Germany–Syria relations

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Germany–Syria relations
Map indicating locations of Germany and Syria

Germany
Syria

Germany–Syria relations are the

Syrian government.[1]

History

In 1927, the

Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) were established. At the time of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961), Syria operated a joint embassy in Bonn with Egypt under Nasser
.

After the FRG's diplomatic recognition of Israel in 1965, Syria severed diplomatic relations with the FRG. Instead, informal relations with the

Hafiz al-Assad in 1970, relations with the GDR were eventually scaled back, and relations with the FRG were resumed in 1974.[3]

In 2001, Syrian President

Syrian refugees
itself.

On December 4, 2015, the

anti-ISIL coalition in Syria, which ended in January 2021.[7] The Berlin Prosecutor General's Office opened an investigation at the end of January 2017 into allegations that the Syrian embassy in Berlin had issued passports without verification but with an extra fee.[8] In February 2021, pro-Assad supporter Eyad A. was sentenced by a Regional Court to four and a half years in prison for war crimes committed in the Syrian civil war, marking the first international conviction for charges involving "crimes against humanity" committed by individual linked to the Government of Syria during the war.[9]

In January 2022, a German court in

Branch 251 of Ba'athist General Intelligence Directorate and was charged with organizing large-scale torture, rape, sexual violence against detainees and in the killing of 58 individuals.[10][11][12] In July 2023, German police basted a major captagon network in the southern state of Bavaria, run by two Syrian-born men who were involved in production and smuggling of captagon.[13]

Migration

See also: Syrians in Germany

Major migration between the countries first occurred in the 1960s as part of the close partnership between East Germany and Syria. A total of 4000 Syrian students studied in West and East Germany, and in 2009, 22 percent of professors at the

University of Damascus had a German degree.[14] In 2009, there were about 30,000 Syrians living in Germany.[15] More than six million Syrians have left their homes as part of the civil war in the country. In 2021, there were approximately 868,000 people from Syria living in Germany, the vast majority of whom arrived in the country as part of the Refugee Crisis 2015/2016.[16] Well-known German-Syrians include political scientist Bassam Tibi, politician Lamya Kaddor and football player Mahmoud Dahoud
.

Economic relations

Syria's economic performance plummeted with the start of the civil war in 2011, and the country was placed under

trade volume amounted to only 60 million euros in 2021.[18]

Before the civil war, Syria was a major tourist destination due to its cultural sites and was also visited by many Germans. Since 2019, some tourists from Germany have been traveling to the country again, despite travel warnings.[19]

Humanitarian aid

Since the beginning of the Syrian civil war, Germany has provided humanitarian aid amounting to more than 10 billion euros up to 2022, making it one of the leading donor countries. The German government has worked with partners such as the

Red Cross, and Save the Children.[20] The focus has been on supporting refugees in Syria and neighboring countries. Aid was also provided to stabilize regions in northern Syria that had been occupied by the Islamic State.[21]

Diplomatic missions
  • Syrian Embassy in Berlin.
    Syrian Embassy in Berlin.

See also

Further reading

  • Chen, Chern (2018). "Former Nazi Officers in the Near East: German Military Advisors in Syria, 1949–56". The International History Review. 40 (4): 732–751.
    S2CID 158837784
    .
  • Rankin, Melinda (2019). "The 'Responsibility to Prosecute' Core International Crimes? The Case of German Universal Jurisdiction and the Syrian Government". Global Responsibility to Protect. 11 (4): 394–410.
    S2CID 210458363
    .
  • Trentin, Massimiliano (2021). "State-led Development: The Privileged Linkage between East Germany and Ba'athist Syria, 1965–1972". Contemporary European History. 30 (4): 581–596.
    ISSN 0960-7773
    .
  • Trentin, Massimiliano (2008). "'Tough negotiations'. The two Germanys in Syria and Iraq, 1963–74". Cold War History. 8 (3): 353–380.
    S2CID 218576332
    .

References

  1. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Germany grapples with its identity crisis on Syria | DW | 14.03.2021". DW.COM. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  2. S2CID 158837784
    , retrieved 2022-10-14
  3. ISSN 0960-7773
  4. ISSN 2195-1349
    . Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  5. ^ "Welle von Ausweisungen gegen Botschafter Syriens | NZZ", Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German), 29 May 2012, retrieved 2022-10-14
  6. ^ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). "Germany grapples with its identity crisis on Syria | DW | 14.03.2021". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  7. ^ tagesschau.de. "Bundestag verlängert Bundeswehr-Einsatz im Irak" (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  8. ^ Berliner Zeitung (27 January 2017). "Neue Identität: Syrische Botschaft soll Pässe gegen "Extragebühr" ausgestellt haben" (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  9. ISSN 0931-9085
    , retrieved 2022-10-14
  10. ^ Westendarp, Louis (13 January 2022). "German court convicts Syrian colonel of crimes against humanity". Politico. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023.
  11. ^ Hill, Jenny (13 January 2022). "German court finds Syrian colonel guilty of crimes against humanity". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023.
  12. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Germany grapples with its identity crisis on Syria | DW | 14.03.2021". DW.COM. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  13. ^ "German police arrest Syrians in Bavaria captagon factory bust". New Arab. 20 July 2023. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023.
  14. ^ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). "Deutsch-deutsche Spuren in Syrien | DW | 26.10.2009". Deutsche Welle (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  15. ^ "Zahlen und Fakten: Syrer in Deutschland - gut integriert?". www.zdf.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  16. ^ "Ausländer aus Syrien in Deutschland bis 2021". Statista (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  17. ^ "Wiederaufbau in Syrien" (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  18. ^ "Rangfolge der Handelspartner im Außenhandel" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
  19. ^ Fabian von Poser (2022-01-31), "Dark Tourism: Länder wie Irak, Südsudan oder Syrien locken Urlauber", Die Welt (in German), retrieved 2022-10-14
  20. ^ Auswärtiges Amt. "Humanitäre Hilfe in Syrien bleibt lebenswichtig" (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  21. ^ Auswärtiges Amt. "Zehn Jahre Konflikt in Syrien – Sieben Fragen an die deutsche Außenpolitik" (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  22. ^ Auswärtiges Amt. "Deutsche Vertretungen in Syrien" (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  23. ^ Auswärtiges Amt. "Syrien" (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-14.
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