,800 settled around Valdivia. The plurality of those Germans settled in Valdivia came from Hesse (19%), and 45% of them had worked as artisans in Germany. The next largest occupation group were farmers (28%), followed by merchants (13%). Most German settlers who reached Valdivia brought current assets, including machinery or other valuable goods. Wealthy immigrants in Valdivia provided credit to poorer ones, stimulating the local economy.[15] The nature of the German immigrants to Valdivia contributed to the city's urban and cosmopolitan outlook, especially when compared to Osorno.[16]
At first, German settlements outside Valdivia were largely based on
In Osorno, German industrial activity declined in the 1920s at the same time that the city's economy turned towards cattle ranching.
Among the achievements of the German immigrants was a deepening of the
Trade between Germans and German-Chileans with indigenous peoples was not uncommon. Indeed, some German merchants catered specifically to them.
Relations with Mapuches and Chileans
Early German settlers had good relations with the indigenous
the indians [...] that live next to us are absolutely pacific and inoffensive people, with who we have a better dealing than with the Chileans of Spanish origin
It is worth noting that according to Rodolfo Amando Philippi, in the 1850s the inhabitants of Valdivia did not considered themselves Chileans, as to them Chile lay further north.[19] German-indigenous relations chilled over time. This had to do with the Germans becoming the new European social elite of southern Chile and their adoption of some customs of the older Spanish-descent elite. Another reason for the soured relations was that German immigrants and their descendants became involved in land ownership conflicts with Huilliche, Mapuche and other Chileans.[16]
Land conflicts aside some Chilean intellectuals did also become critical of the German community in Chile. Chilean minister Luis Aldunate considered that Germans integrated poorly and that the country should avoid "exclusive and dominant races to monopolize the colonization".[20] For this reason after the Occupation of Araucanía was accomplished in 1883, settlers of nationalities other than Germans were preferred in colonization programs.[20] According to Chile's Agencia General de Colonización, in the 1882-1897 period, German settlers made up only 6% of the foreign immigrants that arrived to Chile, ranking behind those of Spanish, French, Italian, Swiss and English origin.[21]
The Huilliche called the German settlers leupe lonko, meaning blond heads.[19]
Land ownership conflicts
As German colonization expanded into new areas beyond the designated colonization areas, such as the coastal region of
The Sociedad Stuttgart, a society established to bring German settlers to Chile, had one of the first major conflicts.
Huilliches found various difficulties to defend their lands. One of them was a
As a result of Chilean and European settlers, including Germans, settling around the Bueno River, Osorno Huilliches living in the Central Valley migrated to the coastal region of Osorno.[22]
German seizure of lands in the south of the Mapuche territory was one of the factors that led chief Mañil in 1859 to call for an uprising to assert control over the territory.[24] According to Mañil, the Chilean government had granted Mapuche land to the immigrants, although it was not under national control.[16] The southern Mapuche communities near the German settlers did not respond to Mañil's efforts to create unrest.[16] Mañil's uprising did provoke a decision by Chilean authorities to conquer the Mapuche in Araucanía; this in turn opened more land for European and Chilean colonization,[B] at the expense of the Mapuche.[24]
In the 20th century two members of the Grob family linked to dairy company
Forest fires and volcanic eruptions
Vicente Pérez Rosales burned down huge tracts of forested lands to clear lands for the settlers.[6] In 1851 the forest of Chan Chan between Osorno and La Unión were burned by Pichi Juan on the orders of Pérez Rosales.[28][29] Another area affected by these fires spanned a strip in the Andean foothills from the Bueno River to Reloncaví Sound.[6][C] One of the most famous intentional fires burned the Fitzroya forests between Puerto Varas and Puerto Montt in 1863.[31] This burning took advantage of a drought in 1863.[31] The forests were burned to clear them rapidly for settlers, who had no means of subsistence other than agriculture.[31]
In 1893,
Cultural legacy
Architecture
While Pre-German architecture of southern Chile was already different from that of
With the Germans the interior walls of larger houses begun to be made of timber.[33] The architecture of houses did however retained much of their earlier features, such as being compact with rectangular or square floor plans. Their patio disposition was also retained.[33]
Cuisine
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- Beer in Chile
- Crudos
- Kuchen
- Asado alemán
Language
The impact of the German immigration was such that Valdivia was for a while a Spanish–German bilingual city with "German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish".[14] The prestige[E] of the German language helped it to acquire qualities of a superstratum in southern Chile.[1] The temporary decline in the use of Spanish is exemplified by the trade the Manns family carried out in the second half of the 19th century. The family's Chilean servants spoke German with their patrons and used Mapudungun with their Mapuche customers.[16]
In Valdivia the Valdivia's Deutsche Zeitung and its immediate predecessor Deutsche Zeitung für Süd-Chile circulated from 1886 to 1912.
The German spoken around Llanquihue Lake gave origin to a dialect called
The word for blackberry, a ubiquitous plant in southern Chile, is murra instead of the ordinary Spanish word mora and zarzamora from Valdivia to the Chiloé Archipelago and some towns in the Aysén Region.[1] The use of rr is an adaptation of guttural sounds found in German but difficult to pronounce in Spanish.[1] Similarly the name for marbles is different in Southern Chile compared to areas further north. From Valdivia to the Aysén Region, this game is called bochas contrary to the word bolitas used further north.[1] The word bocha is likely derivative of the Germans bocciaspiel.[1]
Notes
- ^ In this way, Germany's Protestant–Catholic divide was brought to Chile.[8]
- Boers who settled mainly around Freire and Pitrufquén. Other settler nationalities included Englishmen, French people and Germans. There are estimates that by 1886 there were 3,501 foreign settlers in Araucanía, another investigation points out that 5,657 foreign settlers arrived to Araucanía in the 1883–90 period.[25] Regarding Chilean settlers these arrived first to Araucanía by their own initiative. Later the government begun to stimulate the settlement of Chileans in Araucanía. Chilean settlers were mostly poor and largely remained so in their new lands.[25]
- ^ This was not the first instance where Fitzroya forest burned. Some localities have a long history of repeated fires, for instance dendrochronological studies shows at Cordillera Pelada a sequence of Fitzroya forest fires dating as far back as 1397.[30]
- ^ For example, large houses in Central Chile were arranged around a central patio, which houses in southern Chile were not.[33]
- Instituto Pedagógico were heavily influenced by Germany. Germany effectively displaced France as the prime role model for Chile in the second half of the 19th century. This however met some criticism as exemplified when Eduardo de la Barra wrote disparagingly about a "German bewitchment". German influence in science and culture peaked in the decades before World War I.[34]
References
- ^ .
- ^ JSTOR 2512693
- ^ ISBN 9789563900293.
- ^ a b Villalobos et al. 1974, p. 456.
- ^ a b Otero 2006, p. 79.
- ^ a b c Villalobos et al. 1974, p. 457.
- ^ "Carlos Anwandter", Icarito, archived from the original on December 17, 2013, retrieved August 30, 2013
- ^ S2CID 149372568. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
- ^ Pérez Rosales, Vicente. (1882) 1970. Recuerdos del pasado (1814-1860). Buenos Aires: Editorial Francisco de Aguirre.
- ^ "Colonización alemana en Valdivia y Llanquihue (1850-1910)", Memoria chilena (in Spanish), retrieved November 30, 2013
- ^ a b Otero 2006, p. 80.
- ^ a b Otero 2006, p. 81.
- ^ Barhm G., Enrique (2014). "La Consolidación de una Colonia en la Patagonia Occidental: Chilenos y Alemanes en Torno a la Creación de la Provincia de Llanquihue (Capital Perto Montt, Chile)". Magallania (in Spanish). 42 (1). Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- ^ a b Skottsberg, Carl (1911), The Wilds of Patagonia: A Narrative of the Swedish Expedition to Patagonia Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Island in 1907- 1909, London: Edward Arnold
- ^ a b c d e Bernedo Pinto, Patricio (1999), "Los industriales alemanes de Valdivia, 1850-1914" (PDF), Historia (in Spanish), 32: 5–42
- ^ . Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge (2014). "Relaciones de dependencia entre trabajadores y empresas chilenas situadas en el extranjero. San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina (1895-1920)" [Dependence Relationships between Workers and Chilean Companies located abroad. San Car-los de Bariloche, Argentina (1895-1920)]. Trashumante: Revista Americana de Historia Social (in Spanish). 3: 74–95. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
- ^ "Osorno (1558-1950)", Memoria chilena (in Spanish), retrieved November 30, 2013
- ^ a b c d Rumian Cisterna, Salvador (2020-09-17). Gallito Catrilef: Colonialismo y defensa de la tierra en San Juan de la Costa a mediados del siglo XX (M.Sc. thesis) (in Spanish). University of Los Lagos.
- ^ a b Cayuqueo 2020, p. 243.
- ^ Cayuqueo 2020, p. 244.
- ^ a b c Concha Mathiesen, Martín (1998). Una mirada a la identidad de los grupos huilliche de San Juan de la Costa (Thesis). Universidad Arcis.
- ^ a b Yánez Fuenzalida, Nancy; Castillo-Candanedo, Jairo Gabriel; Barros Jiménez, Juan Sebastián; Ghio Madrid, Gina; Alvarado Borgoño, Miguel; Gaete Jodre, Silvia (2003), Investigación Evaluativa de Impacto Ambiental en Territorios Indígenas (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2013, retrieved December 27, 2013
- ^ ISBN 956-282-232-X.
- ^ ISBN 956-244-156-3.
- ^ a b c Carrasco S., Carlos (September 3, 2018). "La historia no contada de COLUN: Los Grob y las Tierras Williche". futawillimapu.org (in Spanish). Retrieved January 4, 2021.
- ^ Morales S., Héctor (April 14, 2012). "Acogen demanda histórica por reivindicación de tierras en Lago Ranco". El Ranco (in Spanish). Retrieved January 4, 2021.
- .
- ^ Cayuqueo 2020, p. 232-233
- doi:10.1080/11956860.1999.11952199, archived from the originalon 2014-08-27
- ^ a b c Otero 2006, p. 86.
- ISBN 84-95938-32-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g Guarda O.S.B., Gabriel (1980). Conjuntos urbanos arquitectónicos Valdivia, ss. XVIII-XIX (in Spanish). Ediciones Nueva Universidad. p. 83.
- ^ Sanhueza, Carlos (2011). "El debate sobre "el embrujamiento alemnán" y el papel de la ciencia alemana hacia fines del siglo XIX en Chile" (PDF). Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. El intercambio científico entre Alemania y América austral. Madrid–Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert (in Spanish). pp. 29–40.
- ^ Ziebur, Ulrike (March 7, 2000). "Die soziolinguistische Situation von Chilenen deutscher Abstammung - 2 Geschichtlicher Überblick: Die deutsche Einwanderung in Chile: 2.3 Die deutsche Sprache in Chile". www.linguistik-online.com (in German). Archived from the original (HTML) on 2011-06-16.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-956-324-783-1.
- Otero, Luis (2006). La huella del fuego: Historia de los bosques nativos. Poblamiento y cambios en el paisaje del sur de Chile (in Spanish). Pehuén Editores. ISBN 956-16-0409-4.
- ISBN 956-11-1163-2.