Germany–Haiti relations
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German–Haitian relations date back to the time before the country's independence. They were characterized by trade in the 19th century. In the 20th century, they lost importance due to political developments in both Germany and Haiti.[1]
Diplomatic relations still exist, and both countries have exchanged ambassadors.
History
The earliest known German settlement in the then
Among the French troops of General Charles Leclerc, who were to suppress the uprisings in the colony in 1802 and 1803 and were over 30,000 strong, were once again Germans, in addition to Dutch and Polish soldiers from the countries occupied by Napoleon Bonaparte. General Leclerc's intervention failed and Haiti declared independence on January 1, 1804. Haiti's second constitution of May 20, 1805, guaranteed full citizenship rights of the country to Germans and Poles residing in the country (Article 13).[3]
In the mid-19th century, merchants from the
Before the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, the independent Hanseatic cities and Prussia were represented in Haiti by so-called ministerial residents. The German Empire had been represented by consuls and envoys since the end of the 19th century. In 1891 Heinrich Ernst Göring took over the office of envoy.[citation needed]
In 1872, the German Empire sent gunboats for the first time to support interests of German merchants. To force payment of outstanding debts, the covered corvette SMS Vineta entered Port-au-Prince harbor. The SMS Vineta, supported by the SMS Gazelle, brought up two Haitian gunboats to make its presence felt. The so-called "Vineta Affair" led to nationwide protests in Haiti.
In September 1897, the
In September 1902, another
In 1910, Germans in Haiti controlled about 80% of the country's foreign trade.[citation needed] Although the number of Germans living in Haiti was only about 200, they had a disproportionate amount of economic influence.[citation needed] For example, they owned and operated utilities in Port-au-Prince and Cap-Haïtien and controlled port operations in Port-au-Prince.
When the United States occupied Haiti during World War I in 1915, all Germans were interned and their property confiscated. In July 1918, occupied Haiti declared war on the German Empire.[8] After the end of World War I, most Germans left Haiti due to the continued American occupation of the country and the resulting hostile atmosphere. The Germans who remained were those who had established family ties on the island.
When Haiti declared war on Germany in 1940 during World War II, all German property was again confiscated. German Haitians who retained their German citizenship were imprisoned. In 1942, at the request of the Americans, these interned Germans were transferred to the United States.[9] It was not until 1946, when Dumarsais Estimé became President of Haiti, that the Germans then incarcerated at Ellis Island, New York City, were able to return to Haiti.[citation needed]
After the resumption of diplomatic relations,
After the earthquake near Port-au-Prince on January 12, 2010, German aid organizations provided humanitarian assistance on a large scale.[citation needed]
The German Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development, Dirk Niebel, visited Haiti in 2010, and German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle met with President Michel Martelly, among others, during a short visit in 2011.
Culture
In Port-au-Prince, there is the German–Haitian Cultural Society, which offers language courses supported by the Goethe-Institut as well as events.
The Goethe-Institut Mexico is also regionally responsible for Haiti.[10]
Exhibitions of Haitian painting are held in German museums and art halls.[11]
In 1974, the
Diplomatic missions
- Germany has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
- Haiti has an embassy in Berlin.
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Residence of the Embassy of Germany in Port-au-Prince
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Embassy of Haiti in Berlin
References
- ^ Amt, Auswärtiges. "Germany and Haiti: Bilateral relations". German Federal Foreign Office. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
- ^ "Bombardopolis: Cité née d'une Altercation Franco-Allemande". Tout Haiti (in French). Retrieved 2022-10-30.
- ^ "The 1805 Constitution of Haiti". New York Evening Post. 1805-07-15. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- doi:10.4000/plc.298. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- S2CID 180685425
- ^ "Rassistische Prestigepolitik mit Kanonenbooten: Die Militäraktion gegen Haiti 1897 und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit". Portal Militärgeschichte (in German). 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
- ^ "Haiti und die Dominikanische Republik 1883–1914" (PDF). University of Oldenburg. 2011-07-19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
- ^ "Haiti Declares War On Germany After Eight Haitians Killed On French Steamer By German Torpedo 1918". The Telegraph. Bahamianology. 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- ^ "Japanese, German, and Italian American Enemy Alien Internment". Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- ^ "Über uns". Goethe-Institut Mexiko. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- ^ "Deutsch-Haitianische Beziehungen". Pangloss. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- ^ "Sepp Piontek: Werder-Legende und Wahl-Däne". NDR. 2022-03-05. Retrieved 2022-10-30.