Ghadar Movement
Ghadar Party | |
---|---|
President | Sohan Singh Bhakna |
Founded | 15 July 1913 |
Dissolved | January 1948 |
Ideology | Indian independence Indian nationalism |
Colours | Red, Saffron, Green |
The Ghadar Movement was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence. Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the Ghadar Mutiny, was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the Hindu–German Conspiracy, which led to a sensational trial in San Francisco in 1917.
Following the war's conclusion, the party in the United States fractured into a
Etymology
Ghadar is a Punjabi and Urdu word derived from Arabic which means "revolt" or "rebellion."[6] It is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the Hindustan Ghadar.
Background
Between 1903 and 1913 approximately 10,000 South Asians emigres entered North America, mostly from the rural regions of central Punjab.
Nationalist sentiments were also building around the world among South Asian emigres and students, where they could organize more freely than in
RasBihari Bose on request from Vishnu Ganesh Pingle, an American trained Ghadar, who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up the leadership of the coming revolution. But before accepting the responsibility, he sent Sachin Sanyal to the Punjab to assess the situation. Sachin returned very optimistic,[1][10] in the United States and Canada with the aim to liberate India from British rule. The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.[1]
The Ghadar Party, initially the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association, was formed on 15 July 1913 in the United States but before a decision to create headquarter at Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco was taken at a meeting in the town of Astoria in the state of Oregon in USA under the leadership of
Newspaper
The party was built around the weekly paper The Ghadar, which carried the caption on the masthead: Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman (an enemy of the British rule). "Wanted brave soldiers", the Ghadar declared, "to stir up rebellion in India. Pay-death; Price-martyrdom; Pension-liberty; Field of battle-India". The ideology of the party was strongly secular. In the words of Sohan Singh Bhakna, who later became a major peasant leader of Punjab: "We were not Sikhs or Punjabis. Our religion was patriotism". The first issue of The Ghadar, was published in San Francisco on 1 November 1913.
As Kartar Singh Sarabha, one of the founders of the party, wrote in the first issue: "Today there begins 'Ghadar' in foreign lands, but in our country's tongue, a war against the British Raj. What is our name? Ghadar. What is our work? Ghadar. Where will be the Revolution? In India. The time will soon come when rifles and blood will take the place of pens and ink."
Following the voyage of the
- No pundits or mullahs do we need
The party rose to prominence in the second decade of the 20th century, and grew in strength owing to Indian discontent over World War I and the lack of political reforms.[citation needed]
In 1917 some of their leaders were arrested and put on trial in the
In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the party from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial government.[12]
The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of
Although publication such as independence Hindustan and revolution activities of Ghadar Party against British rule continued from 5 wood street San Francisco, place where Ghadar Memorial has been built but Har Dayal one among its founding members severed all connections with revolutionists by its open letter published in March 1919 in Indian newspapers and new Statesman USA, and by writing to British Goveronment for obtaining Amnesty for himself.[13]
The party had active members in other countries such as Mexico, Japan, China,
Founding members
- Sohan Singh Bhakna (President)
- Kesar Singh (Vice-President)
- Baba Jawala Singh (Vice-President)
- Kartar Singh Sarabha (Editor, Punjabi Gadar)
- Pt. Kanshi Ram(Treasurer)
- Munshi Ram (Organizing Secretary)
- Lala Thaker Das (Dhuri) (Vice Secretary)
- Lala Hardayal
- Udham Singh
- Bhai Parmanand
- Tarak Nath Das
- V. G. Pingle
- Bhagwan Singh Gyanee
- Santokh Singh (Ghadarite)
- Balwant Singh (Ghadarite)
- Rehmat Ali (Ghadarite)
- Harnam Singh Tundilat
- G. D. Verma
- Nidhan Singh Chugha
- Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)
- Baba Harnam Singh (Kari Sari)
- Mangu Ram Mugowalia[14][15]
- Karim Bakhsh
- Amir Chand
- Sant Baba Wasakha Singh
- Maulavi Barkatullah
- Harnam Singh Saini
- Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje
- Ganda Singh Phangureh
- Karim Bux
- Baba Prithvi Singh Azad
- Gulab Kaur
- Pt. Ram Rakha
- Sohanlal Pathak
See also
References
- Notes
- ^ a b c d "Ghadr (Sikh political organization)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
- ^ Singh, Satindra (1966). Ghadar, 1915, India's First Armed Revolution (3rd ed.). R & K Publishing House. pp. 133–135.
- S2CID 164468099.
- ^ ISBN 9780842612340.
- ^ Aspirant, Civil (4 July 2020). "203. Tarak Nath Das- Founder of Swadesh Sevak Home". Civil Aspirant. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
- ^ Ramnath 2011, p. 2.
- ^ Puri, Harish K. (1993). Ghadar Movement: ideology, organisation, and strategy (2nd ed.). Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University. pp. 17–18. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- ^ Ramnath 2011, p. 17.
- ^ a b Strachan 2001, p. 795
- ^ "Rash Behari Bose : The Greatest Indian Revolutionary". Hindu Janajagruti Samiti. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ Law, Steve (19 September 2013). "Oregon marks ties with India revolutionaries". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
- ^ Haryana Samvad Archived 2018-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, Jan 2018.
- ^ Brown, Emily C (1975). Har Dayal:Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist. Arizona University Press. p. 222.
- ^ "Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement". Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
- ^ "REMARKABLE MISSION OF BABU MANGOO RAM MUGOWALIA". www.ambedkartimes.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.
[self-published source?]
- Sources
- Strachan, Hew (2001), The First World War. Volume I: To Arms, Oxford University Press. USA, ISBN 0-19-926191-1.
- Ramnath, Maia (2011). Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire. University of California Press. Project MUSE book 26045.
Further reading
- Singh, Gajendra (November 2019). "Jodh Singh, The Ghadar Movement and the Anti-Colonial Deviant in the Anglo-American Imagination". Past & Present. 245 (1): 187–219. hdl:10871/37620.
- Ajmer Singh - Gadari Babe Kaun San -https://archive.org/details/GadriBabeKounSanByAjmerSingh
- Gill, M. S. (2007). Trials that Changed History: From Socrates to Saddam Hussein. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 92–99. ISBN 978-81-7625-797-8.
External links
- A Gallery on Gadar Party
- Ghadar Party materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
- Ghadar: The Indian Immigrant Outrage Against Canadian Injustices 1900 - 1918 by Sukhdeep Bhoi
- The Hindustan Ghadar Collection. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
- Communist Ghadar Party of India