Gerzeh culture

Coordinates: 29°27′N 31°12′E / 29.450°N 31.200°E / 29.450; 31.200
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Gerzean
)
Gerzeh culture/ Naqada II
(3500—3200 BC)
Gerzeh culture is located in Northeast Africa
el-Girzeh
el-Girzeh
Gerzeh culture is located in Egypt
el-Girzeh
el-Girzeh
Gerzeh culture/ Naqada II
Datescirca 3,650 BC — circa 3,300 BC[1]
Major sitesal-Girza
Preceded byNaqada I (Amratian)
Followed byNaqada III

The Gerzeh culture, also called Naqada II, refers to the archaeological stage at Gerzeh (also Girza or Jirzah), a prehistoric Egyptian cemetery located along the west bank of the Nile. The necropolis is named after el-Girzeh, the nearby contemporary town in Egypt.[2] Gerzeh is situated only several miles due east of the oasis of Faiyum.[3]

The Gerzeh culture is a material culture identified by archaeologists. It is the second of three phases of the prehistoric Naqada cultures and so is also known as Naqada II. The Gerzeh culture was preceded by the Amratian culture ("Naqada I") and followed by the Naqada III ("protodynastic" or "Semainian culture").

Historical context

Sources differ on dating, some saying use of the culture distinguishes itself from the Amratian and begins circa 3500 BC lasting through circa 3200 BC.

Badari cultures, i.e. c.3800 BC to 3650 BC, even though some Badarian artifacts, in fact, may date earlier. Nevertheless, because the Naqada sites were first divided by the British Egyptologist Flinders Petrie in 1894, into Amratian (after the cemetery near el-Amrah
) and "Gerzean" (after the cemetery near Gerzeh) sub-periods, the original convention is used in this text.

The Gerzeh culture lasted through a period of time when the desertification of the Sahara had nearly reached its state seen during the late twentieth century.

The primary distinguishing feature between the earlier Amratian and the Gerzeh is the extra decorative effort exhibited in the pottery of the period. Artwork on Gerzeh ceramics features stylised animals and environment to a greater degree than the earlier Amratian artwork. Further, images of ostriches on the pottery artwork possibly indicate an inclination these early peoples may have felt to explore the Sahara desert.

  • Comb with human image, Early Naqada II, 3500-3400 BC, Brooklyn Museum.
    Comb with human image, Early Naqada II, 3500-3400 BC, Brooklyn Museum.
  • Figurine thought to be a deity, Gerzeh culture, Brooklyn Museum
    Figurine thought to be a deity, Gerzeh culture, Brooklyn Museum
  • Ivory objects from the Naqada Culture.
    Ivory objects from the Naqada Culture.
  • Paintings with symbols on Naqada II pottery. 3500-3200 BC.
    Paintings with symbols on Naqada II pottery. 3500-3200 BC.
  • Gebelein predynastic mummy, with Naqada II decorated jars on its side, circa 3400 BC
    Gebelein predynastic mummy, with Naqada II decorated jars on its side, circa 3400 BC

Reed boats

Pictures of ceremonial reed boats appear on some Naqada II jars, showing two male and two female figures standing aboard, the boat being equipped with oars and two cabins.[5]

  • Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
    Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
  • Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
    Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
  • Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
    Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt

Contacts with Western and Central Asia

Mesopotamian king on the Gebel el-Arak knife
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations, and the state of Mesopotamian royal iconography during the Uruk period.[6][7]

Distinctly foreign objects and art forms entered Egypt during this period, indicating contacts with several parts of Asia. Scientific analysis of ancient wine jars in Abydos has shown that there was some high-volume wine trade with the Levant during this period.

Lapis lazuli trade, in the form of beads, from its only known prehistoric source – Badakhshan in northeastern Afghanistan – also reached ancient Gerzeh.[11] Other discovered grave goods are on display here.

Cylinder seals

It is generally thought that

Jemdet Nasr culture as far as Egypt at the end of the 4th millennium BC.[15][12]

In Egypt, cylinder seals suddenly appear without local antecedents from around Naqada II c-d (3500–3300 BC).

Second Intermediate Period, but they were essentially replaced by scarabs from the time of the Middle Kingdom.[12]

Burials

Burial sites in Gerzeh have uncovered artifacts, such as cosmetic palettes, a bone harpoon, an ivory pot, stone vessels, and several meteoritic iron beads,[17] Technologies at Gerzeh also include fine ripple-flaked knives of exceptional workmanship. The meteoritic iron beads, discovered in two Gerzean graves by Egyptologist Wainwright in 1911,[18] are the earliest artifacts of iron known,[19] dating to around 3200 BC[20] (see also Iron Age).

One burial uncovered evidence of decapitation.[21]

Oldest known Egyptian painted tomb

An ancient Nekhen tomb painting in plaster with barques, staffs, goddesses, and animals – possibly the earliest example of an Egyptian tomb mural

Discoveries at Nekhen include Tomb 100, the oldest known tomb with a mural painted on its plaster walls. The sepulchre is thought to date to the Gerzeh culture (c. 3500–3200 BC).

It is presumed that the mural shows religious scenes and images. It includes figures featured in Egyptian culture for three thousand years—a funerary procession of barques, presumably a goddess standing between two upright lionesses, a wheel of various horned quadrupeds, several examples of a staff that became associated with the deity of the earliest cattle culture and one being held up by a heavy-breasted goddess. Animals depicted include onagers or zebras, ibexes, ostriches, lionesses, impalas, gazelles, and cattle.

Several of the images in the mural resemble images seen in the Gebel el-Arak Knife: a figure between two lions, warriors, or boats,[22][23][24][25] but are not stylistically similar.

  • Figure with rampant lions
    Figure with rampant lions
  • Presumed warriors
    Presumed warriors
  • Figure with fauna
    Figure with fauna

Proto-hieroglyphic symbols

Designs on some of the labels or token from Abydos, carbon-dated to circa 3400-3200 BC.[8][26]

Some symbols on Gerzeh pottery resemble traditional

cuneiform script of Sumer
. The figurine of a woman is a distinctive design considered characteristic of the culture.

The end of the Gerzeh culture is generally regarded as coinciding with the unification of Egypt, the Naqada III period.

Other artifacts

  • Egg-Shaped Mace Head 3500–3300 BC Naqada II
    Egg-Shaped Mace Head 3500–3300 BC Naqada II
  • Painted linen (detail) from a grave in Gebelein, Naqada IIa-b (circa 3600 BC). Museo Egizio, Turin.
    Painted linen (detail) from a grave in Gebelein, Naqada IIa-b (circa 3600 BC). Museo Egizio, Turin.
  • Pre-Dynastic model house, El-Amra, Naqada IIC until 3200 BC, British Museum EA35505
    Pre-Dynastic model house, El-Amra, Naqada IIC until 3200 BC, British Museum EA35505

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Hendrickx, Stan. "The relative chronology of the Naqada culture: Problems and possibilities [in:] Spencer, A.J. (ed.), Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press, 1996: 36-69": 64. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. "Geographical information on Jirzah, Egypt". Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  3. ^ University College London. "Map of the area between Meydum and Tarkhan". Digital Egypt for Universities. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  4. .
  5. ^ "Metmuseum". www.metmuseum.org.
  6. ^ a b "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
  7. .
  8. ^ .
  9. ^ Shaw, Ian. & Nicholson, Paul, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, (London: British Museum Press, 1995), p. 109.
  10. ^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 16.
  11. ^ University College London. "Gerzeh, tomb 80". Digital Egypt for Universities. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  12. ^
    S2CID 161166931
    .
  13. .
  14. .
  15. .
  16. ^ a b c Honoré, Emmanuelle (January 2007). "Earliest Cylinder-Seal Glyptic in Egypt: From Greater Mesopotamia to Naqada". H. Hanna Ed., Preprints of the International Conference on Heritage of Naqada and Qus Region, Volume I.
  17. ^ University College London. "Finds in Gerzeh tomb 67". Digital Egypt for Universities. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  18. ^ Great Pyramid of Giza Research Association. "The use of meteorites by the Ancient Egyptians". Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  19. ^ "metalwork: Early history.". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  20. S2CID 55644155
    .
  21. ^ University College London. "Gerzeh, tomb 67". Digital Egypt for Universities. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  22. .
  23. .
  24. .
  25. .
  26. ^ "The seal impressions, from various tombs, date even further back, to 3400 B.C. These dates challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs, pictographic symbols representing a specific place, object, or quantity, first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia." Mitchell, Larkin. "Earliest Egyptian Glyphs". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

Bibliography

  • Petrie/Wainwright/Mackay: The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh, British School of Archaeology in Egypt XXI. London 1912

External links

29°27′N 31°12′E / 29.450°N 31.200°E / 29.450; 31.200