Germany

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Coordinates: 51°N 9°E / 51°N 9°E / 51; 9
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"Deutschland" redirects here. For other uses, see Deutschland (disambiguation) and Germany (disambiguation).
"Federal Republic of Germany" redirects here. For the republic from 1949 to 1990, see West Germany. For the republic since 1990, see History of Germany (1990–present).

Federal Republic of Germany
Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German)
Anthem: "Deutschlandlied"[a]
("Song of Germany")
Location of Germany (dark green)

– in Europe (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green)

Capital
and largest city
Berlin[b]
52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E / 52.517; 13.383
Official languagesGerman[c]
Demonym(s)German
GovernmentFederal parliamentary republic[4]
• President
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Olaf Scholz
LegislatureBundestag, Bundesrat[d]
Area
• Total
357,600 km2 (138,100 sq mi)[5] (63rd)
• Water (%)
1.27 (2015)[6]
Population
• Q1 2023 estimate
Neutral increase 84,432,670[7] (19th)
• Density
232/km2 (600.9/sq mi) (58th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $5.546 trillion[8] (5th)
• Per capita
Increase $66,132[8] (18th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $4.309 trillion[8] (4th)
• Per capita
Increase $51,384[8] (20th)
Gini (2020)Negative increase 30.5[9]
medium
HDI (2021)Increase 0.942[10]
very high · 9th
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Driving sideright
Calling code+49
ISO 3166 codeDE
Internet TLD.de

Germany,[e] officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland),[f] is a country in the western region of Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south. Its 16 constituent states are bordered by Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.

Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815.

Formal unification of Germany into the modern nation-state was commenced on 18 August 1866 with the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the Prussia-led North German Confederation later transformed in 1871 into the German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was in turn transformed into the semi-presidential Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, in 1949, Germany as a whole was organized into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, known as East Germany, while Berlin continued its de jure Four Power status. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of communist led-government in East Germany, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.

Germany has been described as a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global power in industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer. As a developed country it offers social security, a universal health care system and a tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, European Union, NATO, Council of Europe, G7, G20 and OECD. It has the third-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Etymology

Further information:
Germani, and Germania

The English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine.[12] The German term Deutschland, originally diutisciu land ('the German lands') is derived from deutsch (cf. Dutch), descended from Old High German diutisc 'of the people' (from diot or diota 'people'), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz 'of the people' (see also the Latinised form Theodiscus), derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- 'people', from which the word Teutons also originates.[13]

History

Main article: History of Germany
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of German history.

Pre-human ancestors, the

European Bronze Age, has been attributed to a German site.[20]

Germanic tribes and the Frankish Empire

Main articles:
Frankish Realm
A model of Augusta Treverorum, part of the Roman Empire in the 4th century

The

Iron Age, or the Jastorf culture.[21][22] From southern Scandinavia and northern Germany, they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes.[23]

Under

incorporated into Roman provinces.[26][27][28]

Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.

Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria, and areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes.[26]

East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire

Main articles: East Francia and Holy Roman Empire
East Francia in 843
Martin Luther, born in Eisleben in 1483, challenged the indulgences of the Catholic Church, giving rise to the Reformation and Protestantism.

Investiture controversy.[32]

Under the

Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east (Ostsiedlung).[33] Members of the Hanseatic League, mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade.[34] The population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–1350.[35] The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors.[36]

Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratization of knowledge.[37] In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation and his translation of the Bible began the standardization of the language; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects (cuius regio, eius religio).[38] From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.[39][40]

The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates;[39] their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism as their official religion.[41] The legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Diet.[42] The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of the Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as empress consort when her husband, Francis I, became emperor.[43][44]

From 1740,

Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the Imperium was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia, and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars.[47]

German Confederation and Empire

Main articles: German question, German Confederation, Unification of Germany, German Empire, and German colonial empire
The German Confederation in 1815

Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states. The appointment of the emperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich.[48][49] The Zollverein, a tariff union, furthered economic unity.[50] In light of revolutionary movements in Europe, intellectuals and commoners started the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, raising the German question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.[51]

King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.[52][53]

In the Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war.[53] However, under Wilhelm II, Germany took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries.[54] A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary; the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.[55] At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun.[56] Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and China.[57] The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as punishment for an uprising;[58][59] this was the 20th century's first genocide.[59]

The

general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a federal republic. Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the Allies. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler.[61] Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in Africa and the Pacific.[62]

Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany

Main articles: Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945
A map of German-occupied Europe in 1942 during World War II with areas controlled by the German Reich shown in bold black

On 11 August 1919, President

new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.[64][65][66]

The worldwide

rearmament.[72] A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the Autobahn.[73]

In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the

occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939.[76] Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.[77]

In August 1939,

invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe; the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final German counteroffensive. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, Germany signed the surrender document on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe[79][81] and Nazi Germany. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.[82][83]

In what later became known as

12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.[89]

East and West Germany

Main articles: History of Germany (1945–1990), Allied-occupied Germany, West Germany, and East Germany
Oder-Neisse line were transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union under the terms of the Potsdam Conference.[90]

After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany.[91] East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.[92]

West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "

federal chancellor of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth (Wirtschaftswunder) beginning in the early 1950s.[94] West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community.[95] On 1 January 1957, the Saarland joined West Germany.[96]

East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the Soviet Union via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members (Politbüro) of the communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service.[97] While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity.[98] The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of the Cold War.[99]

Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor

Die Wende.[102]

Reunified Germany and the European Union

Main articles:
History of Germany since 1990
The Berlin Wall during its fall in 1989 and the Brandenburg Gate (background) was one of the first developments in the end of the Cold War, leading ultimately to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of

Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a Bundesstadt (federal city) retaining some federal ministries.[104] The relocation of the government was completed in 1999, and modernisation of the East German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.[105][106]

Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the

security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.[109][110]

In the

Industry 4.0.[112] During the 2015 European migrant crisis, the country took in over a million refugees and migrants.[113]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Germany
A physical map of Germany

Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe;[4] bordering Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 348,672 km2 (134,623 sq mi) of land and 8,350 km2 (3,224 sq mi) of water.

Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,963 metres or 9,721 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level[114]) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.[4]

Climate

Most of Germany has a

temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north and west to continental in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to cool and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.[115]

From February 2019–2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) in January 2020 to a high of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) in June 2019.[116] Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020.[117] Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019.[118]

Biodiversity

Berchtesgaden National Park in Bavaria

The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions: Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests, and Alps conifer and mixed forests.[119] As of 2016 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.[120]

Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory,

cornflower was once a German national symbol.[123]

The 16

Berlin Zoo, which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.[128]

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Germany, Taxation in Germany, and Federal budget of Germany
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
President
(representative head of state) 		Olaf Scholz
Chancellor
(head of government)

Germany is a

Bundesrat (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the Bundesrat represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states.[4] The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the Bundestag and the Bundesrat; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.[129]

The

Bundesversammlung (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates.[4] The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the Bundestagspräsident (President of the Bundestag), who is elected by the Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.[130] The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the Bundestag.[4] The chancellor, currently Olaf Scholz, is the head of government and exercises executive power through his Cabinet.[4]

Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the

Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance 90/The Greens have also been junior partners in coalition governments. Since 2007, the democratic socialist party The Left has been a staple in the German Bundestag, though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election, the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time.[131][132]

Constituent states

Main articles:
List of current Minister-presidents of the German federal states

Germany is a

urban districts.[135]
State Capital Area (km2)[136] Population (2018)[137] Nominal GDP billions EUR (2015)[138] Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2015)[138]
Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,751 11,069,533 461 42,800
Bavaria Munich 70,550 13,076,721 550 43,100
Berlin Berlin 892 3,644,826 125 35,700
Brandenburg Potsdam 29,654 2,511,917 66 26,500
Bremen Bremen 420 682,986 32 47,600
Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,841,179 110 61,800
Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 6,265,809 264 43,100
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Schwerin 23,214 1,609,675 40 25,000
Lower Saxony Hanover 47,593 7,982,448 259 32,900
North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,113 17,932,651 646 36,500
Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz 19,854 4,084,844 132 32,800
Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 990,509 35 35,400
Saxony Dresden 18,416 4,077,937 113 27,800
Saxony-Anhalt Magdeburg 20,452 2,208,321 57 25,200
Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,802 2,896,712 86 31,200
Thuringia Erfurt 16,202 2,143,145 57 26,400
Germany Berlin 357,386 83,019,213 3025 37,100

Law

Main articles: Law of Germany, Judiciary of Germany, and Law enforcement in Germany

Germany has a

Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review.[140] Germany's supreme court system is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Fiscal Court and the Federal Administrative Court.[141]

Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the

Schöffen) sit side by side with professional judges.[143][144]

Germany has a low murder rate with 1.18 murders per 100,000 as of 2016[update].[145] In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.[146]

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Germany since 2017, and LGBT rights are generally protected in the nation.[147]

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Germany
2022 G7 summit at Schloss Elmau in Bavaria
.

Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad

strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus.[150][151][152] The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies.[153] Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism.[154] After 1990, Germany and Russia worked together to establish a "strategic partnership" in which energy development became one of the most important factors. As a result of the cooperation, Germany imported most of its natural gas and crude oil from Russia.[155][156]

The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.[157] It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States.[158]

Military

Main article: Bundeswehr
A German TPz Fuchs armoured personnel carrier

Germany's military, the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence), is organised into the

Streitkräftebasis (Joint Support Service) and Cyber- und Informationsraum (Cyber and Information Domain Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the eighth-highest in the world.[159] In 2018, military spending was at $49.5 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%.[160][161] However, in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced that German military expenditure would be increased past the NATO target of 2%, along with a one-time 2022 infusion of 100 billion euros, representing almost double the 53 billion euro military budget for 2021.[162][163]

As of January 2020[update], the Bundeswehr has a strength of 184,001 active soldiers and 80,947 civilians.[164] Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad.[165] Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.[166][167] Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction.[168] According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Germany was the fourth-largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2014 to 2018.[169]

In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In

Daesh, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo.[171][172]

Economy

Main articles: Economy of Germany and Science and technology in Germany
Frankfurt, a leading business centre in Europe and the seat of the European Central Bank[173]
A Blockupy movement demonstration in front of the European Central Bank in 2014

Germany has a

service sector contributes approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%, and agriculture 1% as of 2017.[4] The unemployment rate published by Eurostat amounts to 3.2% as of January 2020, which is the fourth-lowest in the EU.[179]

Germany is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers.[180] In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the Eurozone economy according to the International Monetary Fund.[181] Germany introduced the common European currency, the euro, in 2002.[182] Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt.[183][173]

Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world,[184] and is the sixth-largest by production as of 2021. Germany is home to Volkswagen Group, the world's second-largest automotive manufacturer in 2022 by both vehicle production[185] and sales,[186] and is the third-largest exporter of cars as of 2023.[187]

The top ten exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics.[188]

Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2019, the

small and medium enterprises, known as the Mittelstand model.[193] These companies represent 48% of the global market leaders in their segments, labelled hidden champions.[194]

Helmholtz Association, and the Fraunhofer Society and the Leibniz Association.[197] Germany is the largest contributor to the European Space Agency.[198]

Infrastructure

Main articles: Transport in Germany, Energy in Germany, Telecommunications in Germany, and Water supply and sanitation in Germany
An ICE 3 train on the Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line

With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent.

largest container ports in the world.[204]

In 2019[update], Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of energy.

German energy transition (Energiewende) is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy.[215][208]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Germany
Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria

Germany is the

ninth-most visited country in the world as of 2017, with 37.4 million visits.[216] Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs.[217]

Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include

Sanssouci Palace.[218] The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's second-most popular theme park resort.[219]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Germany and Germans
A bilingual street sign in both German and Lower Sorbian in Cottbus in Brandenburg

With a population of 80.2 million according to the

death rate has exceeded its birth rate. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s. Germany has the third oldest population in the world, with an average age of 47.4 years.[4]

Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as national minorities because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries:

Saxony and Brandenburg; the Roma and Sinti live throughout the country; and the Frisians are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony.[222]

After the United States, Germany is the second-most popular

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, meaning over 1.06 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany as of April 2023.[227]

Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions. The country's largest city is Berlin, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr.[228]

 
Largest cities or towns in Germany
Rank
Name
 State Pop. Rank
Name
 State Pop.
1 Berlin Berlin 3,644,826 11 Bremen Bremen 569,352
2 Hamburg Hamburg 1,841,179 12 Dresden Saxony 554,649
3 Munich Bavaria 1,471,508 13 Hanover Lower Saxony 538,068
4 Cologne North Rhine-Westphalia 1,085,664 14 Nuremberg Bavaria 518,365
5 Frankfurt Hesse 753,056 15 Duisburg North Rhine-Westphalia 498,590
6 Stuttgart Baden-Württemberg 634,830 16 Bochum North Rhine-Westphalia 364,628
7 Düsseldorf North Rhine-Westphalia 619,294 17 Wuppertal North Rhine-Westphalia 354,382
8 Leipzig Saxony 587,857 18 Bielefeld North Rhine-Westphalia 333,786
9 Dortmund North Rhine-Westphalia 587,010 19 Bonn North Rhine-Westphalia 327,258
10 Essen North Rhine-Westphalia 583,109 20 Münster North Rhine-Westphalia 314,319

Religion

Main article: Religion in Germany
UNESCO World Heritage Site

Christianity was introduced to the area of modern Germany by 300 AD and became fully

Protestant, mainly Lutheran and Calvinist.[229]

According to the 2011 census, Christianity was the largest religion in Germany, with 66.8% of respondents identifying as Christian, of which 3.8% were not church members.

Orthodox believers constituted 1.3%. According to data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church claimed 28.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of the population.[231][232] Islam is the second-largest religion in the country.[233]

In the 2011 census, 1.9% of respondents (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this faith (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question.

Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations. Other religions comprise less than one per cent of Germany's population.[233]

A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination,[235] though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.[236][237]

Languages

Main articles: German language and Languages of Germany

German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.[238] It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the European Commission.[239] German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.[240]

Recognised native minority languages in Germany are

Balkan languages, as well as Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.[238]

Education

Main article: Education in Germany
Heidelberg University, Germany's oldest institution of higher learning and generally considered one of its most renowned

Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual

vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school.[241] This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.[243]

Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment.[244] The general requirement for attending university is the Abitur. According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study.[245] The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386), Leipzig University (established in 1409) and the University of Rostock (established in 1419) being the oldest.[246] The Humboldt University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many Western universities.[247][248] In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven Universities of Excellence.

Health

Main article: Healthcare in Germany
The Hospital of the Holy Spirit in Lübeck, established in 1286, is a precursor to modern hospitals.[249]

Germany's system of hospitals, called Krankenhäuser, dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest

health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2013.[251] In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.[252]

Germany ranked 21st in the world in 2019 in life expectancy with

infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births). In 2019, the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%.[253] Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study showed that 52 per cent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.[254]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Germany
See also: Science and technology in Germany
A German Christmas market in Dresden

Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker ('the land of poets and thinkers'),[255] because of the major role its scientists, writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought.[256] A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.[257][258]

Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as the

41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List.[261] There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the Tag der Deutschen Einheit (German Unity Day).[262]

Music

Main article: Music of Germany
Ludwig van Beethoven, one of the most famed composers of classical music, was born in Bonn in 1770.

German

classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel were influential composers of the Baroque period. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms were significant Romantic composers. Richard Wagner was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Wolfgang Rihm are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.[263]

As of 2013, Germany was the second-largest music market in Europe, and fourth-largest in the world.

Volksmusik (folk music), schlager pop and German hip hop. German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre.[265] DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Felix Jaehn, Paul Kalkbrenner, Robin Schulz and Scooter).[266]

Art, design and architecture

Main articles: German art, Architecture of Germany, and German fashion
C.D. Friedrich, Wanderer above the Sea of Fog (1818)
Franz Marc, Roe Deer in the Forest (1914)

German painters have influenced

expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include neo-expressionism and the New Leipzig School.[267]

German designers became early leaders of modern product design.[268] The Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.[269]

Architectural contributions from Germany include the

Pritzker Prize winners Gottfried Böhm and Frei Otto.[272]

Literature and philosophy

Main articles: German literature and German philosophy
Brothers Grimm, who collected and published popular German folk tales

German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level.[273] The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their Deutsches Wörterbuch, or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.[274]

Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll, and Günter Grass.[275] The German book market is the third-largest in the world, after the United States and China.[276] The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years.[277] The Leipzig Book Fair also retains a major position in Europe.[278]

German philosophy is historically significant:

communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; Friedrich Nietzsche's development of perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's contributions to the dawn of analytic philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; and the development of the Frankfurt School have all been very influential.[279]

Media

Main articles:
Media of Germany and Cinema of Germany
Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam, the world's first large-scale film studio

The largest internationally operating

a large video gaming market, with over 34 million players nationwide.[282] The Gamescom is the world's largest gaming convention.[283]

German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the

DEFA, while the dominant genre in West Germany was the Heimatfilm ("homeland film").[284] During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder
brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim.

The

German Film Awards.[285]

Cuisine

Main article: German cuisine
Bavarian Bratwurst with mustard, a pretzel, and German beer

German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities, including with the southern regions of

Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine, and doner kebab
are popular.

Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and rolls (Brötchen).[286] German cheeses account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe.[287] In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts and Weisswursts.[288]

The national alcoholic drink is

ninth-largest wine producer in the world.[293]

The 2018

three stars, giving the country a cumulative total of 300 stars.[294]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Germany
The German national football team after winning the FIFA World Cup for the fourth time in 2014

Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide,[295] and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second-highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world.[296] The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014,[297] the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996,[298] and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017.[299]

Germany is one of the leading

motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and Audi 13 times (as of 2017).[300] The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven Formula One World Drivers' Championships.[301] Sebastian Vettel is also among the most successful Formula One drivers of all time.[302]

West German medals prior to German reunification.[303] In 1936 Berlin hosted the Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Munich hosted the Summer Games of 1972.[304][305]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Deutschlandlied" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.[1]
  2. ^ Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and de jure seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn, has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries.[2]
  3. ^ Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romani, and Frisian are recognised by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[3]
  4. ^ The Bundesrat is sometimes referred to as an upper chamber of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since the German Constitution defines the Bundestag and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one bicameral parliament.
  5. ^ German: Deutschland, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ⓘ
  6. ^ German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ⓘ[11]

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