Germany–Netherlands relations
Germany |
Netherlands |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
Embassy of Germany, The Hague | Embassy of the Netherlands, Berlin |
Envoy | |
Ambassador Franz Josef Kremp[1] | Ambassador Monique van Daalen[2] |
German–Dutch relations are diplomatic, military and cultural ties between the bordering nations of Germany and the Netherlands. Relations between the modern states started after Germany became united in 1871.[3] Before that the Netherlands had relations with Prussia and other, smaller German-speaking nations. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the European Union and NATO.
History
In the 15th century, Mary of Burgundy, titular Duchess of Burgundy, reigned over the Burgundian State before she married with Archduke Maximilian of Austria, the future Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in 1477.[4] The Seventeen Provinces arose from the Burgundian Netherlands, a number of fiefs held by the House of Valois-Burgundy and inherited by the Habsburg dynasty in 1482. Starting in 1512, the Provinces formed the major part of the Burgundian Circle. When Emperor Charles V, who secularized Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht, began the gradual abdication of his several crowns in October 1555, his son Philip II took over as overlord of the conglomerate of duchies, counties and other feudal fiefs known as the Habsburg Netherlands.[5]
In 1566, the
From the mid-17th century, the costly conflicts, including the Anglo-Dutch Wars, Franco-Dutch War and War of the Spanish Succession fuelled economic decline, including heavy dependence on the French during the period in the Netherlands known as the Batavian Republic and the Kingdom of Holland. The Netherlands became independent again in 1813.
During
The Netherlands launched Operation Black Tulip in 1946 and annexed some German territories. The Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany officially remained in a state of war with each other until 26 July 1951.[10][11]
Present
Germany has an
According to the official website of the
Emigration
As of 2017[update], around 164,000 people with a Dutch migration background resided in Germany.[13] Around 77,000 Germans resided in the Netherlands.
Embassies
The Embassy of Germany is located in The Hague, the Netherlands. The Embassy of the Netherlands is located in Berlin, Germany.
See also
- Germany–Netherlands border
- Germany–Netherlands football rivalry
- Germans in the Netherlands
- Dutch people in Germany
References
- ^ Ambassadeur (in Dutch), Embassy of Germany, The Hague. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ Ambassadeur Archived 2013-02-03 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch), Embassy of the Netherlands, Berlin. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ Amry Vandenbosch, Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815 (1959).
- ISBN 978-0393302608.
- ^ Technically they formed the Burgundian Circle that, under the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549, was to be transferred as a unit in hereditary succession in the House of Habsburg.
- ^ https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/diary/
- ^ "Uitzending Gemist – Vroeger & Zo De hongerwinter – 1944" (video) (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ ISBN 9780803296183.
- ISBN 9789065504463
- ^ "German Military Cemetery Ysselsteyn | War Victims Foundation".
- ^ "Begraafplaats Ysselsteyn [Zuidfront Holland - Mei 1940]".
- ^ "Relations between the Netherlands and Germany | International relations | Government.nl". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
- ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im engeren Sinne nach ausgewählten Herkunftsländern". Statistisches Bundesamt. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
Further reading
- Jensen, Mette Bastholm. Solidarity in action: A comparative analysis of collective rescue efforts in Nazi-occupied Denmark and the Netherlands (Yale University Press, 2007).
- Kennedy, John R. "Dutch defensive preparations, 1933-1940" (DTIC, Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth Ks, 1989) online.
- Leurdijk, J.H. ed. The Foreign Policy of the Netherlands (Alphen aan den Rijn, 1978).
- Maass, Walter B. The Netherlands at War: 1940-1945 (London: Abelard-Schuman, 1970),
- Mason, Henry L. "War Comes to the Netherlands: September 1939-May 1940." Political Science Quarterly 78.4 (1963): 548–580. Online
- Moore, R. Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands 1933–1940 (Springer, 2012).
- Moore, Bob. "Jewish Refugees in the Netherlands 1933–1940: The Structure and Pattern of Immigration from Nazi Germany." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 29.1 (1984): 73-101.
- Pearson, Frederic S. Weak State in International Crisis: The Case of the Netherlands in the German Invasion Crisis of 1939-40 (1981).
- Steinberg, Jonathan. "A German Plan for the Invasion of Holland and Belgium, 1897." Historical Journal 6.1 (1963): 107–119. Online
- Tammes, Peter. "Jewish immigrants in the Netherlands during the Nazi occupation." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 37.4 (2007): 543–562. online
- Tuyll van Serooskerken, Hubert P. van. Netherlands & World War I: Espionage, Diplomacy & Survival (2001) 381p.
- Vandenbosch, Anry. Dutch Foreign Policy Since 1815 (Hyperion Press, 1959) online free to borrow
- Van Der Zee, Henri A., ed. The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland, 1944-1945 (U of Nebraska Press, 1998).
- Van Kleffens, Eelco Nicolaas. Juggernaut over Holland : the Dutch foreign minister's personal story of the invasion of the Netherlands (Columbia University Press, 1942)
- Warmbrunn, Werner The Dutch Under German Occupation, 1940-1945 (Stanford University Press, 1963)