Ghars al-Din Khalil
Khalil Beg | |
---|---|
Marash and Aintab | |
Burial | Zamantu Castle |
Issue | Nasir al-Din Mehmed Ala ad-Din Ali Hamza |
House | Dulkadir |
Father | Zayn al-Din Qaraja |
Religion | Islam |
Ghars al-Din Khalil Beg (Turkish: Garseddin Halil Bey; died April 1386) was the second ruler of the Turkoman
Early life and background
Khalil was the son of Zayn al-Din Qaraja, a
Qaraja, who had rocky diplomatic relations with the Mamluks, eventually declared independence in 1348.
Rise to power
After Qaraja's death, Khalil was not recognized as the new ruler by the Mamluks. On 10 June 1354,
Rule
During Khalil's rule, the Dulkadirids expanded their borders and frequently interacted with the Mamluks and
In 1352 or 1353, prior to his recognition as ruler, Khalil sought to expand the Dulkadirid lands towards the Euphrates corridor[12] and retaliate for what he considered his father's betrayal.[13] This included an attempt to capture Malatya and the castle of Zamantu. The attack on Malatya was unsuccessful, since the natives secured Mamluk authority in 1360, but Khalil captured Zamantu and incorporated it as a core Dulkadirid territory.[12] The fortress of Harpoot, initially controlled by the Eretnids,[13] changed hands for several times, first surrendering to Khalil in 1364 but returning to the Mamluks in the winter of 1366. Khalil retook Harpoot in September 1378. This victory was followed by a joint Dulkadir-Ramadanid attack on the Mamluk emir Tīmūrbay of Aleppo near Ayas in February 1379 as well as a major Dulkadirid victory near Marash.[12]
As a response to continuous Dulkadirid raids near Aleppo, the Mamluks captured Marash and advanced to Elbistan, which had been left defenseless. These major losses prompted Khalil to seek new alliances. Kadi Burhan al-Din was the Eretnid vizier who overthrew his ruler and took over Eretnid rule. Khalil began cooperating with Burhan al-Din and married his son and heir Mehmed to Burhan al-Din's daughter. With his support, Khalil plundered the Mamluk-controlled towns of Darende and Divriği, also recapturing Elbistan and Marash in 1384 although control of Elbistan and Marash did not last. Barquq, the new Mamluk sultan, made an effort to thwart Dulkadirid ambitions by provoking conflict between Khalil's brothers and secure Khalil's assassination.[12]
Assassination
The Mamluks commissioned Khalil's brother, Sarim al-Din Ibrahim, to kill Khalil. Ibrahim had earlier traveled to
Family
Khalil had 2[14] or 3 sons: Mehmed, Ali, and Hamza (who might have been Ali's son instead). Ali became the governor of Elbistan, while Mehmed was the fifth ruler of the principality.[15] During their father's reign, Mehmed and Ali received land around Aleppo from Barquq, although it is unknown whether this was just an honorary rank or if some service was required.[16]
References
- ^ Har-El 1995, p. 40.
- ^ Kaya 2014, pp. 86–88.
- ^ a b Sinclair 1987, p. 518.
- ^ Kaya 2014, p. 88.
- ^ Merçil 1991, p. 291.
- ^ Alıç 2020, p. 85.
- ^ Alıç 2020, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Yinanç 1988, p. 19.
- ^ a b Alıç 2020, p. 86.
- ^ Özaydın 2001, pp. 74–75.
- ^ a b Alıç 2020, pp. 86–87.
- ^ a b c d e f Venzke 2017.
- ^ a b Mordtmann & Ménage 2012.
- ^ Venzke 2000, p. 467.
- ^ von Zambaur 1927, p. 159.
- ^ Venzke 2000, p. 412.
Bibliography
- Alıç, Samet (2020). "The Dulkadir's Emirs Killed by the Mamluks". The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute (in Turkish) (43): 83–94. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- Har-El, Shai (1995). Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485-91. E.J. Brill. ISBN 9004101802. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- Kaya, Abdullah (2014). "Dulkadirli Beyliği'nin Eratnalılar ile Münasebetleri". Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences (in Turkish). 11 (25): 81–97. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- Merçil, Erdoğan (1991). Müslüman-Türk devletleri tarihi (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society Press.
- Mordtmann, Johannes Heinrich; Ménage, Victor Louis (2012). "Ḏh̲u ' l- Ḳadr". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. E. J. Brill.
- Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2001). "Kadı Burhâneddin". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 24 (Kāânî-i Şîrâzî – Kastamonu) (in Turkish). Istanbul: ISBN 978-975-389-451-7.
- Sinclair, Thomas Alan (1987). Eastern Turkey An Architectural and Archaeological Survey. Vol. II. Pindar Press.
- Venzke, Margaret L. (2000). "The Case of a Dulgadir-Mamluk Iqṭāʿ: A Re-Assessment of the Dulgadir Principality and Its Position within the Ottoman-Mamluk Rivalry". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 43 (3): 399–474. JSTOR 3632448. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- Venzke, Margaret L. (2017). "Dulkadir". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Denis J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III. E. J. Brill.
- von Zambaur, Eduard Karl Max (1927). Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de l'Islam avec 20 tableaux généalogiques hors texte et 5 cartes (in French). H. Lafaire. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- Yinanç, Refet (1988). Dulkadir Beyliği (in Turkish). Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Press.