Germany
Federal Republic of Germany Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German) | |
---|---|
Anthem: "![]() Location of Germany (dark green) – in Europe (light green & dark grey) | |
Capital and largest city | Berlin[b] 52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E |
Official languages | German[c] |
Demonym(s) | German |
Government | Federal parliamentary republic[4] |
Frank-Walter Steinmeier | |
Olaf Scholz | |
Legislature | Bundestag, Bundesrat[d] |
Area | |
• Total | 357,592 km2 (138,067 sq mi)[5] (63rd) |
• Water (%) | 1.27 (2015)[6] |
Population | |
• Q3 2022 estimate | ![]() |
• Density | 232/km2 (600.9/sq mi) (58th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
Gini (2020) | ![]() medium |
HDI (2021) | ![]() very high · 9th |
Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +49 |
ISO 3166 code | DE |
Internet TLD | .de |
Germany,[e] officially the Federal Republic of Germany,[f] is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south. Its 16 constituent states are bordered by Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.
Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815.
Formal unification of Germany into the modern nation-state was commenced on 18 August 1866 with the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the Prussia-led North German Confederation later transformed in 1871 into the German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was in turn transformed into the semi-presidential Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, in 1949, Germany as a whole was organized into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, East Germany, while Berlin de jure continued its Four Power status. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of communist led-government in East Germany, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990—becoming a federal parliamentary republic.
Germany has been described as a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global power in industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer. As a developed country it offers social security, a universal health care system and a tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, the Council of Europe, the G7, the G20 and the OECD. It has the third-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Etymology
The English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine.[12] The German term Deutschland, originally diutisciu land ('the German lands') is derived from deutsch (cf. Dutch), descended from Old High German diutisc 'of the people' (from diot or diota 'people'), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz 'of the people' (see also the Latinised form Theodiscus), derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- 'people', from which the word Teutons also originates.[13]
History
Pre-human ancestors, the
Germanic tribes and the Frankish Empire
The

Under
Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.
East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire

Under the

Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratization of knowledge.[37] In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation and his translation of the Bible began the standardization of the language; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects (cuius regio, eius religio).[38] From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.[39][40]
The
From 1740,
German Confederation and Empire

Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states. The appointment of the emperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich.[48][49] The Zollverein, a tariff union, furthered economic unity.[50] In light of revolutionary movements in Europe, intellectuals and commoners started the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, raising the German question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.[51]
King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the minister president of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.[52][53]
In the Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war.[53] However, under Wilhelm II, Germany took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries.[54] A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary; the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.[55] At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun.[56] Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and China.[57] The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as punishment for an uprising;[58][59] this was the 20th century's first genocide.[59]
The
Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
On 11 August 1919, President

The worldwide
In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the

In August 1939,
In what later became known as
East and West Germany
After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany.[91] East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.[92]
West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "
East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the Soviet Union via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members (Politbüro) of the communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service.[97] While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity.[98] The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of the Cold War.[99]
Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor
Reunified Germany and the European Union

United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its memberships in international organisations.
Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the
In the
Geography
Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe;[4] bordering Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 348,672 km2 (134,623 sq mi) of land and 8,350 km2 (3,224 sq mi) of water.
Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,963 metres or 9,721 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level[114]) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.[4]
Climate
Most of Germany has a
From February 2019–2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) in January 2020 to a high of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) in June 2019.[116] Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020.[117] Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019.[118]
Biodiversity
The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions: Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests, and Alps conifer and mixed forests.[119] As of 2016[update] 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.[120]
Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory,
The 16
Politics
![]() |
![]() |
Frank-Walter Steinmeier President (representative head of state) |
Olaf Scholz Chancellor (head of government) |
Germany is a
The
Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the
Constituent states
Germany is a
|
Law
Germany has a
Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the
Germany has a low murder rate with 1.18 murders per 100,000 as of 2016[update].[145] In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.[146]
Foreign relations
Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad
The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.[156] It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States.[157]
Military

Germany's military, the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence), is organised into the
As of January 2020[update], the Bundeswehr has a strength of 184,001 active soldiers and 80,947 civilians.[163] Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad.[164] Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.[165][166] Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction.[167] According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Germany was the fourth-largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2014 to 2018.[168]
In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In
Economy

Germany has a
Germany is part of the
Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world,[183] and is the sixth-largest by production as of 2021. The top ten exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics.[184]
Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2019, the
Infrastructure

With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent.
In 2015[update], Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of energy.
Tourism

Germany is the ninth-most visited country in the world as of 2017[update], with 37.4 million visits.[212] Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs.[213]
Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include
Demographics
With a population of 80.2 million according to the

Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries:
After the United States, Germany is the second-most popular
Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions. The country's largest city is Berlin, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr.[222]
Rank | Name
|
State | Pop. | Rank | Name
|
State | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Berlin | Berlin | 3,644,826 | 11 | Bremen | Bremen | 569,352 | ||
2 | Hamburg | Hamburg | 1,841,179 | 12 | Dresden | Saxony | 554,649 | ||
3 | Munich | Bavaria | 1,471,508 | 13 | Hanover | Lower Saxony | 538,068 | ||
4 | Cologne | North Rhine-Westphalia | 1,085,664 | 14 | Nuremberg | Bavaria | 518,365 | ||
5 | Frankfurt | Hesse | 753,056 | 15 | Duisburg | North Rhine-Westphalia | 498,590 | ||
6 | Stuttgart | Baden-Württemberg | 634,830 | 16 | Bochum | North Rhine-Westphalia | 364,628 | ||
7 | Düsseldorf | North Rhine-Westphalia | 619,294 | 17 | Wuppertal | North Rhine-Westphalia | 354,382 | ||
8 | Leipzig | Saxony | 587,857 | 18 | Bielefeld | North Rhine-Westphalia | 333,786 | ||
9 | Dortmund | North Rhine-Westphalia | 587,010 | 19 | Bonn | North Rhine-Westphalia | 327,258 | ||
10 | Essen | North Rhine-Westphalia | 583,109 | 20 | Münster | North Rhine-Westphalia | 314,319 |
Religion
Christianity was introduced to the area of modern Germany by 300 AD and became fully
According to the 2011 census, Christianity was the largest religion in Germany, with 66.8% of respondents identifying as Christian, of which 3.8% were not church members.
In the 2011 census, 1.9% of respondents (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this faith (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question.
A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination,[229] though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.[230][231]
Languages
German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.[232] It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the European Commission.[233] German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.[234]
Recognised native minority languages in Germany are
Education

Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual
Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment.[238] The general requirement for attending university is the Abitur. According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study.[239] The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386), Leipzig University (established in 1409) and the University of Rostock (established in 1419) being the oldest.[240] The Humboldt University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many Western universities.[241][242] In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven Universities of Excellence.
Health
Germany's system of hospitals, called Krankenhäuser, dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest
Germany ranked 21st in the world in 2019 in life expectancy with
Culture

Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker ('the land of poets and thinkers'),[249] because of the major role its scientists, writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought.[250] A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.[251][252]
Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as the
Music

German
As of 2013, Germany was the second-largest music market in Europe, and fourth-largest in the world.
Art, design and architecture

German painters have influenced Western art. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of the Renaissance, Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max Ernst of Surrealism. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; Die Brücke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include neo-expressionism and the New Leipzig School.[261]
German designers became early leaders of modern product design.[262] The Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.[263]
Architectural contributions from Germany include the
Literature and philosophy

German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level.[267] The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their Deutsches Wörterbuch, or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.[268]
Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass.[269] The German book market is the third-largest in the world, after the United States and China.[270] The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years.[271] The Leipzig Book Fair also retains a major position in Europe.[272]
German philosophy is historically significant:
Media
The largest internationally operating

German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the
The
Cuisine
German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of
are also popular.The 2018
Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide,[288] and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second-highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world.[289] The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014,[290] the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996,[291] and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017.[292]
Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and Audi 13 times (as of 2017[update]).[293] The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven Formula One World Drivers' Championships.[294] Sebastian Vettel is also among the most successful Formula One drivers of all time.[295]
Historically,
See also
- Index of Germany-related articles
- Outline of Germany
Notes
- ^ From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Deutschlandlied" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.[1]
- ^ Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and de jure seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn, has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries.[2]
- ^ Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romani, and Frisian are recognised by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[3]
- ^ The Bundesrat is sometimes referred to as an upper chamber of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since the German Constitution defines the Bundestag and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one bicameral parliament.
- ^ German: Deutschland, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃlant] (
listen)
- ^ German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] (
listen)[11]
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External links
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- Official tourism site
- Germany from BBC News
- Germany. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Germany from the OECD
- Germany at the EU
Geographic data related to Germany at OpenStreetMap