Germany–Ukraine relations
Germany |
Ukraine |
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Diplomatic mission | |
Oleksiy Makeyev |
Germany–Ukraine relations are foreign relations between Germany and Ukraine. Diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Germany originally were established in 1918 as between Ukrainian People's Republic and German Empire, but were discontinued soon thereafter due to occupation of Ukraine by the Red Army. Current relations were resumed in 1989 at a consulate level, and in 1992 as full-scale diplomatic mission. Germany supports Ukraine's European Union and NATO membership, and helps it to grow a "strong, climate-friendly economy".[1]
History
1918–1990
In 1918, in the aftermath of the
During
Following the war, from 1944 to the 1950s, surviving OUN leaders found refuge in the
1990–2014
In 1991, Germany opposed Ukrainian independence and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, according to archived German Foreign Ministry files released in 2022.[4] In November 1991, facing the imminent dissolution of the Soviet Union, German Chancellor Helmut Kohl offered Russia to "exert influence on the Ukrainian leadership" for it to join a proposed confederation with Russia.[4] Germany changed its stance only when Ukrainian independence became inevitable after the independence referendum held in December 1991, and then recognized Ukraine.[4]
During the Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)
The German
Germany and France both exerted substantial influence in peace talks between Russia and Ukraine, and in February 2015 these resulted in a ceasefire known as the
In June 2016 Germany contributed euro 6mn to the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) to continue to provide food assistance to more than 200,000 people affected by the conflict in eastern Ukraine.[12]
In July 2018, the planned Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany was opposed by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko.[13]
As of 2019 Germany was reported to be the third-largest donor to Ukraine, after the US and EU. The German Foreign Ministry indicated that since 2014, Germany had contributed almost €1.2 billion of funding to Ukraine as well as another €200 million via EU contributions.[14]
In December 2021 four days after Merkel had left office, Germany blocked arms supplies to Ukraine during the
On February 26, 2022 (two days after the
In April 2022, Germany committed to sending armored anti-aircraft systems and armored vehicles to Ukraine.
Diplomatic missions location
Germany has an
Ukraine has an embassy in Berlin and 3 Consulates-General in Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich.
Head of missions (1917–1920s)
- Germany
- 1917–18 Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein
- 1918–19 Johannes (Hans) Graf von Berchem
- Ukraine
- 1918–18 Oleksandr Sevriuk (chargé d'affaires)
- 1918–18 Omelian Koziy (chargé d'affaires)
- 1918–18 Teodor Shteingel
- 1918–20 Mykola Porsh
- 1921–23 Roman Smal-Stocki
- 1923–23 Nikolaus von Wassilko (chargé d'affaires)
- Soviets (representative of the Soviet government in Ukraine)
- 1921–23 Voldemar Aussem
Resident diplomatic missions
- Germany has an embassy in Kyiv.
- Ukraine has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt, Düsseldorf, Hamburg and Munich.
-
Embassy of Germany in Kyiv
-
Embassy of Ukraine in Berlin
See also
- World War II, Germans in Ukraine
- Gazprom
- Gerhard Schroeder
- Cold War II
- Russo-Ukrainian War
- Accession of Ukraine to the European Union
References
- ^ "Support for Ukraine in challenging times". Press and Information Office of the Federal Government of Germany. 14 February 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-118-29478-9.
- ^ Epstein, p. 144
- ^ a b c "Bonn-Moscow Ties: Newly Released Documents Shed Fresh Light on NATO's Eastward Expansion". Spiegel International. 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
- S2CID 158178079.
- ^ SPECK, ULRICH (26 March 2015). "German Power and the Ukraine Conflict". Carnegie Europe.
- ^ Fix 2018.
- ^ S2CID 156187733.
- ^ a b Kwiatkowska, Anna; Frymark, Kamil (18 February 2015). "Germany in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict: a political or a humanitarian mission?". Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW).
- ^ "Kiev Signs Memorandum With Berlin on Loan of 500 Million Euros". Sputnik News. 15 July 2015.
- ^ "Ukraine, Germany sign deal on 50 million euro loan to Kiev". Panorama.am. 1 August 2015.
- ^ "German Support Helps WFP Continue To Assist Conflict-Affected People In Ukraine". World Food Programme. 15 June 2016.
- ^ "Germany and Russia gas links: Trump is not only one to ask questions". The Guardian. 11 July 2018.
- ^ Brady, Kate (26 September 2019). "What does Germany do for Ukraine?". Deutsche Welle.
- ^ "Ukraine blames Germany for 'blocking' Nato weapons supply". Financial Times. 12 December 2021.
- ^ "Germany blocks Estonian arms exports to Ukraine: report". Deutsche Welle. 21 January 2022.
- Ukrayinska Pravda(in Ukrainian). 23 January 2022.
- ^ "German navy chief resigns amid diplomatic row with Kyiv". Politico. 22 January 2022.
- ^ ‘It's a joke’: Germany's offer of 5,000 helmets to Ukraine is met with disdain amid Russia invasion fears
- ^ The 5,000 helmets Germany offered Ukraine are finally on their way as it faces a Russian onslaught from 3 sidesl
- ^ "Germany asks citizens to leave Ukraine 'urgently'". Business Recorder. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ M. Herszenhorn, David; Bayer, Lili; Burchard, Hans Von Der (26 February 2022). "Germany to send Ukraine weapons in historic shift on military aid". Politico. Politico. Politico. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "$113 billion: Where the US investment in Ukraine aid has gone". CNN. 21 September 2023.
- ^ "Ukraine aid: Where the money is coming from, in 4 charts". CNN. 20 March 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine snubs German president over past Russia links". theguardian.com. 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
- ^ "Ukraine rejects official visit by German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier". DW.COM. 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
- ^ "German foreign minister accuses Nato of 'warmongering' with military exercises that could worsen tensions with Russia". The Independent. 18 June 2016.
- ^ Connolly, Kate (26 April 2022). "Germany to send anti-aircraft tanks to Ukraine in policy shift". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ^ "Germany to Send Anti-Aircraft Tanks to Ukraine in Policy Shift". Bloomberg. Bloomberg L.P. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan (26 July 2022). "Can Ukrainian forces recapture Kherson from Russia?". the Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ Bundesregierung (2022-09-20). "Militärische Unterstützungsleistungen für die Ukraine". Bundesregierung.de/ (in German). Retrieved September 26, 2022.
- ^ "Germany sends seven howitzers to Ukraine". POLITICO. 6 May 2022.
- ^ "Germany to send self-propelled howitzer artillery to Ukraine". DW News. 6 May 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine to get a dozen howitzers from Germany and the Netherlands". Defense News. 6 May 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian troops arrive in Germany for howitzer training". Deutsche Welle. 11 May 2022.
- ^ Gebauer, Matthias; Traufetter, Gerald (28 July 2022). "(S+) Ukraine-Krieg: Berlin genehmigt Verkauf von 100 Panzerhaubitzen". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ^ "Poland pressed Germany to send Leopard tanks to Ukraine". DW.com. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ "Germany defies allies' pressure to send tanks to Ukraine". Financial Times. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ "Germany agrees to send Leopard tanks to Ukraine". DAWN.COM. Reuters. 2023-01-25. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ^ Consulate-General in Donetsk Archived 2018-01-19 at the Wayback Machine. Embassy of Germany in Ukraine.
- ^ "Consulate-General in Donetsk official website". Archived from the original on 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
Bibliography
- Dembińska, Magdalena, and Frederic Mérand, eds. Cooperation and Conflict between Europe and Russia (Routledge, 2021).
- Fix, Liana (2018). "The different 'shades' of German power: Germany and EU foreign policy during the Ukraine Conflict". German Politics. 27 (4): 498–515. S2CID 158085065.